VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE
FACULTY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GENERAL MATERIALS SCIENCE
CHAPTER 5: DIFFUSION
CONTENTS
1. Diffusion
2. Diffusion mechanisms
3. Factors that influence diffusion
4. Applications
2
Diffusion
Diffusion is the material transport from higher
concentration to lower concentration (corresponding to
the direction of concentration gradient).
3
Diffusion
Diffusion is the material transport from higher
concentration to lower concentration (corresponding to
the direction of concentration gradient).
4
Diffusion
Diffusion occurs in all states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
Interdiffusion/ impurity diffusion: net drif or transport of atoms.
Self-diffusion: all atoms exchange positions.
5
Diffusion
6
Diffusion
Interdiffusion may be discerned from a macroscopic
perspective by changes in concentration that occur over
time. There is a net drift or transport of atoms from
high- to low-concentration regions.
Các nguyên tử Ni khtán vào Cu và các ngtử Cu khtán vào Ni
7
Diffusion
Self-fiffusion also occurs for
pure metals, but all atoms
exchanging positions are of the
same type.
Self-diffusion is not normally
subject to observation by noting
compositional changes. Self-diffusion
8
Diffusion mechanisms
Diffusion is just the stepwise migration of atoms from
lattice site to lattice site.
Two conditions must be met:
1. There must be an empty adjacent site
2. The atom must have sufficient energy to break
bonds with its neighbor atoms and then cause some
lattice distortion during the [Link]
energy is vibrational in nature.
9
Diffusion mechanisms
Ø Vacancy diffusion
Ø Interstitial diffusion
10
Diffusion mechanisms
Vacancy diffusion
Involve the interchange of an atom from a
normal lattice position to an adjacent vacant
lattice site or vacancy
Both self-diffusion and interdiffusion occur
by this mechanism
11
Diffusion mechanisms
Interstitial diffusion
Involves atoms that migrate from an interstitial
position to a neighboring one that is empty. This
mechanism is found for interdiffusion of impurities
such as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen,
which have atoms that are small enough to fit into
the interstitial positions.
12
Diffusion mechanisms
In most metal alloys, interstitial diffusion occurs much
more rapidly than diffusion by the vacancy mode, because
the interstitial atoms are smaller and thus more mobile.
Furthermore, there are more empty interstitial positions
than vacancies; hence, the probability of interstitial
atomic movement is greater than for vacancy diffusion.
13
Factors that influence diffusion
Diffusing Species
The magnitude of the diffusion coefficient D is indicative of
the rate at which atoms diffuse. For example, there is a
significant difference in magnitude between self-diffusion
and carbon interdiffusion in iron at 500oC: Self-diffusion
occurs by a vacancy mechanism, whereas carbon diffusion
in iron is interstitial.
Temperature T
Temperature has a most profound influence on the
coefficients and diffusion rates. The temperature
dependence of the diffusion coefficients is:
14
Factors that influence diffusion
15
Factors that influence diffusion
Plot of the logarithm of the diffusion coefficient versus the
reciprocal of absolute temperature for several metals.
16
Applications
Diffusion plays an important role in many processes of
material fabrications such as crystallization, sintering,
and creating p-n junction in semiconductors.
In heat treatment technology such as annealing;
crystallization, etc.
P-type N-type
electrons holes
17
Summary
Diffusion mechanisms
Ø Vacancy diffusion
Ø Interstitial diffusion
Factors that influence diffusion
Ø Diffusing Species
Ø Temperature T
18
References
Types of
No. Authors Year Titles Publishers Websites
reference
[Link]
n-
Materials Science
William D. John Wiley us/Materials+Science+an
1 2010 and Engineering: Textbook
Callister & Sons. Inc d+Engineering:+An+Intr
An Introduction
oduction,+10th+Edition-
p-9781119405498
[Link]
Engineering
Kenneth G. Prentice /Engineering-Materials-
2 1996 Materials Properties Reference
Budinski Hall Properties-Selection-
and Selection
9th/dp/0137128428
[Link]
Tran The m/giao_trinh_vat_lieu_da
3 2013 Vat lieu Đai cuong VNUHCM Textbook
San i_cuong_1632699732.ht
ml
19