Learning Module 02

Crop Production
Lessons in the module 1. Introduction to Agriculture and Fishery Arts

1.1 Demonstrate understanding and application of

basic knowledge, skills, and principles in
Agriculture and Fishery Arts (AFA)
2. Crop production
2.1 Implement organic agriculture principles,
including the use of organic fertilizers,
biopesticides, crop rotation, composting, and
natural soil enrichment.
2.2 Identify the different agricultural practices in crop
production
2.3 Perform appropriate site selection for crop
production
3. Aquaculture program
2.1 Operate and manage aquaculture systems (eg,
ponds, tanks, cages, raceways) for the culture of fish
and other aquatic organisms.
2.2 Implement hatchery and nursery operations,
including broodstock management, larval rearing, and
water quality control
2.3 Apply responsible fish capture techniques and gear
selection that minimizes by catch and environmental
impact.
4. Animal production
3.1 Explain the significance of
Selecting an appropriate farm animal breeds
3.2 Identify the innovative tactics and approach for the
animal production
3.3. Manage livestock and poultry through proper
breeding, housing, feeding, and health care
5. Pest management
4.1 Explain the preventive and corrective measures to
reduce or prevent pests from causing significant harm
to humans or the environment.
4.2 Identify the different methods of pest management.
4.3 Apply appropriate pest and disease control
methods
4.4 Utilize both organic and conventional crop
protection Methods based on need and environmental
safety

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

 Course Packet 01
Implement organic agriculture principles, including the use of organic fertilizers,
biopesticides, crop rotation, composting, and natural soil enrichment
Introduction
Organic agriculture is a way of farming that protects human health, soil fertility,
biodiversity, and the environment by working with nature instead of depending on
synthetic chemicals. In organic farming, the goal is to keep the farm “alive”—healthy
soil, healthy plants, healthy animals, and healthy people—through practices like
composting, crop rotation, organic fertilizers, biopesticides, and natural soil
enrichment.

Many learners already have experiences with backyard gardening, composting

kitchen waste, using “organic concoctions,” or observing farmers rotate crops. This
module builds on those experiences and connects them to the internationally
recognized principles of organic agriculture and practical steps that can be applied in
school and community settings.

Objectives
At the end of this module, the learners should be able to:

▪ Define organic agriculture and key related terms used in organic farming.
▪ Explain the four principles of organic agriculture (Health, Ecology, Fairness,
Care) based on IFOAM (2002).
▪ Differentiate composting methods and identify when each method is
appropriate.
▪ Apply organic inputs (FPJ, FFJ, FAA, OHN) and natural soil enrichment
techniques to given situations.
▪ Analyze and evaluate farming scenarios and propose appropriate organic
strategies (fertility management, pest control, crop rotation, and soil
improvement).
▪ Design a simple organic farming plan suitable for a school garden or small
community plot.

Definition of Terms

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

Biopesticides – Pest control materials derived from natural sources (plants,
microbes, or minerals) used to manage pests with less harm to humans and
ecosystems.
Composting – The controlled decomposition of organic materials (leaves, manure,
crop residues, kitchen scraps) to produce humus.
Crop Rotation – Systematic planting of different crops in a planned sequence to
prevent nutrient depletion and interrupt pest and disease cycles.
Fairness (IFOAM Principle) – Ethical, equitable relationships among farmers,
workers, traders, consumers, and humane treatment of animals; resources managed
responsibly for present and future generations.
Green Manuring – Growing leguminous plants (e.g., mongo, sesbania, indigofera)
and incorporating them into the soil to add nitrogen and organic matter.
Humus – Dark, nutrient-rich organic matter formed after decomposition; improves
soil structure and water-holding capacity.
Mulching – Covering soil with organic materials (rice straw, dried leaves) to
conserve moisture, reduce weeds, and protect soil.
Organic Agriculture – A production system based on ecological processes that
avoids harmful synthetic inputs and supports healthy soil and ecosystems.
Organic Fertilizers – Nutrient sources from natural materials (compost, manure,
fermented plant/fruit juices, fish amino acids) used to nourish crops and improve
soil.
Soil (World Education Philippines Inc., 2005) – Loose, friable earth material where
plants grow; commonly has topsoil and subsoil layers and contains mineral particles,
microorganisms, and decomposed residues.
Soil Structure – The arrangement of soil particles into aggregates; influences
drainage, root growth, and aeration.
Soil Texture – The proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles.
Sheet Composting – A composting method where organic materials are spread
directly on the soil surface.
In-Vessel Composting – Composting done in enclosed containers or systems where
temperature and decomposition conditions are controlled.
Anaerobic Composting – Decomposition of organic materials in the absence of
oxygen.
Trench Composting – A composting method where organic materials are buried

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

directly in soil trenches.
Bokashi Composting – A fermentation-based composting method using
microorganisms to break down organic waste.
Vermicomposting – Composting using earthworms to convert organic waste into
nutrient-rich fertilizer.
FPJ (Fermented Plant Juice) – Organic fertilizer made from young plant materials
and molasses that provides nitrogen for plant growth.
FFJ (Fermented Fruit Juice) – Organic fertilizer made from ripe fruits and molasses
that supplies potassium for fruit development.
FAA (Fish Amino Acid) – Organic fertilizer made from fish waste and molasses
providing nitrogen and amino acids for plant health.
OHN (Oriental Herbal Nutrient) – Organic plant solution made from herbs and
spices used as a natural pesticide and plant immune booster.

Pre-Test

1. Which principle of organic agriculture emphasizes sustaining and enhancing the

health of ecosystems and organisms, from soil life to humans?
A. Fairness
B. Ecology
C. Health
D. Care

2. Which composting method uses earthworms to convert organic waste into humus?
A. Bokashi composting
B. Trench composting
C. Vermicomposting
D. In-vessel composting

3. FPJ (Fermented Plant Juice) is mainly used as a source of which nutrient for
vegetative growth?
A. Nitrogen
B. Phosphorus
C. Potassium
D. Calcium

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

4. Why does organic agriculture promote reuse and recycling of materials (e.g., crop
residues into compost)?
A. To increase dependence on external inputs
B. To reduce inputs and conserve resources while supporting ecological cycles
C. To replace soil testing
D. To stop all pest problems permanently

5. Which statement best explains soil structure?

A. The chemical content of fertilizers
B. The size of soil particles only (sand, silt, clay)
C. The arrangement of soil particles into aggregates that affects air and water
movement
D. The number of crops planted in one season

6. A teacher wants students to improve leafy vegetable growth (more leaves, greener
plants). Which organic input is MOST appropriate?
A. FFJ
B. FPJ
C. OHN
D. Bokashi bran only

7. A farmer wants better fruit quality (sweetness, firmness) in tomatoes and peppers
during fruiting stage. Which organic input is MOST appropriate?
A. FPJ
B. FFJ
C. FAA
D. Mulch

8. A farm keeps planting the same crop (e.g., eggplant) in the same plot every season.
After a year, pests and diseases increased and yield dropped. Which practice best
addresses BOTH nutrient balance and pest cycle break?
A. Monocropping with more water
B. Crop rotation using a planned sequence
C. Removing all mulch

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

D. Increasing synthetic pesticide use

9. A community plans to shift to organic agriculture. Which action best matches the
Principle of Care?
A. Using any new technology even if long-term effects are unknown
B. Using precaution, combining science with practical experience, and avoiding risky
unpredictable technologies
C. Ignoring indigenous practices and relying only on advertisements
D. Using stronger chemicals to ensure faster results

10. You are assigned to design a school organic garden for a feeding program. Which
plan best shows organic principles in one integrated system?
A. Grow one crop only; use chemical pesticides if pests appear
B. Combine composting, crop rotation (legume → leafy → root → fruit), mulching,
and biopesticide use when needed
C. Focus only on flower production for decoration
D. Use fertilizers without soil testing and apply the same rate weekly

Concept Discussion

Principles of Organic Agriculture (IFOAM, 2002)

1. Principle of Health
Organic agriculture aims to sustain and enhance the health of soil, plants, animals,
humans, and ecosystems.
This principle promotes:
• Healthy soil ecosystems
• Safe food production
• Reduced chemical exposure
Therefore, organic farming avoids synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and harmful
additives.

2. Principle of Ecology
Organic agriculture must work with natural ecological systems rather than against
them.

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

This includes:
• Recycling organic materials
• Conserving biodiversity
• Efficient use of natural resources
Farmers adapt practices according to local climate, culture, and environmental
conditions.

3. Principle of Fairness
This principle ensures fair relationships among farmers, workers, traders, and
consumers.
Key aspects include:
• Fair wages for farm workers
• Ethical treatment of animals
• Responsible use of natural resources
Natural resources must be managed for present and future generations.

4. Principle of Care
The principle of care emphasizes precaution and responsibility when adopting
agricultural technologies.
It supports:
• Scientific research
• Indigenous knowledge
• Sustainable innovations
It discourages risky technologies such as genetic engineering when environmental
impacts are uncertain.
Compost is decomposed organic matter (like leaves, crop residues, kitchen scraps,
and manure) that becomes a soil conditioner. It improves:
• Soil fertility (adds nutrients)
• Soil structure (better tilth)
• Water-holding capacity
• Soil life (microbial activity)

Composting is the controlled breakdown of organic materials by microorganisms

(and sometimes worms) to produce compost. A well-managed compost pile usually
needs:

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

 • Carbon-rich materials (dry leaves, straw)
• Nitrogen-rich materials (fresh grass, kitchen waste, manure)
• Moisture (damp like a wrung-out sponge)
• Air/oxygen (especially for aerobic composting)
• Composting Methods

1. Sheet Composting
Also known as sheet mulching, this method spreads organic materials directly on the
soil surface.
Advantages:
• Simple technique
• Improves soil fertility
• Enhances moisture retention

2. In-Vessel Composting
This method uses enclosed containers or tanks to compost organic materials.
Benefits:
• Faster decomposition
• Controlled environment
• Suitable for large-scale operations
3. Anaerobic Composting
This process involves decomposition without oxygen.
Characteristics:
• Slower breakdown
• Produces strong odors
• Generates large amounts of humus
•
4. Trench Composting
Organic materials are buried in trenches in the soil.
Advantages:
• Easy method
• Improves soil nutrients
• Minimal maintenance

5. Bokashi Composting

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

Bokashi composting is a fermentation process using microorganisms.
Features:
• Uses microbial inoculants
• Works in anaerobic conditions
• Breaks down kitchen waste efficiently

6. Composting Barrels
Composting barrels or compost tumblers are containers used to rotate organic
materials.
Advantages:
• Clean composting system
• Faster decomposition
• Suitable for backyard composting
7. Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting uses earthworms to convert organic materials into humus.
Benefits:
• Produces nutrient-rich compost
• Improves soil structure
• Enhances water retention
• Organic Liquid Fertilizers
• Organic farming also uses natural plant-based fertilizers.

FPJ (Fermented Plant Juice)

Made from young plants like kangkong or banana stalks mixed with molasses.
Benefits:
• Provides nitrogen
• Promotes vegetative growth

FFJ (Fermented Fruit Juice)

Made from ripe fruits and molasses.
Benefits:
• Provides potassium
• Improves fruit quality

FAA (Fish Amino Acid)

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

Made from fish waste and molasses.
Benefits:
• Provides nitrogen
• Improves plant growth and resilience

OHN (Oriental Herbal Nutrient)

Made from herbal extracts such as ginger, garlic, or chili.
Benefits:
• Natural pesticide
• Improves plant immunity

Biopesticides (Natural Pest Management)

Organic agriculture manages pests by combining prevention and low-risk control

methods. Biopesticides are natural pest-control substances derived from plants,
microbes, or minerals.

OHN (Oriental Herbal Nutrient)

• Ginger, garlic, chili (siling labuyo) + vinegar

• Used as: natural pesticide + immune booster

Other common biopesticide approaches

• Botanical sprays: neem (where available), chili-garlic solutions, soap solutions

(mild)
• Microbial biopesticides: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for caterpillars (common
organic option where permitted)
• Cultural controls: removing infected leaves, sanitation, proper spacing
(reduces disease spread)
• Mechanical controls: handpicking pests, traps, netting

Soil and Soil Health (World Education Philippines Inc., 2005)

Soil is the loose, friable earth material where plants grow. It commonly has:
• Topsoil (more productive) and subsoil (less productive)
• Mineral particles (texture), microorganisms, and decayed residues
• Arranged layers called the soil profile

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

Soil Texture vs. Soil Structure
Texture = particle size mix (sand, silt, clay) → hard to change
Structure = how particles clump/aggregate → can be improved through:
• Organic matter addition (compost)
• Proper tillage and water management
• Soil organisms (worms, microbes, insects)

Soil Analysis
• Soil Testing Kit (STK) can check pH, N, P, K qualitatively
• Lab analysis is more complete
• Results guide fertilizer recommendations (avoid guesswork)

Natural Soil Enrichment Techniques

These practices improve soil fertility naturally while reducing pest cycles.

Green Manuring
• Grow legumes (mongo, sesbania, indigofera), plow back while green
• Adds nitrogen and organic matter

Crop Rotation
Planned sequence (example: Legume → Leafy → Root → Fruit)

Benefits:
• Prevents nutrient depletion
• Breaks pest/disease cycles
• Improves soil structure over time

Intercropping
Two or more crops together (e.g., corn + peanuts)

Benefits:
• Efficient land use
• Can improve soil fertility (legumes help)
• May reduce pest pressure through diversity
Mulching

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

Cover soil with rice straw/dried leaves
Benefits:
• Conserves moisture
• Suppresses weeds
• Protects soil from erosion and temperature extremes

Key Points
➢ Organic agriculture is guided by Health, Ecology, Fairness, and Care
(IFOAM).
➢ Composting produces humus that improves fertility, structure, and water
retention.
➢ Composting methods include: sheet, in-vessel, anaerobic, trench, bokashi,
barrels/tumblers, vermicomposting.
➢ Organic inputs: FPJ (N for leaves), FFJ (K for fruits), FAA (N + amino acids),
OHN (biopesticide/immune booster).
➢ Soil health is central—structure can be improved by organic matter and
organisms.
➢ Natural enrichment techniques: green manuring, crop rotation, intercropping,
mulching.

Post-Test

1. Which principle highlights open and equitable systems and fairness to farmers,
workers, traders, consumers, and animal welfare?
A. Health
B. Ecology
C. Fairness
D. Care

2. Which composting method is also called sheet mulching or “composting in place”?

A. Sheet composting
B. In-vessel composting
C. Bokashi composting
D. Trench composting
3. Which organic liquid fertilizer is mainly used as a potassium source to improve

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

fruit quality?
A. FPJ
B. FFJ
C. FAA
D. OHN

4. Why does crop rotation help reduce pest problems?

A. It makes soil texture smaller
B. It interrupts pest life cycles and reduces host availability
C. It increases pesticide residue
D. It removes the need for composting

5. Why is humus important in soil?

A. It decreases soil water retention
B. It improves nutrient availability, soil texture, and water-holding capacity
C. It blocks root growth
D. It turns soil into sand

6. A class compost project has limited space and wants a cleaner, contained method
with faster results. What is the best option?
A. Composting barrels/tumblers
B. Trench composting
C. Sheet composting
D. Open dumping

7. An organic farmer notices early caterpillar damage on leafy crops and wants a
low-risk control method aligned with organic practices. Which is most appropriate?
A. Increase synthetic pesticides immediately
B. Use a biopesticide approach (e.g., botanical/microbial option) and remove heavily
infested leaves
C. Stop mulching
D. Plant the same crop again next season

8. A school garden uses compost and mulching but still experiences recurring soil

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

nutrient imbalance. Which additional strategy best completes the system?
A. Crop rotation planning
B. Monocropping
C. Burning residues
D. Over-tillage
E. Evaluating (Situational)

9. A farmer wants to adopt a new “miracle organic product” with no clear safety
data. Which principle best guides the decision to be cautious?
A. Fairness
B. Ecology
C. Health
D. Care
F. Creating (Situational)

10. Design the best integrated organic plan for a 1-season school garden:
A. Single crop + chemical pesticide if pests appear
B. Composting + mulching + crop rotation plan + biopesticides only as needed + basic
soil testing
C. No compost; depend only on purchased inputs
D. Focus on marketing only, not soil improvement

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

References

❖ International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements. (2002). IFOAM

principles of organic agriculture. IFOAM.
❖ World Education (INGO) Philippines Inc. (2005). Soil and soil management.
❖ Food and Agriculture Organization. (n.d.). Organic agriculture. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
❖ Lampkin, N. (2012). Organic farming. Old Pond Publishing.
❖ Rodale Institute. (n.d.). The basics of organic farming and soil health. Rodale
Institute.

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

 Course Packet 02
Identify the different agricultural practices in crop production
Introduction
Crop production is one of the most important components of agriculture because it
ensures the supply of food, raw materials, and livelihood opportunities for
communities. Successful crop production depends on several agricultural practices
that farmers follow from the planning stage until harvesting. These practices include
site selection, land preparation, crop selection, seed selection, planting, and
transplanting, among others.

Understanding these practices is essential for pre-service teachers preparing for the
Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) because agriculture teachers are expected
to explain how crops are produced efficiently and sustainably. These practices also
demonstrate how farmers apply scientific knowledge and practical skills to improve
crop yield and quality.

This module encourages learners to connect their prior knowledge and experiences—
such as observing farming activities in their communities—with the principles and
steps involved in crop production.

Objectives

At the end of the module, learners should be able to:

▪ Identify the different agricultural practices in crop production.
▪ Explain the importance of each agricultural practice in crop production.
▪ Analyze real-life farming situations and determine appropriate crop
production practices.
▪ Evaluate farming practices that contribute to healthy crop growth and
productivity.
▪ Design simple crop production plans based on appropriate agricultural
practices.

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

Definition of Terms

Crop Production – The process of growing crops for food, fiber, and other
agricultural products.
Site Selection – Choosing the best location for growing crops based on soil fertility,
sunlight, water availability, and drainage.
Land Preparation – The process of preparing the soil for planting by clearing weeds,
plowing, and leveling the land.
Crop Selection – Choosing the most suitable crops to plant based on climate, soil
conditions, and market demand.
Seed Selection – Choosing high-quality seeds that are healthy, disease-resistant, and
suitable for local growing conditions.
Planting – The process of placing seeds or planting materials into the soil at the
correct depth and spacing.
Transplanting – Moving seedlings from the nursery to the main field where they
will continue to grow.
Seedlings – Young plants grown from seeds, usually raised in nurseries before
transplanting.
Nursery – A place where young plants are grown and cared for before they are
transferred to the field.
Crop Management – The practices used to maintain crop health during growth such
as watering, fertilizing, pest control, and weed management.

Pre-Test

1. Which agricultural practice involves choosing the best location for planting crops?
A. Land preparation
B. Site selection
C. Planting
D. Crop rotation

2. Which practice involves preparing the soil before planting crops?

A. Transplanting
B. Harvesting
C. Land preparation
D. Crop selection

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

3. What term refers to choosing healthy and high-quality seeds for planting?
A. Crop selection
B. Seed selection
C. Land preparation
D. Irrigation

4. Why is site selection important in crop production?

A. It determines the color of crops
B. It ensures crops receive suitable soil, sunlight, and drainage
C. It increases the number of weeds
D. It prevents harvesting

5. Why are disease-resistant seeds preferred by farmers?

A. They grow slower
B. They help produce stronger and healthier plants
C. They reduce sunlight exposure
D. They require less soil

6. A farmer chooses to plant rice in an area with abundant water supply and fertile
soil. Which agricultural practice is applied?
A. Site selection
B. Land preparation
C. Seed selection
D. Harvesting

7. A farmer raises vegetable seedlings in trays before transferring them to the field.
Which practice is being used?
A. Crop rotation
B. Transplanting
C. Mulching
D. Fertilization

8. A farmer planted crops without clearing weeds or plowing the soil. After a few
weeks, the crops grew poorly. What agricultural practice was likely neglected?
A. Seed selection

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

B. Land preparation
C. Crop selection
D. Harvesting

9. Two farmers planted corn. One used certified seeds while the other used poor-
quality seeds. Which farmer is more likely to have better crop yield?
A. The farmer using certified seeds
B. The farmer using poor-quality seeds
C. Both farmers will have the same yield
D. Yield is unrelated to seed quality

10. As a future agriculture teacher, you plan to establish a school vegetable garden.
Which sequence of practices should you follow first?
A. Harvesting → Planting → Land preparation
B. Site selection → Land preparation → Seed selection → Planting
C. Planting → Site selection → Fertilizing
D. Transplanting → Harvesting → Site selection

Concept Discussion

Agricultural practices in crop production

Site Selection

Site selection is the process of choosing the best location for planting crops. The
success of crop production largely depends on the suitability of the area where crops
will grow.

Important factors in site selection include:

• Soil fertility – Soil should contain nutrients needed for plant growth.
• Sunlight – Crops need adequate sunlight for photosynthesis.
• Water availability – Crops require sufficient water for growth.
• Drainage – Excess water should drain easily to prevent root damage.
• Accessibility – The farm should be accessible for management and harvesting.
Example: Rice is usually planted in areas with abundant water supply, while corn
prefers well-drained soils.

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

Land Preparation
Land preparation is the process of preparing the soil before planting crops. Proper
land preparation helps create a favorable environment for seed germination and
plant growth.

Steps in land preparation may include:

• Clearing – Removing weeds, stones, and plant residues.
• Plowing – Loosening the soil to improve aeration and root growth.
• Harrowing – Breaking large soil clods and smoothing the soil surface.
• Leveling – Ensuring the land is even for proper irrigation and drainage.
Benefits of proper land preparation:
• Improves soil aeration
• Controls weeds
• Promotes better root development
• Enhances water infiltration

Crop Selection
Crop selection involves choosing the most suitable crops to grow based on
environmental and economic factors.
Factors affecting crop selection include:
• Climate and weather conditions
• Soil type and fertility
• Water availability
• Market demand and profitability
Example: Farmers may plant vegetables such as tomatoes or eggplants if market
demand is high.

Seed Selection
Seed selection refers to choosing high-quality seeds that will produce healthy crops.
Characteristics of good seeds:
• Disease-resistant
• High germination rate
• Adapted to local climate and soil
• Free from pests and impurities
• Using quality seeds increases crop productivity and reduces crop failure.

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

Planting
Planting is the process of placing seeds or planting materials into the soil where they
will grow.
Important considerations in planting:
• Proper planting depth
• Correct spacing between plants
• Suitable planting time or season
• Correct planting techniques ensure that plants receive adequate nutrients,
water, and sunlight.

Transplanting
Transplanting is the process of moving young plants (seedlings) from a nursery to
the field.
Benefits of transplanting:
• Protects seedlings during early growth
• Ensures uniform plant spacing
• Improves survival rate of crops
Example: Vegetable crops such as tomatoes, cabbage, and eggplants are commonly
transplanted.

Important Crop Production Practices

Irrigation
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to crops when rainfall is insufficient.
Importance:
• Maintains soil moisture
• Prevents drought stress
• Improves crop growth
Fertilization
Fertilization involves adding nutrients to the soil to improve plant growth.
Types of fertilizers:
• Organic fertilizers
• Inorganic fertilizers

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

Key Points

➢ Crop production involves several agricultural practices that ensure healthy

plant growth.
➢ Site selection determines the suitability of the farming location.
➢ Land preparation prepares soil for planting and improves root growth.
➢ Crop selection ensures crops are suitable for climate and soil conditions.
➢ Seed selection ensures high-quality crop production.
➢ Planting and transplanting help crops establish and grow properly.
➢ Other practices such as irrigation, fertilization, pest control, weed
management, and harvesting are essential for successful crop production.

Post-Test

1. Which practice involves moving seedlings from the nursery to the field?
A. Planting
B. Transplanting
C. Irrigation
D. Harvesting

2. Which practice involves loosening and preparing the soil before planting?
A. Crop selection
B. Land preparation
C. Seed selection
D. Irrigation

3. What agricultural practice involves choosing crops based on climate and soil?
A. Crop selection
B. Seed selection
C. Transplanting
D. Harvesting

4. Why is land preparation important before planting crops?

A. It prevents harvesting
B. It improves soil condition and plant growth
C. It increases weeds

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

D. It reduces sunlight

5. Why is transplanting commonly used in vegetable production?

A. It improves seed color
B. It allows seedlings to grow stronger before field planting
C. It reduces irrigation
D. It prevents fertilization

6. A farmer chooses a field with fertile soil, proper sunlight, and good drainage
before planting vegetables. What practice is applied?
A. Crop selection
B. Site selection
C. Seed selection
D. Harvesting

7. A farmer plants seeds at proper spacing and depth to ensure good plant growth.
What practice is applied?
A. Planting
B. Irrigation
C. Crop rotation
D. Harvesting

8. A farmer planted crops in a poorly drained field and many plants died due to
waterlogging. Which agricultural practice was poorly done?
A. Land preparation
B. Site selection
C. Seed selection
D. Harvesting

9. A farmer plans to increase crop yield. Which action would most likely improve
production?
A. Using certified seeds and preparing the land properly
B. Ignoring soil conditions
C. Planting seeds randomly
D. Avoiding irrigation

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

10. As an agriculture teacher, you want students to experience crop production.
Which activity best demonstrates agricultural practices?
A. Watching farming videos only
B. Establishing a school garden where students perform site selection, planting, and
transplanting
C. Memorizing farming terms
D. Reading textbooks only

References
❖ Acquaah, G. (2015). Principles of crop production: Theory, techniques, and
technology. Pearson Education.
❖ Food and Agriculture Organization. (2021). Crop production and
management. FAO.
❖ Ricketts, J., & Ricketts, K. (2017). Agricultural education for the twenty-first
century. Cengage Learning.
❖ National Research Council. (2010). Transforming agricultural education for a
changing world. National Academies Press.

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

 Course Packet 03
Perform appropriate site selection for crop production
Introduction
Site selection is the first critical decision in crop production. Even if a farmer uses
good seeds and proper planting techniques, crops may still fail when the site lacks
sunlight, water, proper drainage, suitable soil, and safe access to markets. In LET-
type questions, site selection is often tested through situational problems—for
example, choosing the best field for vegetables, explaining why crops stunted in
shaded areas, or identifying why waterlogging caused diseases.

You will connect what you already know (e.g., “Mas maganda kapag maaraw,”
“Kapag bahaing lupa, namamatay ang gulay”) with systematic criteria used in crop
production. You will learn to justify decisions using evidence-based factors: sunlight,
water and drainage, topography, soil type, accessibility, climate, and socio-economic
condition.

Think of two plots you have seen: one productive and one poor. What site factors
made them different?

Objectives
▪ After completing this module, the learner should be able to:
▪ Identify the major factors used in selecting a crop production site.
▪ Explain how sunlight, water/drainage, topography, soil type, accessibility,
climate, and socio-economic conditions affect crop performance.
▪ Apply site-selection criteria to real-life crop production situations (LET-style).
▪ Analyze field problems (e.g., waterlogging, shading, poor drainage) and infer
which site factor was not met.
▪ Create a basic site selection checklist suitable for a school garden or small
farm project.

Definition of Terms
Accessibility – Ease of reaching the farm site through roads/transport routes for
input delivery and product distribution.
Climate – Long-term weather conditions of a place; includes temperature,

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

rainfall/water availability, and light.
Drainage – The ability of soil/land to remove excess water; poor drainage causes
waterlogging.
Photoperiodism – Plant response to day length that affects flowering and seed
production.
Site Selection – Choosing the best location for crop production by assessing
environmental and practical factors.
Soil Type – The physical composition of soil (sand, silt, clay) and organic matter
influencing aeration, drainage, and root growth.
Topography – Physical features of land such as slope, contour, elevation, and
low/high spots affecting water and air movement.
Waterlogging – Condition where soil is saturated with water; roots lack oxygen and
plants may die.

Pre-Test

1. What is the BEST reason vegetables generally grow better in a site with at least 6
hours of direct sunlight?
A. Sunlight makes soil heavier
B. Sunlight supports photosynthesis for food production
C. Sunlight removes weeds automatically
D. Sunlight replaces watering

2. Which site condition most likely causes roots to rot and plants to die after heavy
rains?
A. Deep topsoil
B. Good road access
C. Waterlogged soil due to poor drainage
D. Proper slope

3. Which soil type is commonly considered ideal for many vegetables because it
drains well but still holds nutrients?
A. Heavy clay
B. Sandy loam
C. Pure sand

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D. Rocky soil

4. A farmer chose a shaded area under trees for tomatoes. The plants grew tall but
weak with few fruits. What factor was NOT met?
A. Sunlight requirement
B. Road access
C. Labor cost
D. Peace and order

5. Why do many vegetable growers prefer gently sloping land?

A. It increases standing water
B. It improves drainage and field operations
C. It makes soil more clayey
D. It prevents photosynthesis

6. A barangay plans a vegetable project. Which water source feature is MOST

important?
A. Water is available only once a week
B. Water supply can meet the needs of the highest water-using crop
C. Water is available only at night
D. Water is clean but very limited

7. A farmer selects a field far from the road. The vegetables arrive damaged and late
in the market. Which site factor was neglected?
A. Soil type
B. Accessibility and transportation
C. Photoperiodism
D. Topsoil depth

8. A low-lying field often becomes flooded. After planting, disease incidence

increased and yield decreased. What is the BEST explanation?
A. Flooding improves aeration
B. Waterlogging reduces root oxygen and increases disease risk
C. Flooding increases sunlight
D. Flooding increases soil pH automatically

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

9. farmer wants to plant cabbage in a lowland area during the hottest months. Which
decision is most appropriate based on climate needs?
A. Proceed because cabbage needs high temperature
B. Move planting to cool season or higher elevation area
C. Use more pesticides to solve heat stress
D. Plant cabbage in full shade to replace cool temperature

10. You are tasked to select a site for a school garden. Which plan is MOST complete
for choosing the best site?
A. Choose the nearest land even if shaded and waterlogged
B. Choose a sunny, well-drained, accessible area and check soil type and water
source
C. Choose land with the most rocks to prevent weeds
D. Choose land far from people to avoid supervision issues

Concept Discussion

[Link]- Sunlight is one of the most important factors in site selection, especially
for vegetables. Most vegetables need full sun—about 6 hours or more of direct
sunlight daily—to reach their best growth and yield.

Why sunlight matters:

• Sunlight powers photosynthesis, where plants make food for growth.
• Too much shade often leads to weak, tall plants (leggy growth) and lower
flowering/fruiting.

Practical tips for site checking:

• Avoid areas shaded by trees, buildings, or fences during the middle of the
day.
• Traditional row arrangement north to south helps plants receive more even
sunlight across the day.
Simple sunlight test (field method):
Stand facing south (in the Philippines, the sun’s path is generally across the southern
sky for much of the year). Check if large objects block the sun’s path from morning to
afternoon. If the site stays mostly unshaded during peak daylight, it is likely suitable.

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

[Link] and Drainage-Water is the “life-blood” of vegetable production because
vegetables generally require frequent and sufficient watering. However, too much
water with poor drainage is harmful.
Water requirement points:
• Different crops vary in water needs based on variety, maturity stage, and
weather.
• A good site must have a water source that can support the highest water-
using crop planned.
Drainage points:
Drainage depends on:
• Slope and elevation
• Soil structure and depth
• Topography (low areas collect water)
Best locations:
• Gentle surface slope
• Deep, well-drained soils
• Many growers prefer moderately heavy loam with several feet of topsoil
(good balance of nutrients and drainage)
Why poor drainage is bad:
Causes waterlogging, where roots lack oxygen
• Encourages root diseases
• Reduces plant vigor and yield, and in severe cases causes plant death

[Link] of the Land-Topography includes the land’s contour, slope, elevation,

soil depth, water/air drainage, and presence of rocks/trees. It affects farm operations
and crop health.
Risks of poor topography:
• Low areas become waterlogged during heavy rains
• Waterlogging increases disease incidence and reduces yield
• Rocky or uneven land makes irrigation, maintenance, and harvesting
inefficient
Ideal topography for vegetable production:
• Nearly flat to slightly sloping
• Well-drained
• Free from trees, rocks, and low-lying depressions

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Operational advantage:
• Good topography improves efficiency in:
• Irrigation
• Weeding and fertilization
• Harvesting and transport

Types of Soil
Soil type refers to the physical composition and properties of soil: mineral particles
(sand, silt, clay) and organic matter.
Key idea: Soil is the fundamental resource base for crop production.
Best soil type for many vegetables:
Well-drained sandy loam (good balance of drainage and nutrient retention)
Why heavy clay is often poor for vegetables:
• Poor aeration and drainage
• Restricts root growth
• Hard when dry, sticky when wet
So heavy clay soils are generally avoided unless improved through soil management.
Practical check:
• If soil forms a very sticky ribbon when wet and cracks deeply when dry, it
may be clay-heavy.
• If soil crumbles and drains reasonably but still holds shape lightly, it may be
closer to loam.

[Link] to Road and Transportation-Vegetables are highly perishable,

meaning they easily lose quality after harvest. If the site is far from roads or hard to
access, produce can be delayed and damaged, lowering market value.
Why accessibility matters:
• Faster transport = fresher produce
• Less bruising and mechanical damage
• Easier delivery of farm inputs (seeds, fertilizer, tools)

[Link] Requirements-Climate affects crop growth mainly through temperature,

water, and light.
Temperature
Temperature influences:

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

 • Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Water and mineral absorption
• Seed germination
Each crop has:
• Minimum temperature (below this, growth stops or is stunted)
• Maximum temperature (beyond this, plants may die)
• Optimum temperature (best growth)
• Examples (from your lesson):
• Cool-season crops: cabbage, lettuce, cauliflower, broccoli, carrots, peas (often
better in cool season or higher elevations like Baguio/Benguet)
• Warm-season crops: okra, eggplant, tomato, pepper
• Water (as climate-related factor)
• Water acts as a solvent that allows nutrients (N, P, K) to be absorbed by roots.
Without enough water, plants cannot effectively use nutrients even if soil is
fertile.

Light and Photoperiodism

Light affects:
• Structural development
• Food production (photosynthesis)
• Timing for flowering/seed production

Photoperiodism is the plant response to day length:

Long-day plants need longer daylight to flower
Short-day plants flower under shorter daylight conditions

[Link]-Economic Condition-Site selection is not only about the environment; it’s also
about whether the project will succeed in real life.
Socio-economic factors include:
• Peace and order in the area (security of crops/equipment)
• Cost and availability of labor
• Nearby market opportunities and demand
• Community support (important in school/community projects)
Bottom line: These factors influence profitability and sustainability of the crop

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

production project.

Key Points
➢ Site selection strongly affects crop survival, yield, and profit.
➢ Vegetables generally require full sun (≥6 hours/day).
➢ A good site must have adequate water supply and good drainage to avoid
waterlogging.
➢ Ideal land is nearly flat to slightly sloping, well-drained, and free of low areas
and rocks.
➢ Best vegetable soils are often well-drained sandy loam; heavy clay is usually
unfavorable.
➢ Accessibility matters because vegetables are perishable and easily damaged
during transport.
➢ Climate (temperature, water, light) must match crop needs; photoperiodism
affects flowering and seed production.
➢ Socio-economic conditions affect feasibility, safety, labor cost, and
profitability.

Post-Test
1. How many hours of direct sunlight do most vegetables generally need to reach
maximum potential?
A. 1–2 hours
B. 3–4 hours
C. At least 6 hours
D. Only at sunrise

2. Which land feature is MOST associated with higher risk of waterlogging?

A. Gentle slope
B. Low-lying area
C. Deep topsoil
D. Roadside location

3. Which soil is generally best for optimum vegetable production?

A. Well-drained sandy loam
B. Heavy clay soil

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C. Pure gravel
D. Solid rock

4. A farmer selects a field with good drainage and deep topsoil. Which benefit is
most likely?
A. Reduced root oxygen
B. Improved root growth and lower disease risk
C. Increased standing water
D. Reduced photosynthesis

5. Why are vegetables more sensitive to poor transportation access?

A. They are non-perishable
B. They are highly perishable and easily damaged
C. They improve in quality when delayed
D. They do not need markets

6. A teacher plans to plant lettuce during the hottest months in a lowland area. What
is the best recommendation?
A. Continue because lettuce prefers high temperature
B. Adjust planting to cooler season or cooler location
C. Reduce spacing to make it cooler
D. Increase clay content of soil

7. A farmer notices stunted growth when temperature goes below the crop’s
minimum requirement. What does this show?
A. Temperature has no effect on plants
B. Plants have minimum, maximum, and optimum temperatures for growth
C. Water is not important
D. Soil type replaces climate

8. A site has fertile soil and sunlight but is located in an area with frequent theft and
high labor cost. Which factor is the main concern?
A. Soil texture
B. Socio-economic condition
C. Photoperiodism

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D. Soil profile

9. After heavy rain, a vegetable plot becomes saturated; plants yellow and wilt.
Which improvement is most appropriate?
A. Choose or modify the site for better drainage (raised beds, gentle slope, drainage
canals)
B. Add more water daily
C. Increase shade permanently
D. Stop all irrigation forever

10. You are asked to justify the best site for a school vegetable garden. Which choice
shows the strongest reasoning?
A. Choose the nearest land without checking conditions
B. Choose a sunny, accessible site with reliable water, well-drained sandy loam soil,
and safe surroundings
C. Choose a shaded place to reduce watering
D. Choose a low area so water will stay longer

References
Food and Agriculture Organization. (n.d.). Crop production and management
practices. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
World Education (INGO) Philippines Inc. (2005). Soil and soil management. World
Education Philippines.
Acquaah, G. (2015). Principles of crop production: Theory, techniques, and
technology. Pearson.
Ricketts, J. C., & Ricketts, K. G. (2017). Agricultural education for the twenty-first
century. Cengage Learning.

Course packet 1

Learning Module: Agriculture And Fishery Arts

Answer Key and Rationalization

Pre-Test
1. C – Principle of Health. It focuses on sustaining and enhancing health from
soil organisms to humans and avoids harmful inputs.
2. C – Vermicomposting. Earthworms break down organic waste into nutrient-
rich castings (humus-like material).
3. A – Nitrogen. FPJ is used mainly to boost vegetative growth, which relies
heavily on nitrogen.
4. B – Reduce inputs and conserve resources. Ecology emphasizes working with
cycles and improving environmental quality through reuse/recycle.
5. C – Arrangement into aggregates. Soil structure is how particles are arranged;
it affects drainage and aeration.
6. B – FPJ. Leafy vegetables need nitrogen for vegetative growth; FPJ supplies
N.
7. B – FFJ. Fruiting stage benefits from potassium, and FFJ is described as a K
source for fruit quality.
8. B – Crop rotation. Rotation addresses nutrient balance and breaks pest cycles
better than repeating the same crop.
9. B – Precaution and responsibility. Care emphasizes avoiding unpredictable
risks and choosing technologies responsibly.
10. B – Integrated organic system. This plan shows composting, rotation,
mulching, and biopesticides—complete organic practice.
Post-Test
1. C – Fairness. It focuses on ethical relationships across the supply chain and
animal welfare.
2. A – Sheet composting. It is also called sheet mulching or composting in place.
3. B – FFJ. FFJ is a potassium source for better fruit quality.
4. B – Interrupts pest cycles. Rotation prevents pests from continually finding
their preferred host crop.
5. B – Improves fertility and water retention. Humus supports nutrients, soil
texture, and moisture retention.
6. A – Composting barrels/tumblers. Contained, cleaner, and faster for limited-
space school settings.
7. B – Biopesticide + sanitation action. Organic pest management prioritizes

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 low-risk options and prevention (removal/sanitation) before harsher
measures.
8. A – Crop rotation planning. Compost and mulch help, but rotation stabilizes
nutrients and reduces recurring pest/disease issues.
9. D – Care. Care requires precaution and responsibility, especially when
evidence is lacking.
10. B – Integrated plan. This matches organic principles and shows evidence-
based decision-making (soil testing), prevention (mulch/rotation), and
minimal-risk control (biopesticides).

Course packet 2

Answer Key and Rationalization

Pre-Test

1. B – Site selection involves choosing the most suitable location for crop
production.
2. C – Land preparation prepares soil for planting crops.
3. B – Seed selection ensures high-quality seeds are used.
4. B – Proper site selection ensures suitable conditions for crop growth.
5. B – Disease-resistant seeds produce healthier crops.
6. A – Choosing a suitable location for rice is part of site selection.
7. B – Transplanting involves moving seedlings to the field.
8. B – Poor crop growth often results from improper land preparation.
9. A – Certified seeds usually produce higher yields.
10. B – Correct crop production sequence begins with site selection.
Post-Test

1. B – Transplanting moves seedlings from nursery to field.

2. B – Land preparation loosens soil and prepares it for planting.
3. A – Crop selection depends on climate and soil conditions.
4. B – Proper soil preparation supports plant growth.
5. B – Seedlings grow stronger before transplanting.
6. B – Choosing the best location is site selection.
7. A – Planting involves placing seeds at correct depth and spacing.
8. B – Poor drainage indicates poor site selection.

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 9. A – Proper seeds and land preparation improve crop yield.
10. B – Hands-on gardening supports experiential learning.

Course packet 3

Answer Key and Rationalization

Pre-Test
1. B — Sunlight is needed for photosynthesis, allowing plants to produce food
for growth and yield.
2. C — Poor drainage causes waterlogging; roots lose oxygen and may rot.
3. B — Sandy loam is usually ideal for vegetables due to drainage and nutrient
balance.
4. A — Shaded areas limit photosynthesis, causing weak growth and fewer
fruits.
5. B — Gentle slopes improve drainage and make farm operations easier.
6. B — The water source must meet peak demand, especially for high water-
using crops.
7. B — Poor access leads to delays and damage to perishable vegetables.
8. B — Waterlogging reduces oxygen and increases disease incidence, lowering
yield.
9. B — Cabbage is a cool-season crop; better in cool season or higher elevation.
10. B — The best site selection considers sunlight, drainage, soil, water, and
access together.
Post-Test
1. C — Most vegetables need at least 6 hours of direct sunlight for best
performance.
2. B — Low-lying areas trap water and are prone to waterlogging.
3. A — Well-drained sandy loam supports roots, drainage, and nutrient
availability.
4. B — Good drainage and deep topsoil support healthier roots and reduce
disease risk.
5. B — Vegetables spoil quickly and are easily bruised, so access and transport
matter.
6. B — Lettuce is cool-season; choose cooler season or location to match climate
needs.

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 7. B — Crops have minimum/maximum/optimum temperature ranges affecting
growth.
8. B — Peace and order and labor cost are socio-economic factors affecting
feasibility.
9. A — Improving drainage (or choosing a better-drained site) addresses the
root cause.
10. B — This option uses complete site selection criteria and strong justification.

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