COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE
(CDI-1)
CHAPTER 2
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
Learning Outcomes:
1. Understand the concept of crime scene investigation
2. Recognize the importance of different method of investigation
3. Analyze the methods used and role of SOCO team as part of crime scene investigation
Pre-Test: Identify the word or group of words being referred to by the statements.
1. The physical location where a suspect either commits an illegal act or leaves physical evidence of such act
2 In this method of search, the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The three (3) Searchers A, B, and C,
proceed slowly at the same pace along paths parallel to one side of the rectangle.
3. The means sanctioned by the rules of court of ascertaining the truth, respecting a matter of fact is
4. In criminal investigation, it is considered that _____is inner drive or impulse or intention that causes a person to
accomplish a criminal act.
5. The postmortem examination conducted on a human body to determine cause of death is called
6. The methodology involving the systematic searching, handling, distribution, and accountability of all evidence
found at the crime scene.
7. An area which is ideally located adjacent to the Crime Scene where CSI, Evidence Custodian stays and receives
the pieces of evidence turned over to him for safekeeping by the other evidence collectors
8. Which case caused total damage on the reputation of anthropometry as positive means of personal identification?
This case led to advancement of fingerprints in United States.
9. What kind of crime scene sketch is usually presented by the prosecution during judicial hearing?
10. Sketch made by the investigator at the crime scene which is full of important details. But without the scale of
proportion
BASIC ELEMENTS OF
INVESTIGATING CRIME SCENE
Before a criminal investigation be true, it should include its elements such as recognition, collection,
preservation, evaluation and presentation (RCPEP) in the court.
Recognition involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that may provide relevant
information regarding the criminal case being investigated. That is why recognition is otherwise known as
identification stage of investigation.
Collection, which refers to the act of gathering those identified data or facts, or physical things that are
significant to the case under investigation. Collection maybe done by scraping the bloodstains found at the crime
scene, interviewing the neighbor who saw the burglary, or examination of drug dealer’s bankbook.
Preservation. It is a function that is almost simultaneously performed during the collection stage. It includes
act of keeping the collected evidences in their true and original for, preventing contamination or destruction of its
substantive value. Preservation does not only involve the process of packaging physical evidences in order that they
can be safely transmitted to the evidence custodian or to the crime laboratory. It covers the process of maintaining
the objectivity of facts or information that has been gathered from the testimony of witnesses, victims or other
persons 0involved in the criminal case.
Evaluation is the process of determining the probative value of the evidence.
Probative value refers to the strength of the evidence or its worth/weight in successfully
establishing a proof that a crime has in fact been committed and that the suspects/accused is the one who is
responsible for it.
Presentation is the function that is primarily manifested inside the courtroom. The investigator, with the help
of the prosecutor, must be able to present facts and information in a very simple and convenient manner in order to
convince the court and other parties involved in the criminal case about the validity and truthfulness of the evidences
they are trying to prove or establish
THE CRIME SCENE: the place to search for evidence
= The physical location where a suspect either commits an illegal act or leaves physical evidence of such
act.
= The location at which a suspected criminal offense has occurred.
TRANSMITTAL OF EVIDENCE TO CRIME LABORATORY
= Proper handling of physical evidence is necessary to obtain the maximum possible information upon
which scientific examination shall be based, and to prevent exclusion as evidence in court. Specimens which, truly
represents the material found at the scene, unaltered, unspoiled or otherwise unchanged in handling will provide
more and better information upon examination.
PRINCIPLES TO BE OBSERVED IN HANDLING ALL TYPES OF EVIDENCE
1. The evidence should reach the laboratory as much as possible in same condition as when it is found.
2. The quantity of specimen should be adequate. Even with the best equipment available, good results cannot be
obtained from insufficient specimens.
3. Submit a known or standard specimen for comparison purposes.
4. Keep each specimen separate from others so there will be no intermingling or mixing of known and unknown
material. Wrap and seal in individual packages when necessary.
5. Mark and label each piece of evidence for positive identification as the evidence taken from a particular location in
connection with the crime under investigation.
6. The chain of custody of evidence must be maintained. Account for evidence from the time it is collected until it is
produced in court. Any break in this chain of custody may make the material inadmissible as evidence.
PROCEDURE AT THE CRIME SCENE
1. Upon arrival at the crime scene
a. Record time/date of arrival at the crime scene, location of the scene, condition of the weather, condition and type
of lighting, direction of wind and visibility.
b. Secure the scene by installing the crime scene tape or rope (police line).
c. Before touching or moving any object at the crime scene, determine first the state of the victim, whether he is still
alive or already dead. If the victim is alive, the investigator should exert effort to gather information from the victim
himself regarding the circumstances of the crime; while a member of the team or someone must call an ambulance
from the nearest hospital. After the victim is removed and brought to the hospital for immediate attention, measure,
sketch, and photograph. Only a coronal or a medical examiner shall remove the dead body unless unusual
circumstance justifies its immediate removal.
d. Designate a member of the team or summon other policemen or responsible person to stand watch and secure the
scene, and permit only this authorize person to enter the same.
e. Identify and retain for questioning the person who first notified the police, and other possible witnesses.
f. Determine the assailant through inquiry or observed him if his identity is immediately apparent. Arrest him if he is
still in the vicinity.
g. Separate the witness in order to get independent statements.
The initial responding officer should:
1. Establish boundaries of the scene, starting at the focal point and extending outward to include:
a. Where the crime occurred.
b. Potential points and paths of exit and entry of suspects and witnesses.
c. Places where the victim/evidence may have been moved.
2. Set up barriers (e.g. ropes, cones, crime scene barrier tape, available vehicles, personnel, other equipment) or
use existing boundaries (e.g. doors, walls, gates).
3. Document entry/exit of all people entering and leaving the scene, once boundaries have been established.
4. Control the flow of personnel and animals entering and leaving the scene to maintain integrity of the scene.
5. Effect measures to preserve/protect evidence that may be lost or compromised (e.g. protect from the elements like
rain, snow or wind and from footsteps, tire tracks, sprinklers).
6. Document the original location of the victim or objects that you observe being moved.
7. Consider search and seizure issues to determine the necessity of obtaining consent to search and/or obtaining a
search warrant. Establish boundaries as a critical aspect in controlling the integrity of evidentiary material.
SEARCHING FOR EVIDENCE
[Link] crime scene is different according to the physical nature of the scene and the crime or offense involved.
Consequently, the scene is processed in accordance with the prevailing physical characteristics of the scene and
with the need to develop essential evidentiary facts peculiar to the offense. A general survey of the scene is always
made, however, to note the location of the obvious traces, the probable entry and exit points used by the offenders
and the size and shape of the area involved.
2. In rooms, buildings, and small outdoor areas, a systematic search of evidence is initiated. (In the interest of
uniformity, it is recommended that the clockwise movement be used). The investigator examines each item
encountered of the floor, walls, and ceiling to locate anything that maybe of evidentiary value. You should:
a. Give particular attention to fragile evidence that may be destroyed or contaminated if it is not collected when
discovered.
b. If any doubt exists as to the value of an item, treat it as evidence until proven otherwise.
c. Ensure that the item or area where latent fingerprints may be present is closely examined and that action is taken
to develop the print.
d. Carefully protect any impression of evidentiary value in surfaces conducive to making casts or molds. If possible,
photograph the impression and make a cast or mold.
e. Note stains, spots and pools of liquid within the scene and treat them as evidence.
f. Treat as evidence all other items, such as hairs, fibers, and earth particles, foreign to the area in which they are
found e.g. matter found under the victim’s fingerprints.
g. Proceed systematically and uninterruptedly to the conclusion of the processing of the scene. The search for
evidence is initially completed when, after a thorough examination of the scene, the rough sketch, necessary
photograph and investigative notes have been completed and the investigator has returned to the point from which
the search began. Further search may be necessary after the evidence and the statements obtained have been
evaluated.
3. In large outdoor areas, it is advisable to divide the are into strips about four (4) feet wide. The policeman may first
search the strip on his left as he faces the scene and then the adjoining strips.
4. It may be advisable to make a search beyond the area considered to be the immediate scene of the incident or
crime. e.g., evidence may indicate that a weapon or tool used in the crime was discarded or hidden by the offender
somewhere within a square-mile near the scene.
5. After completing the search of the scene, the investigator examines the object or person actually attacked by the
offender. e.g. a ripped safe, a desk drawer that has been pried or a room from which items have been stolen, would
be processed after the remainder of the scene has been examined for traces of the offender. In a homicide case, the
position of the victim should be outlined with a chalk or any other suitable material before the body is removed from
the scene. If the victim has been pronounced dead by a doctor or is obviously dead, it is usually advisable to examine
the body, the clothing and the area under the body after the remainder of the scene has been searched. This is to
enable the policeman/investigator toe valuate all objects of special interest in the light of all other evidence found at
the scene.
METHODS OF SEARCH
1. STRIP SEARCH METHOD = In this method, the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The three (3)
searchers, A,B, and C proceed slowly at the same pace along, paths parallel to one side of the rectangle. When a
piece of evidence is found, the finder announces his discovery and the search must stop until the evidence has been
cared for . A photographer is called, if necessary. The evidence is collected and tagged and the search proceeds at a
given signal. At the end of the rectangle, the searchers turn and proceed along new lanes.
2. THE DOUBLE STRIP OR GRID METHOD OF SEARCH = a modification of the strip search method. Here, the
rectangle is traversed first parallel to the base then parallel to the side.
3. SPIRAL SEARCH METHOD = In this method, the three searcher follow each other along the path of a spiral,
beginning on the outside and spiraling toward the center.
4. ZONE SEARCH METHOD = In this method, one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a quadrant, then
each quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants.
ZONE SEARCH METHOD
[Link] SEARCH METHOD = In this method of search, the area is considered to be approximately circular. The
searcher, gathers at the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes. The procedure should be repeated
several times depending on the size of the circle and the number of searchers. One shortcoming of this method is the
great increase in the area to be observed as the searchers depart from the center.
COLLECTING EVIDENCE = This is accomplished after the search is completed, the rough sketch finished and
photographs taken. Fragile evidence should be collected as they are found. All firearms found to have tampered
serial numbers (SNs) shall be automatically subjected to macro etching at the PNP Crime Laboratory (PNP-CL). A
corresponding report to the Firearms and Explosive Office (FEO) must be made for verification purposes. In the
collection, the investigator should touch the evidence only when necessary.
REMOVAL OF EVIDENCE
1. The investigator places his initials, the date and time of discovery on each item of evidence and the time of
discovery on each item evidence for proper identification.
2. Items that could not be marked should be placed in a suitable container and sealed.
PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE = It is the investigator’s responsibility to ensure that every precaution is exercised
to preserve the physical evidence in the state in which it was recovered/obtained until it is released to the evidence
custodian.
1. MAINTAINING PHYSICAL INTEGRITY OF EVIDENCE
a. Photographing = As evidence is discovered at the scene, it should be photographed before being
touched.
Purposes:
1. It serves as a permanent record of the object in the event subsequent handling alters or destroys it
2. It gives opportunity for the judge to examine evidence which is too dangerous, burdensome or
impractical to produce in court.
3. It gives an opportunity for the investigator to review physical evidence in the case without handling
the actual objects.
b. Packaging = Physical evidence should be packed in order to prevent loss, tampering, breakage or
deterioration. Clean bottles, envelops, bags and other containers properly sealed will accomplish this
purpose.
2. MAINTAINING LEGAL INTEGRITY OF EVIDENCE
a. Identification of evidence= In order to have evidence admitted in court, the officer who originally
discovered the evidence must identify the items as the same object found at the scene.
b. Marking of evidence= The investigator generally writes or scratch the following on each item of
evidence collected:
1. Name or initial of the individual collecting the evidence
2. Dates of item was collected and transferred
3. Case number, and type of crime
4. Victim’s or suspect’s name
5. Brief description of the item
c. Tagging of evidence = Objects that are not suitable for marking might be tagged. A paper tag firmly
affixed to the item of evidence can serve as a basis for alter identification.
= Any physical evidence obtained must be tagged before its submission to the evidence custodian.
d. Sealing of evidence = Placing articles of evidence in a paper or plastic container and sealing it with a
tape ensures the object is not improperly handled and preserves both the legal and physical integrity of
evidence. A slip of paper with the appropriate identifying information is either enclosed in the package
or affixed outside.
EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE = Each item of evidence must be evaluated in relation to all the pieces of evidence,
individually and collectively.
CHAIN OF CUSTODY OF EVIDENCE = a process used to maintain and document the chronological history of the
evidence. Documents should include name or initials of the individual collecting the evidence, each person or entity
subsequently having custody of it, dates the items collected or transferred, agency and case number, victim’s or
suspect’s name, and a brief description of the item.
= The methodology involving the systematic searching, handling, distribution, and accountability of all
evidence found at the crime scene. The documentation of every article of evidence, from the point of initial discovery
at the scene, to its collection and transport to the point of examination, its temporary storage and final disposal.
SKETCHING THE SCENE
POINTS TO CONSIDER
1. To establish admissibility, the investigator must have personal observation of the data in question. In other words,
the sketch must be sponsored or verified.
2. REMINDER: Sketches are not a substitute for notes or photos; they are but a supplement to them.
3. Types of sketches
a. Floor plan or “bird’s eye-view”
b. Elevation drawing
c. Exploded view
d. Perspective drawings
4. Write down all measurements.
5. Fill in all the details on your rough sketch at the scene. Final sketch may be prepared at the
office.
[Link] the rough sketch even when you have completed the final sketch.
7. Indicate the NORTH direction with an arrow.
8. Draw the final sketch to scale
9. Indicate the PLACE in the sketch as well as the person who drew it. Use the KEY capital letters of the alphabet for
listing down more or less normal parts or accessories of the place, and numbers for items of evidence.
10. Indicate the position, location and relationship of objects.
[Link] or systems of locating points/objects on sketch:
a. Rectangular coordinates = measurements at right angles from each of two walls.
b. Coordinates constructed on transecting base line. Chose relatively fixed points
for your base line.
c. Triangulation = Measurements made from each of two fixed objects to the point
you want to plot or locate so as to form an imaginary triangle. Sketch will show as
many imaginary triangles as there are objects plotted.
12. Critical measurement, such as skid marks, should be checked by two (2) investigators.
13. Measurements should be harmony; or in centimeters, inches, yards, meters. Mixed in one
sketch.
14. use standard symbols in the sketch.
15. Show which way doors swing.
16. Show with arrow the direction of stairways.
17. Recheck the sketch for clarity, accuracy, scale , title, key.
SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCHES
1. SKETCH OF LOCALITY =This gives picture of the scene, the crime and its environs, including such items such as
neighboring buildings, roads leading to the location or house. In arson cases, it aids in determining whether the fire
was cause by nearby inflammable property.
2. SKETCH OF GROUNDS = The sketch of grounds pictures the scene of the crime with its nearest physical
surroundings (e.g. house with a garden).
3. SKETCH OF DETAILS = The sketch of details describes immediate scene only. For instance, the room in which
the crime was committed and the details thereof. Cross projection method are details of the room wherein walls and
ceiling are pictures as if they are on the same place as the floor. This gives a clear impression of the scene in cases
where bloodstains or bullet holes are found in the walls or on the ceiling.
RELEASING THE SCENE = The scene is not released until all processing has been completed. The release should
be effected at the earliest practicable time, particularly when an activity has been closed or its operations curtailed.
SCENE OF CRIME OPERATION (SOCO)
COMPOSITION OF SOCO TEAM
The SOCO team is composed of but not limited to the following depending on the nature of the case:
1. Team leader
2. Assistant team leader
3. Photographer and photographic log recorder
4. Evidence and evidence recorder
5. Evidence recorder
6. Evidence recovery personnel
7. Driver/security
PERSONNEL FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITY
1. Team leader
a. Assume control of the crime scene. Ensure the safety of personnel as well as the victim and offenders caught in
the scene and secure the crime scene from kibitzers.
b. Conduct initial survey of the crime scene for evaluating potential evidence and narrative description of the place.
c. Determine search patterns to be used and designate assignments to evidence gatherer.
d. Designate command post location in or near the crime scene and ensure exchange of information between
searcher and investigator.
e. Coordinate with other law enforcement agencies for the security of the victims, offenders/suspects and the scene
of the crime.
f. Ensure that sufficient supplies and equipment are made available for personnel involved in SOCO.
g. Control access to the scene and designate personnel to log persons entering the place and remove Kibitzers in the
area.
h. Continuously reevaluate efficiency of the search to ensure that all places are searched properly.
i. Release the crime scene to the investigators handling the case.
2. Assistant team leader
a. Shall assist the team leader in all his functions and responsibilities.
b. Assume/takeover the responsibilities of the team leader in his absence.
3. Photographer and photographic log recorder
a. Photograph the entire area of the scene with overall medium and close-up coverage using appropriate scale.
b. Photograph victims, suspects/offenders arrested in the scene.
c. Photograph all evidence before collection.
d. Photograph all latent fingerprints, impressions before lifting or casting is made. Likewise, photograph blueprint
maps and other items.
e. Prepare photograph log and photographic sketch.
4. Sketcher
Perform all sketches necessary during the crime scene processing.
5. Evidence recorder/custodian
a. Prepare evidence recovery log and accomplish chain of custody of evidence.
b. Conduct packaging, preservation and transportation of gathered evidence to the Crime Laboratory.
c. Coordinate evidence nomenclature with sketcher, photographer and evidence gatherer.
d. Receive and record all evidence recovered.
e. Maintain custody and control of evidence.
f. Observe the proper custody of evidence.
g. Coordinate transmittal of evidence to case investigators or to Crime Laboratory per agency guidelines.
6. Evidence recovery personnel
a. have significant evidence photograph before it is collected.
b. Keep team leader always apprised of significant evidence located.
c. Initial and date all evidence and turn it over to the evidence recorder/ custodian after noting where the item was
located
d. Coordinate evidence nomenclature with evidence recorder/custodian and sketch prepared.
e. Ensure that appropriate safety measures are adhered to especially with respect to proper clothing including
gloves.
EQUIPMENT
1. BASIC EQUIPMENT
a. Crime scene tape or rope (police line)
b. Measuring device – ruler and measuring tape
c. Recording materials = chalk, sketcher and paper pad
d. Camera with film
e. Video camera or tape recorder
f. Evidence collection kit
g. Flashlight
2. EVIDENCE CONTAINERS
a. String tags - large and small
b. Evidence tape or masking tape
c. Roll of manila paper for wrapping
d. Plastic gallon
e. one-half pint bottles/vials – plastic and glass
f. one-fourth pint bottles/vials – plastic and glass
g. Absorbent cottons
h. Rolls of fingerprint tape
i. Plastic bags – different sizes
J. Paper bags – different sizes
4. Evidence gathering equipment
a. rubber gloves and cotton
b. Box or filter
c. White cotton sheet
d. Cotton balls and swabs
e. Fingerprint car, data card and ink cards
f. Photo data card
g. Black and white latent print lifting cards
h. Rolls of lifting card
i. Complete magna brush kit
j. Complete dusting kit
k. heavy duty rubber lifters
l. Camera with no wide angle, normal and macro lens
m. Arson kit
n. Casting and molding kit
o. electric engraver
5. Miscellaneous
a. Rubber bands
b. Pencils, ballpens, pentel pen – different colors
c. Chalks
d. Permanent flet marker
e. Eraser
f. Stapler with extra staple
g. Assorted paper clip and binders
h. notebooks, paper pads, sketch pads and drawing pads
i. Drawing compass
j. Clippers
k. magnetic directional compass
l. Carbon papers and coupon bonds
CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION
= The determination of the actions surrounding the commission of a crime. Careful and competent
examination of the physical evidence, the documentation of the crime scene allows for this determination. The
systematic documentation and recording of the crime scene is required for this analysis.
= The use of scientific methods, physical evidence, deductive reasoning and their interrelationships to gain
explicit knowledge of the series of events that surround the commission of a crime.
CRIMINAL RPOFILING = The application of psychological theory to the analysis and reconstruction of the forensic
evidence that relates to an offender’s crime scenes, victim’s behavior. It tends to answer the question “why” or
questions regarding the offender’s motive and intent.
TYPES OF RECONSTRUCTION
1. PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION = The physical appearance of the crime scene is reconstructed from the
description of witnesses and the indication of the physical evidence.
2. MENTAL RECONSTRUCTION = From the physical reconstruction, some conclusions can be made concerning
the consistency of the accounts of various witnesses. No assumption should be made concerning actions which are
not supported by evidence. The final theory developed by the investigator should provide a line of investigative
action.
STEPS IN RECONSTRUCTION
1. Recognition of evidence is arguably the most important. “Unless the potential evidence can be recognized, no
further reconstruction can be carried out.”
2. Documentation and collection of evidence are the heart of any successful scene investigation and form the
basis for the reconstruction.
3. Evaluation of evidence = examination of evidence, possibly following laboratory analysis and looks at what
information the evidence provides, and how reliable it is. At this time, any witness statements should be compared to
the evidence to see which part of the statements can be supported or refuted by the evidence.
4. Hypothesize to formulate an idea of “how” the event occurred. This is not merely guessed and should be firmly
supported by the evidence.
5. Testing to see how the hypothesis developed can be validated. This is accomplished by checking the evidence
against known physical laws or devising a test to attempt to replicate the event (or the relevant segment).
6. Reconstruction to reporting the results of the analysis. The results are reported as a range, where the event or
potion of it.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
A. Define and explain the following concepts.
1. Crime scene investigation
2 Crime scene reconstruction
3. Evidence
B. Answer the following essay form. Elaborate your answer
1. Discuss and explain the roles and responsibility of SOCO team in the Philippines.
2. Explain and discuss the golden rule of Crime Scene Investigation
3. What are the difference between physical and mental reconstruction of crime scene.
4. Write a reflection paper about the system of criminal investigation in the Philippines.
CHAPTER 2
Assessment
A. Identify what is being referred to. You may research for the other answers.
1. The physical location where a suspect either commits an illegal act or leaves physical evidence of such act
2. May be defined as the recognition, identification, comparison, and evaluation of physical evidence by application of
the natural sciences.
3. In this method, the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The three (3) searchers, A, B, and C proceed
slowly at the same pace along paths parallel to one side of the rectangle.
4. In this method, one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a quadrant, then each quadrant is cut into another
set of quadrants.
5. Is the means, sanctioned by these rules, of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of
fact?
6. The methodology involving the systematic searching, handling, distribution, and accountability of all evidence
found at the crime scene.
7. This gives picture of the scene, the crime, and its environs, including such items such as neighboring buildings,
roads leading to the location or house. In arson cases, it aids in determining whether the fire was caused by nearby
inflammable property.
8. The use of scientific methods, physical evidence, deductive reasoning, and their interrelationships to gain explicit
knowledge of the series of events that surround the commission of a crime.
9. Person that Assume control of the crime scene. Ensure the safety of personnel as well as the victim and offenders
caught in the scene and secure the crime scene from kibitzers.
10. Measurements at right angles from each of two walls
B. Answer the following essay form. Elaborate your answer.
1. What is the importance of different search methods in crime scene investigation?
2. Explain the MAC (Mutilation, Alteration and Contamination) rule of preservation of evidence in crime scene. Write
your insights about golden rule in crime scene investigation.
3. Explain the duties of SOCO team. Write down their functions and responsibilities in responding to crime.
4. Differentiate physical and mental reconstruction of crime scene. Support your answer.
5. Give your insights, thoughts, or ideas about the crime scene investigation as criminology students.
C. Define and explain the following concepts.
1. Crime Scene Investigation
2. Specific kind of Sketch (show an illustration for each sketch)
D. Multiple Choice: Choice the best answer from the choices provided.
1. Which one is the purpose of interrogation
a. Obtain confession b. induced admission c. discover pertinent detain d. all of above
2. Good description of interrogation room.
a. There must be privacy b. It must be simple c. No obstruction d. All of the above
3. Miranda warning is translated in the Philippine as…
a. Constitutional rights b. Continuing rights c. Custodial rights d. Concomitant to Arizona
rights
4. an Early group of English Criminal Investigators who operated from court located in London.
a. Bow Street Runners b. La Cosa Nostra c. Robert Peel Runners d. Sicilian Mafia
5. Using machine to record conversation within room without the consent of those involved.
a. Bugging b. wiretapping c. Eavesdropping d. Check kiting.
6. A judgement based on reasoning is…
a. inductive b. deductive c. inference d. reference
7. The cardinals of investigators are…
a. method of inquiry and process how the facts develop b. 3 Is
c. Application of instrument in order to extract particular result d. All of the above
8. In police operation, a surprise occupation of a certain territory is called…
a. arrest b. search c. raid d. ambush
9. Disinterment of a body from the grave is…
a. Necropsy b. Autopsy c. Exhumation d. All of them
10 The father of Criminalistics, now forensic science.
a. Alphonse Bertillon b. Dr. Hans Gross c. August Vollmer d. O.W. Wilson