elements of matrix B.

Example [Link] the following system of equations by Cramer's rule :

X- 4y - z = 11
2x- 5y + 2z = 39
-3x + 2y + z = 1

1 -4 -1
[Link] have D 2 -5 2 = 1(-5 4) + 4(2 + 6)- 1(4- 15) =34.
-3 2 1

Since D 0, therefore by Cramer's rule, the solution is given by

D D Z=
D,
y=
D D

11 -4 -1
where D, = 39 -5 2 = 11(-5 4) + 4 (39 - 2)-1(78 + 5) = - 34
1 2 1

11 11 -1

D, =
2 39 2 = 1(39- 2) 11 (2 + 6) - 1(2 + 117) = 170
-3 1 1

- 4 11

D, = 2 -5 39 = 1(-5- 78) +4(2 + 117) + 11 (4- 15) = 272

3 2 1
 Matrices and Determinants: An Overview 1.17

D, -34 D, -170 D, 272

= -1; = -5; Z= = 8
D 34 D 34 D 34

Hence the solution is : x=- 1, y=-5 and z =8.

EXERCISE 1.1
1. Solve the following systems of equations using matrix inversion method :
 Example 5. A transport company uses 3 types of trucks T T, and T, to transport 3 types
of vehicles V,, V, and V,. The capacity of cach truck in terms of 3 types of vehicles is
given below :

1 3 2
2 2 3
1,
3 2 2
T,
Using matrix method, find the number of vehicles of each type which can be transported if
company has 10, 20 and 30 trucks of each type respectively.
[Delhi Univ. [Link]. (H) 1999, 2006, 20191
Solution. The capacity of each truck in terns of 3 types of vehicles can be represented by
the matrix

V1 2 3
f
X =V,3 2 2
K|2 3 2

The number of trucks of each type used by the company can be represented by the column
matrix

10

Y = I, |20
T, |30 |
matrix
Ihe total number of vehicles of each type which can be transported is given by the
product
1 2 3|| 10 140|
XY =3 2 2 20 130

|2 3 2|[30 |140|
transported are :
Ihus the number of 3 types of vehicles V.. V, and V, which can be

V =140, V, = 130 and V = 140

Example 42. The interrelationships between the production of three industries R, S and T in a
given year are given in the following table :
R S T Consumer demand Total output
R 50 20 40 70 180
20 30 20 90 160

30 20 20 50 120

60
If the forecast demand in 2 years be D =110 what should the total output X be ?
60

50 20 40 5 1 1
180 160 120 18 8 3
20 30 20 3 1
Solution. The input-output martix is : A
180 160 120 16 6
30 20 20 1
180 160 120 | 6 8 6
 60
Let X = be the output matrix required to meet the given demand D =|110 Then
60

X =AX + D or (I-A) X = D
13
18 8 3
1 13 707
Now I-A =
9 16 andI-A= 1728
1 5
6 8 6

Since |I- A 0,the output Xis given by X= (I- A) D, It can be checked that
21 7 7
32 48 24
1728 13 59 17
(|- A-! =
707 108 108 108
43 1 165
288 288

7000/96 1,26,000/7071 178.218]

X = (|- A)-'D 1728
=
8290/108 =1,32,640/707 187.610
707
16,000/288 96,000/ 707 |135.785
Thus, the total outputs of R, S and T required for the forecast
demandD are :
X=178.218, x, =187.610 and x= 135.785.
Example 43. Two industries
 be secured under such circumstances.
Example 35. For the following transaction matrix, find the gross
h the final demands 18 and 44 units respectively. output for each industry for
Industry Input to Final Demand
II
16 20 4
II 40 32
[Delhi Uni,. [Link]. (H) 1986, 2004 (Modified)]
Dolution. The total output of industry I is the sum of industrial
16 t 20 t 4 = 40. Similarly, the total output demand and final demand:
of industry II is 8 + 40 t 32 = 80.
ToO ind the
input-output
column by the total value coefficient matrix, we divide the industry entries in cach industry
of output for that industry. Thus the
input-output coefficient matrix is
16 20 2
A = 40 80 4
8 40
40 80 5 2
 le

If N= is the output matrix representing the gross output of cach industry to meet th.
18
final denmand D = then the condition that production equals consumption implies that
44

X= AN+ D (|- A) X= D

2 3
S 4 5 4 3 1
Now |-A = =

1 10 20 20 4
ls 2 2

Since I- A 0, the output Xis given by X = (|- A)D. It can be readily seen that
1
4 2 4 18 80 7
(|- A) =4 X =(|- A)D= 4
1 3 3 44 |120

Hence the gross outputs of two industries, I and I, for the given final demand, are 80 and 120
units respectively.
Example 36. Suppose the inter-industry flow of the products of two industries is given as
under:

Consumption Domestic Gross

X Y demand Output
Production X 30 40 50 120
Production Y 20 10 30 60
Deternine the technology matrix and test Hawkins-Simon conditions for the viability of the
system. Compute the equilibrium level of output of the products when the domestic demand
80
vector is
40 [Delhi Univ. [Link]. (H)1988, 2009)

30 40
Solution. Let A be the technology matrix. Then A = 120 60 4
20 10
120 60 6
To test Hawkins-Simon conditions, we
consider
1 2 3 2
1 01 4 3 4
I-A = 3 15 2 37
1 1 I-A = 24 18
->0.
72
6 6
Applicatons of Matrices to Business and Economics 2.47

1
Also, the diagonal elements, 4 andof the technology matrix are both less than 1. Hence
6

Hawkins-Simon conditions are satisfied and the system is viable.

80
Let N- denote the total output and D = |40
enote the demand vector. Then

AX + D = X (|- A) X= D X = (|- A)D

[5 2]
1 72 6 3
Now. (1- A) -! =
adj(I - A) =
|I-A| 37 11 3
l6 4

[5 2]
2 280 6720
X =
726 3 80 72 3 37
37 1 3 40 37 130 3120
6 4 3 37

6720 3120
Thus the equilibrium level of output of the products is 37
and
37
units respectively.
Example 37. Find the demand vector which is consistent with the input-output matrix