AP CHEMISTRY Test Booklet
unit 3 multiple
Solid carbon tetrachloride, , is represented by the diagram above.
1. The attractions between the molecules that hold the molecules together in the solid state are best identified as
(A) polar covalent bonds
(B) nonpolar covalent bonds
(C) intermolecular attractions resulting from temporary dipoles
(D) intermolecular attractions resulting from permanent dipoles
2.
The diagram above is a molecular model of a gaseous diatomic element that is just above its boiling point. Intermolecular
forces between the gas molecules will cause them to condense into the liquid phase if the temperature is lowered. Which of the
following best describes how the model is limited in its depiction of the phenomenon?
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It does not show how hydrogen bonds are constantly forming, breaking, and reforming, which results in a net force of
(A)
attraction between the molecules.
It does not show how the interactions between ions and the induced molecular dipoles result in a net force of attraction
(B)
between the molecules.
It does not show how the interacting permanent dipoles of the molecules result in a net force of attraction between the
(C)
molecules.
It does not show how the temporary fluctuating dipoles of the molecular electron clouds result in a net force of
(D)
attraction between the molecules.
3.
The crystal structure of is represented in the diagram above. Which statement correctly compares crystalline
to molten in terms of electrical conductivity?
Crystalline contains no freely moving electrons that could conduct an electrical current, whereas electrons can
(A)
flow freely in molten , which is a good conductor of electricity.
Crystalline and molten both contain ions that are held in fixed positions due to strong electrostatic
(B)
attractions among the ions, making neither a good electrical conductor.
Crystalline and molten both contain atoms that transfer electrons to atoms in a chemical reaction,
(C)
thus allowing them both to be good conductors of electricity.
Crystalline contains no freely moving electrons to conduct electricity, but molten is composed of freely
(D)
moving and ions, which allows it to be a good conductor of electricity.
4.
Based on the information in the table above, which liquid, CS2(l) or CCl4(l), has the higher equilibrium vapor pressure at 25°C,
and why?
(A) CS2(l), because it has stronger London dispersion forces
(B) CS2(l), because it has weaker London dispersion forces
(C) CCl4(l), because it has stronger London dispersion forces
(D) CCl4(l), because it has weaker London dispersion forces
5. Which of the following best explains how the bonding in a metal allows it to be ductile (i.e., allows it to be drawn into a wire)?
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(A) Metal atoms are spherical; therefore, the solid metal can be easily drawn into wires that have a round cross-section.
Because of strongly directional bonding in the solid metal, the atoms both in front of and behind a given atom in a wire
(B)
will bind together more strongly than the atoms not along the direction of the wire.
Because the mobile electrons attract the metal cations equally in all directions, the metal cations can move easily past
(C)
one another as the metal is drawn into a wire.
Metal atoms tend to be much smaller than nonmetal atoms; therefore, they can move easily past one another as the
(D)
metal is drawn into a wire.
6. Of the following, the best explanation for the fact that most gases are easily compressed is that the molecules in a gas
(A) are in constant motion
(B) are relatively far apart
(C) have relatively small masses
(D) have a real, nonzero volume
7. At , of oxygen gas exerts a pressure of in a rigid, cylinder. Assuming ideal behavior, if the
temperature of the gas was raised to , which statement indicates the new pressure and explains why?
(A) , because the pressure decreases by the proportion .
(B) , because the pressure increases by the proportion .
(C) , because the pressure decreases by the proportion .
(D) , because the pressure increases by the proportion .
Refer to three gases in identical rigid containers under the conditions given in the table below.
8. The density of the gas, in g/L, is
(A) greatest in container A
(B) greatest in container B
(C) greatest in container C
(D) the same in all three containers
9. When a sample of oxygen gas in a closed container of constant volume is heated until its absolute temperature is doubled,
which of the following is also doubled?
(A) The pressure of the gas
(B) The average velocity of the gas molecules
(C) The number of molecules per cm3
(D) The potential energy of the molecules
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10.
The diagram above shows the distribution of speeds for a sample of at . Which of the following graphs shows the
distribution of speeds for a sample of at (dashed line) ?
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
11.
The experimental apparatus represented above is used to demonstrate the rates at which gases diffuse. When the cotton balls are
placed in the ends of a tube at the same time, the gases diffuse from each end and meet somewhere in between, where they react
to form a white solid. Which of the following combinations will produce a solid closest to the center of the tube?
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(A) HCl and CH3NH2
(B) HCl and NH3
(C) HBr and CH3NH2
(D) HBr and NH3
12.
The volume of a sample of air in a cylinder with a movable piston is 2.0 L at a pressure P1, as shown in the diagram above.
The volume is increased to 5.0 L as the temperature is held constant. The pressure of the air in the cylinder is now P2. What
effect do the volume and pressure changes have on the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the sample?
(A) The average kinetic energy increases.
(B) The average kinetic energy decreases.
(C) The average kinetic energy stays the same.
(D) It cannot be determined how the kinetic energy is affected without knowing P1 and P2.
13.
The graph above shows how a particular real gas deviates from ideal behavior at very high pressures. Based on this
information, which of the following is most likely the gas and gives the reason based on kinetic molecular theory?
(A) , because it has the smallest mass.
(B) , because its molecules have a triple bond.
(C) , because it has a completely filled valence shell.
(D) , because it has the largest molecular volume.
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14. Equimolar samples of and are in identical containers at the same temperature. The deviates much
more from ideal behavior than the does. Which of the following best helps explain this deviation?
(A) molecules have more hydrogen bonding than molecules do.
(B) molecules have a larger, more polarizable electron cloud than molecules do.
(C) The molecules have a greater average kinetic energy than the molecules have.
(D) The molecules have a greater average speed than the molecules have.
The following questions refer to the below.
The table below contains information about samples of four different gases at 273 K. The samples are in four identical rigid containers
numbered 1 through 4.
15. The best explanation for the lower pressure in container 4 is that SO2 molecules
(A) have a larger average speed than the other three gases
(B) occupy a larger portion of the container volume than the other three gases
(C) have stronger intermolecular attractions than the other three gases
(D) contain bonds, while the other gases contain only bonds
16. Which of the following pieces of laboratory glassware should be used to most accurately measure out a 25.00 mL sample of a
solution?
(A) 25 mL pipet
(B) 25 mL beaker
(C) 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask
(D) 50 mL graduated cylinder
17. A student wishes to prepare 2.00 liters of 0.100–molar KIO3 (molecular weight 214). The proper procedure is to weigh out
(A) 42.8 grams of KIO3 and add 2.00 kilograms of H2O
(B) 42.8 grams of KIO3 and add H2O until the final homogeneous solution has a volume of 2.00 liters
(C) 21.4 grams of KIO3 and add H2O until the final homogeneous solution has a volume of 2.00 liters
(D) 42.8 grams of KIO3 and add 2.00 liters of H2O
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18. For an experiment, a student needs 100.0 mL of 0.4220 M NaCl. If the student starts with NaCl(s) and distilled water, which
of the following pieces of laboratory glassware should the student use to prepare the solution with the greatest accuracy?
(A) 25 mL volumetric pipet
(B) 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask
(C) 100 mL graduated cylinder
(D) 100 mL volumetric flask
The following questions refer to the below.
M+ is an unknown metal cation with a +1 charge. A student dissolves the chloride of the unknown metal, MCl, in enough water to
make 100.0 mL of solution. The student then mixes the solution with excess AgNO3 solution, causing AgCl to precipitate. The
student collects the precipitate by filtration, dries it, and records the data shown below. (The molar mass of AgCl is 143 g/mol.)
Mass of unknown chloride, MCl 0.74 g
Mass of filter paper 0.80 g
Mass of filter paper plus AgCl precipitate 2.23 g
19. Which of the following diagrams best represents the AgNO3 solution before the reaction occurs?
Note: water molecules are represented by the symbol
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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A solution of is prepared by dissolving of in water to make of solution. A highly
magnified view of the solution is shown.
20. If of is added to the solution in the beaker and diluted to a final volume of , which of the
following magnified views most accurately reflects the composition of the solution? (All magnified views represent the same
volume of solution.)
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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21.
In a paper chromatography experiment, a sample of a pigment is separated into two components, X and Y, as shown in the
figure above. The surface of the paper is moderately polar. What can be concluded about X and Y based on the experimental
results?
(A) X has a larger molar mass than Y does.
(B) Y has a larger molar mass than X does.
(C) X is more polar than Y.
(D) Y is more polar than X.
22.
Equal volumes of solutions in two different vessels are represented above. If the solution represented in vessel 1 is KCl(aq),
then the solution represented in vessel 2 could be an aqueous solution of
(A) KCl with the same molarity as the solution in vessel 1
(B) KCl with twice the molarity of the solution in vessel 1
(C) CaCl2 with the same molarity as the solution in vessel 1
(D) CaCl2 with twice the molarity of the solution in vessel 1
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23.
The diagrams above represent aqueous solutions of compound at various molarities. Each dot represents one mole of the
solute, and the volume of solution in the large boxes is twice the volume in the small boxes. Which solution has the highest
molarity?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Compound Formula Boiling Point Density
Hexane
Octane
A student obtains a mixture of the liquids hexane and octane, which are miscible in all proportions.
24.
Which of the following techniques would be best for separating the two components of the mixture, and why?
Filtration, because the different densities of the liquids would allow one to pass through the filter paper while the other
(A)
would not.
Paper chromatography, because the liquids would move along the stationary phase at different rates owing to the
(B)
difference in polarity of their molecules.
Column chromatography, because the higher molar mass of octane would cause it to move down the column faster than
(C)
hexane.
Distillation, because the liquids would boil at different temperatures owing to the difference in strength of their
(D)
intermolecular forces.
Properties of and are given in the table. A student is given a beaker containing a solution of and .
Boiling Point Molar Mass
Substance
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25. If the student wishes to separate and collect the two components of the solution, which of the following experimental
techniques would be most appropriate?
(A) Using paper chromatography and collecting the liquid that first moves to the top of the paper
(B) Combusting the and collecting the products of the reaction
(C) Boiling the mixture and condensing and collecting the first vapors produced
(D) Titrating the mixture with to the equivalence point
26.
Substance Lewis Diagram Molar Mass ( ) Density ( ) Boiling Point ( )
Methanol 32 0.79 338
Water 18 1.0 373
When methanol and water are mixed together, they form a homogeneous mixture. Based on the information in the table above,
which of the following would be the best procedure for separating a mixture of methanol and water?
(A) Filtration
(B) Distillation
(C) Paper chromatography
(D) Column chromatography
27. Sodium chloride is LEAST soluble in which of the following liquids?
(A) CCl4
(B) HF
(C) CH3OH
(D) CH3COOH
28. Methanol, , dissolves completely in water to form a solution that does not conduct electricity. Which of the following
diagrams best shows the major type of attractive force that exists between the particles in the solution?
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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Molar Mass
Substance Structural Formula
Propylamine 59
Pentane 72
2-propanol 60
Propanoic acid 74
A student was given samples of four different unknown liquids. The unknown liquids are propylamine, pentane, 2-propanol, and
propanoic acid. The structures and molar masses of the compounds are shown in the table above. On the basis of this information, the
student designed some experiments to identify the samples.
29. The student mixed samples of each of the four compounds with water. Only one of the four did not dissolve in water. Based on
the structures of the molecules and the strengths and types of their intermolecular forces, the compound that did not dissolve is
most likely
(A) propylamine
(B) pentane
(C) -propanol
(D) propanoic acid
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30.
Beta-carotene is an organic compound with an orange color. The diagram above shows the ultraviolet spectrum of beta-
carotene. Which of the following statements is true about the absorption bands in the spectrum?
The absorption band between and is due to transitions in electronic energy levels, and the absorption band
(A)
between and is due to transitions in molecular vibrational levels.
The absorption band between and is due to transitions in molecular vibrational levels, and the absorption
(B)
band between and is due to transitions in molecular rotational levels.
The two main absorption bands are associated with transitions in electronic energy levels. The band in the region
(C) corresponding to shorter wavelengths shows a lower absorbance than the band in the region corresponding to longer
wavelengths.
The two main absorption bands are associated with transitions in molecular vibrational levels. The band in the region
(D) corresponding to shorter wavelengths shows a lower absorbance than the band in the region corresponding to longer
wavelengths.
31.
Three substances were studied in the laboratory, and the data in the table above were collected. Based on the data, which of the
following shows the type of bonding in each substance?
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Substance X Substance Y Substance Z
(A)
Network covalent Ionic Metallic
Substance X Substance Y Substance Z
(B)
Ionic Molecular Network covalent
Substance X Substance Y Substance Z
(C)
Molecular Network covalent Metallic
Substance X Substance Y Substance Z
(D)
Network covalent Metallic Ionic
32. N2 molecules absorb ultraviolet light but not visible light. I2 molecules absorb both visible and ultraviolet light. Which of the
following statements explains the observations?
(A) More energy is required to make N2 molecules vibrate than is required to make I2 molecules vibrate.
More energy is required to remove an electron from an I2 molecule than is required to remove an electron from a N2
(B)
molecule.
Visible light does not produce transitions between electronic energy levels in the N2 molecule but does produce
(C)
transitions in the I2 molecule.
(D) The molecular mass of I2 is greater than the molecular mass of N2.
A student prepares several solutions of known concentration and measures their absorbance in a cuvette to generate the Beer-
Lambert plot shown.
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Another student uses the same solutions with a cuvette.
33. Which of the following indicates how the second student's plot will differ from the plot of the first student?
(A) The slope will be doubled because the absorbance is doubled in the cell.
(B) The slope will be halved because half as much light gets through the cell.
(C) The slope will be doubled because the molar absorptivity is doubled in the cuvette.
(D) The slope will be halved because the molar absorptivity is halved in the cuvette.
A student uses visible spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of in a sample solution. First the student
prepares a set of solutions of known concentration. Then the student uses a spectrophotometer to determine the
absorbance of each of the standard solutions at a wavelength of and constructs a standard curve. Finally, the student
determines the absorbance of the sample of unknown concentration.
34. A wavelength of corresponds to an approximate frequency of . What is the approximate energy of one
photon of this light?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
35. A student measures the absorbance of a solution containing ions using a spectrophotometer. The cuvette used by
the student has two frosted walls and two transparent walls. The student properly orients the cuvette so that the path of the light
goes through the transparent sides of the cuvette when calibrating the spectrophotometer. How will the measured absorbance of
the be affected if the student incorrectly orients the cuvette so that the path of the light is through the frosted sides
of the cuvette?
(A) The measured absorbance of the solution will not be affected.
(B) The measured absorbance of the solution will be higher than the actual absorbance.
(C) The measured absorbance of the solution will be lower than the actual absorbance.
(D) The effect on the measured absorbance of the solution depends on the concentration of the
solution.
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