Physical S Quarter 2 - M Models of the (Greek AstronomyWrite your anower on a separate ahect of paper A. Stars are viewed differently when traveling north ane south B. The shadow cast by arth during a lunar eclipse ts circular ophere. telescopes? A. Solar eclipse ©. Retrograde of Mars A. ‘Phe appearance of stare differs when travelling from north to south, direction. D._The shadow cast by the Earth during a lunar eclipse ia ciroular For nos. 5-6, choices are 5S. What is a diurnal motion? For nes. 7-10. choices are: 1. Any point in the closed curved is equidistant te the two fock D. The length of a planers revolution in the Sun ie proportionel te its orbits Which describes the law ofequal areas? onyHOW GREEKS KNOW THAT THE EARTH IS ROUND Even before Plato, the Greeks have deduced that the E rth ig spherical based on the observation that the shadow cast by the Earth during a lunar eclipse circular and that the only shape that can cast a circular shadow at whatever direction it is peinted is 2 sphere. The Greeks were also able to measure the diameter of the Earth, The Greeks also noted that the stars are viewed differently as they travel north and — south. Eratosthenes, a Greek Mathematician, told that no vertical shadow was cast as the sun rays fall vertically in the city of Syene in Egypt during summer solstice. Eratosthenes noted that at the same time a shadow was cast as the sun rays fell at angle of 7.2" [one fiftieth (1/50) of a circle in ancient Greele writings] in the city of Alexandria, He assumed that the sun was 90 distant thet the rays fall parallel to each other on the Earth's surface and that the difference in the shadows cast in th two cities was due to the curvature of Earth's round surface. The distance hetween Syene and Alexandia was found Figure 2 Eratosthenes' to be 5000 stadia (approx. $00 lem). Thus, measurement of the Earth's Erotosthenes thought the Earth’s circumference circumference must be 50 x 5000 stadia or ae aa 250,000 ‘stadia (40,000 kilometers), Now. what the significance of the spherical c of Earth? The sense of symmetry b reeks demands a spherical Harth located sphere of heavens,ASTRONOMICAL EVENTS KNOWN TO MEN BEFORE THE ADVENT OF the unkerse Anclent Babylonian, Aswia, and Ezypian anew the wenath ofthe Seach Hepinnsped cin ae on day ea The Spine Inoremente of Venus, Meanwhile, the Falnesiansutited the tars fr naetion ‘lea lier pfs tre ua is figetrates the 30.000 ee eta ot oe ean ater 1,000 years clipae ceur when her the Bath c moon oat a shadow at cach thes Sth diy aged tees the sun and an ath the Bah cing ©explain tne apparent | extisined «ne retromrade innate ae Som ) Tyghonie eystema) Figure 7 (a) Retrograde motion of Mars as seen in the celestial sphere (b) epicye used by Ptolemy to explain retrograde motions. ets usually tise from cast to west as we sce in the celestial sphere Was observed by the ancient astronomers that the planets seem to vard for several weeks and move eastward again in the succeeding weeks. In our current situation, we can explain that these retrograde motions were due to the difference in the period of revolution of the planets around the sun a8 rn in figure 7a. With Barth being closer to the sun, it moves faster than th planets farther from the Sun. Ptolemy in his time held the belief that the Barth se. The epicycle was used to explain raves in an orbit called. of revolut does not revalve and is the center of the tniv these retrograde motions. Here, a planet 1 the center of the epicycle revolves arqund Earth. This path epicycle ie called deferen‘Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer continuously and precisely recorded the position of the sun, moon, and planets for over 20 years ‘eine instruments that are 1, Law of Ellipse: orbits of ail the planets are sliptical with the Sun at one focus of the ellinge. An ellipse ia a somewhat flattened circle, it is a closed cave in 3. Law of Harmony: the square of a planet's orbital period (yours) is proportionalActivity 1.1 Draw it Draw a model of the solar system based on the Kepler's Law of Planetary Motions. Write labels and figures to illustrate the three Laws.Activity 1.2 How far and how many years? Using the formula given for the Law of Harmany, find the number of years a planet takes to orbit the Sun and its distance from the Sun (semi-major axis). Ix. Plute’s a? — 64,000. Its distance from the Sun (a) is equal to 40 AU. Likewise, Pluto’s P* 64,000. Its orbital period (P) is equal to 252.98 years. Planet Square oF ‘Gube ofthe | Orbital period | Distance from planet's semiomajor (aye years | the sun (P) in orbitalyears | ‘axis ofthe ‘AU © planets orbit (2°) in units (AU) Mercur C0SS 0.088 a 2) LIGHT YEAR Venus oa7e 0.878 ren ren Earth 1,00. 1.00 (5) (6) Mara BS4 S54 (7) 1S) shapiter Tat 141 @) 1.0) Saturn S68 S68 an 2)Identification Identify the astronomical events being described in each item. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper, It is the daily motion of stars and other celestial bodies across the sky due to Earth's rotation. Itis a model which deems Earth as the center of the universe, ‘An event in which the sun passes the celestial equator. cours when the moon passes between the Earth and sun with the moon casting a shadow on the Earth's surface A model which deems all planets revolve around the sun. Set of thirteen constellations seen along the Sun's ecliptic path. ‘The astronomical event in which the sun passes the highest or lowest point from the celestial equator It is the wobbling of the Earth's celestial north pole ‘The apparent yearly motion of stars and other celestial bodies across the sky due to Earth’s revolution. It occurs when the Earth is directly aligned between the sun and moon with the Earth casting a shadow on the mon.17, Which deseribes the aw felipe? 1. Which describes the aw of han? ‘9, Which describes the lw of equal teas? I\Which explains te cteence inthe rita pesod of Barth and Satur? For 0. 11-15, choirs ae: (ZY) Aenean 1 Which BEST explains nthe Barth net ak ahepe Wh Sam aioe fereny wen uve ara sou Re Sts Bu i en ty» ace ten ‘A Copeman Pea B. Keplerian Ditychonie [Link] presents a system with eliphical ari) [Link] presents a eboentri mode of he universe? 13 Which preeent a geo heloentic mode! ofthe colar ete? spats aan [Link] atte retrograde mation of the planet to eieycls? 1, etme ne of tre ena eguone 15. Which states that a planet mves fastest when iis nearest to the sun? 1. The shade contin the sere end Atta during the slice The ape nh ly shape a seer on ae The shade sate by he Hath during «ona elpa i celae Al pant eave aon she su na titi oh. Fan porta the os curved eatin othe et