LUARYLE MOSEPT S.

RAUT AB POLITICAL SCIENCE- III

Article Research Question Methodology Findings Application to Notes

[Link], E., & What are the effects of Quantitative (Survey) This article examines the The authors concluded that It is worth noting that the
Vissers, S. (2007). The internet use on political relationship between civic these online activities are distinction the researchers
Effect of Internet Use on participation of Belgian 16- engagement and internet correlated with political have made is noteworthy
year-olds? usage among 16(sixteen)- participation, but they as it separates their
Political Participation:
year-olds in Belgium, with cautioned that further findings and emphasizes
An Analysis of Survey a sample size of 6,330. investigation is needed to no factitious relationship
Results for 16-Year-Olds This article tests two determine if this is a cause- between the use of the
in Belgium. Social hypotheses ; (1) that it and-effect relationship. internet and political
Science Computer Review, stimulates political engagement. However, as
26(4), 411-427. participation and (2) it they have distinguished,
withdraws young people other such activities may
from it. The researchers have an impact or at least
distinguish internet have the possibility of
exposure (time spent on the being associated with
internet) and other such physical public
activities that are done in participation– but further
the same realm (online). investigation is highly
The article finds no encouraged.
significant evidence that
shows correlation between
internet-screen-time and
political participation.
However, the article states
that other online activities
can be associated with
physical/offline public
participation but further
investigation is needed.
[Link], H. (2011).The How has the internet Analytical Essay Explores how the internet The author establishes These are just three
Internet’s Consequences influenced political shapes politics by focusing three causal mechanisms mechanisms, it is
for Politics. George on three mechanisms that with theoretical imperative that we do not
groundwork which aids in unnecessarily narrow our
Washington University can and are harnessed on
crystallizing causation perspective unto these
the internet: (1)collective between political three as they cannot fully
action, (2)homophily, and engagement and digital explain all phenomena.
(3) preference falsification. connectivity. Stating that
Rather than treating the these mechanisms that
internet as a singular causal happen online really do
force, it argues that it affect the political
perceptions of people.
should be treated as a
bundle of mechanisms that Collective action - an
interact with broader action/ course of actions
political processes. The taken by a collective to
essay applies this achieve a common
framework to debates objective.
regarding the political
Homophily - tendency to
polarization of the United
bond or make ties with
States of America and the people with shared/similar
Arab Springs Uprising that characteristics,beliefs,
began in 2010, showing perspectives, or ideas. As
how digital tools both in the saying “birds of the
exacerbate and limit same feather, flock
political change. together.”

Preference Falsification -
Moreover, the political misrepresentation of
implications of the internet preferences under
 are not uniform ; they perceived public/peer
heavily depend on pre- pressure.
existing political contexts
The researcher also states
and how the technology
that while these
interacts with existing mechanisms may interact
institutions and power with each other, this falls
structures. under the circumstances.

The established
mechanisms may
potentially be utilized for
this paper.

[Link], P. 2025. How does the digital era Document analysis and The study finds that the “Understanding these While digital political
Youth Political influence the trends and descriptive documentation digital era has significantly nuances is critical, as the engagement is high,
Participation in the drivers of youth political of Qualitative research altered the form of youth digital landscape not only formal apathy (low voting
participation, and what are reshapes political rates, low party
digital era : trends, civic engagement, leading
the resulting implications engagement but also holds membership, etc…) still
drivers and democratic for democratic to a paradox wherein profound implications for persists.
implications. Journal of development? digital activity is high yet the future of democracy,
Modern Academic Social traditional participation particularly regarding
Science remains static. youth participation.”
(Hngokchai, P. 2025)
Trends in Participation
This dissertation discusses
- Shift to non-
the importance of digital
traditional media in politics– how one
engagement : Youth strengthens or weakens the
participation in other.
traditional
participation The author also
underscores the importance
 (physical protests, of studying youth political
petitions,etc) has engagement in this digital
now decreased due era. As they turn to digital
platforms for information
to the emerging
and discourse. (Hngokchai,
low-cost, non- P. 2025)
traditional activities
(online petitions,
sharing political
content in social
media, political
hashtags).
- Stagnation in
conventional
apathy:
participation in high
cost, conventional
political
engagement (voter
turnouts, political
party, elected-
electorate physical
discourse) has, for
the most part,
remained moribund,
crystalizing the
persistence of
traditional political
apathy towards
 formal insitutions.
Digital Drivers
- Lowered
transaction cost in
terms of
mobilization:
Digital tools act as a
form of mobilizing
agent, drastically
reducing the
manpower, time
and risk required to
participate in
collective action.
This lowered barrier
is the main driver of
increased digital
engagement that is
being observed.
Democratic implications
- The problem of
translation: There is
no significant
statistical evidence
that shows a
consistent
“translation effect”,
meaning increased
 digital participation
rarely leads to
increased
conventional
political
participation. In
short, online
activists are not
necessarily turning
into voters, or
physically present
participants.

[Link] Carpini, M. X. How does the rise of new Quantitative This article explores the The article provides an Lacking on the side that
(2000). [Link]: Youth, information technology, disengagement of young insight as to how the the internet may do harm
Civic Engagement, and particularly the internet, be Americans from public internet might do good to (disinformation,
used to address and environments with misinformation,etc..) but
the New Information life– examining declining
potentially reverse the increasingly worsening that is understandable
Environment. Political historical and growing trust, political interest, political disengagement. given that it is not the
Communication, 17(4), disengagement of young knowledge, and voter focus of the literature.
Americans from traditional turnout. The author argues
civic and political life? that weak civil
infrastructure, lack of
meaningful opportunities,
and skepticism towards the
government exacerbate the
generational divide. The
article explores how the
internet, as part of the new
 information environment,
may re-engage youth by
lowering participation cost,
fostering interactivity, and
creating virtual
communities.

[Link], Y. W. (2011). The What are the political Quantitative The study found a This article examines how This provides a somewhat
Political Consequences of consequences of the rise of correlation between the internet influences unique and interesting set
the Rise of the Internet: the Internet and the internet use and a distinct, Chinese politics, focusing of circumstances as the
attendant emergence of environment studied has
Political Beliefs and politically salient (vital) its role on democracy and
netizens in China, increased surveillance
Practices of Chinese particularly in terms of profile among Chinese democratization. The level particularly on the
Netizens. Political China’s democratic netizens, suggesting the article tackles how digital use of social media.
Communication, 28(3), prospects? internet has had a technologies expand access
291–322. democratizing, or at the to information, foster
very least a politicizing political mobilization, and
effect despite state control. challenge authoritarian
control, while also
The Chinese netizen highlighting risks such as
profile censorship, surveillance,
and the reinforcement of
More politically inequalities.
opinionated : Chinese
netizens were less likely to The findings in the
give “don’t know” literature tells us that the
responses to political use of digital tools have a
questions (27% fewer than profound impact on
traditional media users) political behaviour.
 Simultaneously critical and
supportive : They are more
likely to be supportive of
democratic norms while
also being scrutinizing
about the party-state and
the broader political
conditions in China.

Potential and active

participants : Chinese
netizens were more likely
to participate in collective
action.

Higher education : The

netizen group had
significantly higher
educational levels and
observed to be a more
socioeconomically
advantaged group, which
contributes to their higher
political salience.

[Link], Z., Aitymbetov, [Link] impact do modern Their findings dictate that Social media acted as a This study investigates the It is important to note that
N., Ismagambetov, T., information technologies, the Kazakhs youth have a catalyst for Kazakhstani political involvement of the study explicitly
Toktarov, Y., Alisherova, in particular social low participatory rate in youth mobilization. Kazakhstani youth before discusses social media and
[Link] impact of networks, have on traditional civic and after the January 2022 its effects. This distinction
the political engagement of engagement– however, the is important as digital
digitalization on political protests against
Kazakhstani youth? researchers also iterate that connectivity is a broad
engagement among regardless of such a authoritarian governance. term.
Kazakhstani youth: a 2. How do social networks turnout, the Kazakh youth Using sociological data
comparative study before promote political still show an interest in from 2013-2022, it
and after “Qandy involvement among politics. examines how social media
Qantar” (Sanguinary Kazakhstani youth? acted as a catalyst for youth
January) of 2022. (2023). mobilization while also
[Link] the main source of
In Journal of Social highlighting the enduring
information for
Studies Education Kazakhstani youth patterns of political
Research (pp. 97–116). traditional media or the detachment, such as low
Internet? voter turnout and weak
party affiliation.
[Link] transformations are
the motives of political
behavior, moods and socio-
political
attitudes of the young strata
of the population going
through in the conditions of
the modern
information society?

[Link], R. Electoral - To what extent has Quantitative This generational divide A good read when it
change through a citizen’s Generational placement is a sets a precedent wherein comes to explaining
generational generation become dominant driving force on generational location does generational gaps.
a core predictor of long-term electoral changes affect political behaviour.
replacement: An age-
their vote choice?
period-cohort analysis of across these countries.
vote choice across 21 - What are the
countries between 1948 respective roles of
and 2021 age, period, and
cohort in explaining
long term electoral
change across
different party
families?

[Link], Y., Atkin, D., & What factors predict an Quantitative This study examines Again, articles tackling
Fu, H. (2011). Predicting individual’s engagement in political discussions in these kinds of
Political Discussion in a political discussion within China, particularly on how circumstances provide
a heavily censored such a powerful insight on
Censored Virtual censorship, trust, and
environment? the role of digital media on
Environment. Political political attitudes influence politics, particularly
Communication, 28(3), participation. Based on a democratization.
341–356. survey of Chinese college
students, the researchers
found that political efficacy
and internet trust increase
political discussion, while
trust in the social system
reduces it. Regardless of
the potential of the internet
as a public sphere,
widespread apathy, self-
censorship and government
regulation significantly
constrain its potentially
democratic role. The article
highlights the influence of
 the internet on political
discourse in authoritarian
contexts.

[Link], D.(2023) What are the implications Qualitative Slacktivism can result in This paper has proven that Very dangerous grounds
Slacktivisim’s political of “slacktivism” on either two outcomes : the use of digital means for our research paper..
prospects: dichotomy, political participation? does have an effect on civic
participation. Slacktivism
diversity and implications Gateway to traditional
refers to the engagement of
activism : it can serve as a political/civic activities
gateway to traditional, with little to no effort– the
high-exertion participation. convenience digital media
provides eases into this
Decline into political definition. We may
absenteeism : the ease of speculate that online
activism may well equate
surface-level participation
with slacktivism— further
can create a false sense of investigation must be done,
accomplishment, leading however, to find out
individuals into believing whether or not this holds
that they have fulfilled their true.
civic duties without taking
any meaningful, real-life
action, by these means
substituting meaningful
engagement with symbolic,
performative gestures.

[Link], J., Bales, S., How does the traditional Quantitative There is a need to redefine This proves that there is a This tells us that there is a
Christmas-Best, V., definition of civic youth civic engagement in diaspora of definition generational divide in
Diversi, M., McLaughlin, engagement fare in the response to new global regarding civic engagement regards to the
M. and Silbereisen, R. Digital era? realities. due to technological understanding of civic
(2002), Youth Civic advancements, particularly duty, pretty interesting
Engagement in the There is no evidence that the development of digital stuff.
Twenty-First Century. suggests that the youth are media.
Journal of Research on not interested in politics but
Adolescence, 12: 121-148. rather they are becoming
politically socialised
(Youniss et al. 2002).

It is just that some of the

methods used by the youth
are unconventional and that
do not fit in the traditional
scope of civic engagement.

[Link], B. 2007. How important is the Quantitative Young people are not This literature establishes a A glittering insight in
Young citizens in the Internet for young people’s fundamentally disinterested notion wherein what people regards to the dichotomy
digital age: disaffected or civic and political in political issues call apathy due to internet of online activism and
displaced? In B.D Loader engagement? but ,rather, they are being use is a skewed reality due other such concepts.
(Ed). Young Citizens in • What evidence exists for “politically socialized to a sort of outdated
the Digital Age. new media to offer the within a new media characterization of civic
prospect of stimulating new environment.” duty and engagement.
forms of mobilization by
young citizens themselves? Loader describes this as
• How might the ICTs be some form of “cultural
used in citizenship displacement” wherein the
education? traditional culture and view
• Are new media styles of of civic engagement does
political communication not entirely follow the
required to reconnect with perspective of the youth
the interests of due to a significantly new
contemporary youth and different form of media
culture? that allows them to see and
 do things dissimilarly to
their predecessors.

[Link], Is the use of social media Quantitative The researchers have Their findings further Not really that noteworthy
S.,Arriagada, A., (particularly Facebook) concluded that the use of reinforce the idea that but it still has good
Scherman, A. The Social associated with Chilean social media DOES have a digital connectivity does insights.
Media Basis of Youth youth’s engagement in positive implication on have a role to play in civic
Protest Behavior: The protest activities? political engagement. engagement. Whether or
Case of Chile, Journal of not that correlation is good
Communication, Volume depends on the context of
62, Issue 2, April 2012, the situation.
Pages 299–314,

13. Calenda, D., & Does the internet invigorate Quantitative The internet’s impact on It presents to us the hows It is worth noting that the
Meijer, A. (2009). political participation? participation and whys on internet use in findings only refer to a
YOUNG PEOPLE, THE regards to political specific group of youth :
INTERNET AND ● Reinforcement, participation. Though that students. This entails that
POLITICAL not revolution : the is not saying that in every there is an unintended yet
PARTICIPATION: internet does not situation or population, certain type of bias in
Findings of a web survey trigger a major shift those characterization will terms of education
in Italy, Spain and The from traditional to be uniform, the general (Calenda & Meijer. 2009).
Netherlands. non-traditional concept is there.
Information, politics, contrary to This literature challenges
Communication & other literature. the notion that the digital
Society, 12(6), 879–898. ● Offline predicts era is a game changer
online: High levels when it comes to political
of political participation.
participation
strongly predict
high levels of
online participation.

Internet’s role as an
 informational channel

● The informational
use of the internet is
positively related to
both online and
offline
participation. This
suggests that the
value of the internet
lies in its ability to
efficiently and
accurately provide
information, which
then facilitates
action.
● Low barrier, Low
effort : The internet
makes political
participation more
convenient and less
costly (in terms of
time and
manpower), making
it an attractive
venue.

[Link], M., How effective is the Qualitative 1. The narrowing The study has presented A more updated version of
Matusitz, J. (2010) A internet as a tool for civic digital divide that the internet has already this would be nice — one
narrowing digital divide : engagement among youth? Access gap is closing : the been used as a political that uses much recent
the impact of the Internet literature argues that the tool. This literature aids in information.
on youth political first-level digital divide— establishing the
participation. Journal for the gap in basic access and relationship between the
Communication Studies infrastructure, like having internet and civic
in Africa, Vol. 29, No. 2 an internet connection— participation in the context
among youth is rapidly of youth activities.
narrowing. This is seen
during the 2000, 2004, and
2008 American Presidential
Elections.
Consequence for
Participation : As access
inequality shrinks, the
internet becomes
increasingly available to
nearly all youth, thereby
reducing the potential for
the digital divide to act as
some form of barrier to
political participation.

2. The internet’s
impact on youth
participation
Mobilizing tool : the
internet is a highly
successful tool for young
voters, as evidenced by the
record high voter turnout in
the 2008 U.S Presidential
Elections
Bulwark of democracy :
by allowing access to more
information and providing
an unconstrained virtual
public sphere, the internet
 is seen as a force that
democratizes the political
process.

[Link], I. (2016). Does use of internet during Quantitative The internet’s positive Reinforcement of the Based on a national survey
Internet use, political an election campaign effect on knowledge relationship between digital conducted 2013, recent
knowledge and youth increase political media and political dates would be a delight.
electoral participation in knowledge among young ● The study found engagement.
Australia. Journal of Youth people? that internet use
Studies, 19(9), 1220–1236. during an election
Does this increase in campaign
political knowledge, in significantly
turn, improve the increases political
likelihood of youth knowledge among
electoral participation? young people.
● This supports the
idea that the
accessibility and
informational depth
of the internet aid
the youth acquire
factual foundation
necessary for
participation

Knowledge drives
Electoral Participation

● This newfound
political knowledge
was found to
enhance the
 likelihood of going
out to vote.

[Link], A.G. (2000). Does the emerging Mixed (Quantitative and Digital Divide This paper raises the The study was conducted
Democracy in the Digital information and Qualitative) argument on the validity of in 2000, 25 years ago. The
Age: Challenges to communication technology Inequality of access (in virtual political validity of it may be
Political Life in (ICT) environment terms of resources) : participation. somewhat compromised,
Cyberspace (1st ed.). genuinely enhance Access to and use of further investigation is
Routledge. democratic participation digital technologies are needed.
and deliberation? heavily reliant on
antecedent resources,
primarily education and
socioeconomic status.
Instead of leveling the
playing field, the internet
simply requires a new set
of resources, which are
disproportionately
concentrated among the
already privileged.

The quality of online

debate

Wilhelm argues that the

political conversations had
online are not truly
deliberative – meaning they
lack the reasoned,
respectful, and inclusive
dialogue necessary for
robust and rigid democratic
 decision making.

He suggests that much of

the content and discussions
online are superficial and
non-substantive, often
amounting to a “Vast
Cyberwasteland” rather
than an enlightened public
sphere. This negates the
notion that the internet
would foster better-
informed political
consensus.

[Link], J., Kühne, R., How does digital media use Quantitative The researchers have found Digital media has become a It highlights how
& De Vreese, C. (2018). foster political participation that exposure to youth- more and more prevalent differently the youth react
Mobilizing Youth in the among young citizens? relevant news increased form of information and to digital media compared
21st Century: How likelihood of electoral communication to other forms.
Digital Media Use Fosters turnout. technology.
Civic Duty, Information
Efficacy, and Political Traditional news, on the
Participation. Journal of other hand, had no
Broadcasting & significant effect on
Electronic Media, 62(3), participation.
445–460.

[Link], A., & Melis, Does social media re- Quantitative Social media mostly It aruges that social media Distinct on social media
G. (2017). Social Media engage politically functions as a new channel largely serves as an outlet
and youth political disengaged young adults or for young people who are for those already interested
engagement : Preaching does it primarily serve as already predisposed to in politics. A substantial
to the converted or an outlet for those already engage in politics. It does portion of young adults
providing a new voice for politically interested. not successfully mobilize a never use social media for
youth? new audience. political purposes
suggesting digital media is
not re-engaging the already
disinterested or absent
youth.

19. Barati, M. (2023). Is there a causal Quantitative The study finds that despite This paper offers a nuanced
Casual Social Media use relationship between online high levels of online view on youth apathy,
among the youth: effects political participation and participation, it doesn’t finding a large effect of
on online and offline later offline political necessarily translate to casual social media use on
political participation activity in young offline participation. online political
individuals? However, online participation BUT a
participation CAN serve as negligible effect on online
a stepping stone that makes political activity and voting
young individuals more behaviour. This supports
likely to participate in the idea of slacktivism or
meaningful, political online-only engagement,
actions later. which contributes to formal
political unengagement
(low voting rates, etc.)

20. Ekwenchi, O.,& “How successful has the Qualitative Low Awareness and While the employment of A challenging yet fresh
Undenze, Silas. (2014). National Orientation Participation social media has been used, perspective to political
Youth and political Agency’s e-polling - The research found low the antecedent variables of participation and its
apathy : lessons from a platform been at interesting awareness among the distrust and low awareness motivators.
social media platform the Nigerian youth to undergraduate students prove that despite having
participate in politics and regarding the existence and powerful digital medias,
governance?” purpose of the e-polling people will still have a hard
platform by the Nigerian time participating.
National Orientation
Agency
 - Consequently, there was a
low level of participation
by the youth on this
government-led social
media platform

Image and perception

problems
- A major impediment to
youth participation was the
negative perception of the
institution. The agency was
viewed as a “government’s
propaganda machine,”
which led to a lack of trust
and a reluctance to engage
with the platform.

[Link], M. What causes the decline in Qualitative The paper shifts the blame This paper supports the It is a perfect companion
(2025)Apathy, Aversion, formal political for low formal participation claim that the low-cost to the works of
or Something More? participation? from the youth to the nature of digital media Hngokchai, Forrester and
Exploring the Decline of political system and makes political the likes of which claim
Youth Engagement in societal changes participation more that digital media DOES
Formal Politics plausible and that the provide a less exhaustive
1. Beswicl argues that the understanding of civic form of Political
decline in formal participation is a point of participation
participation is a contention between the
consequence of a series of younger and older
social, technological, and generations.
political changes that have
disadvantaged modern
youth.
Increased barriers to access
: there are greater barriers
to access formal
participation opportunities
for young people.

Exclusion and Dismissal :

the youth feel shut out from
political systems and that
their contributions and
ideas are not taken
seriously in traditional
political structures due to s
perceived lack of status
based on age.

2. A shift in engagement :
the paper suggests that the
youth are not entirely
disengaged, but rather, they
are prioritizing different
forms of action.

Non-conventional
alignment : There is an
increased alignment of
political goals with non-
conventional forms of
engsfement (social media
campaigns, online
petitions, etc) which are
more accessible and less
costly.
 Changing conceptions of
civic duty: a shift in
conceptions of civic duty
had occured, leading
modern youth to defind
political action differently
than previous generations

[Link], P. (2017). How does social media Qualitative The literature challenges This paper provides robust It adds into the arguments
Digital Natives: making affect political the narrative of youth support for the claims that of Hngokchai, Beswick,
sense of the digital engagement? apathy by trying to shift the digital media HEAVILY McAllister, etc..
political landscape and conception of civic impacts political
assessing the potential for engagement towards the engagement, not only that, Good read too
mobilization vs apathy. generally perceived it CHANGES specific
definition possessed by the notions to adapt for a
youth. changing time.

1. Social media as a
mechanism for
mobilization : the literature
challenges the assumption
of political apathy among
young people (18-25 years
old) by showcasing that
their engagement is often
overlooked as it does not fit
into “traditional”
participation models.

[Link] platforms as a
source of knowledge and
solidarity : the findings
dictate that social media is
a vital tool for young
people when it comes to
data/information gathering.
Moreover, it helps them
build genuine relationships
and feel a sense of
solidarity, which are
essential psychological
incentives collective action
and political participation.

[Link] role of internal belief

system : the paper
emphasizes the role of
internal belief systems as
predictors of trust in the
existing political structure
and the media systems
surrounding it.

The personal reflections

gathered through the IPA
(Interpretative
Phenomenological
Analysis) methodology
have provided insight into
how young people’s
understanding of their own
political efficacy is formed
OR adapted over time
through the engagement in
the political sphere,
 particularly online.

In essence, Readshaw’s
paper concludes that civil
engagement is different in
this generation, different
but not necessarily weaker.

[Link], G. & Dogo, J. To what extent does the use Quantitative The study finds that social This literature provides Interesting read
(2024). Social Media as a of social media platforms media does play a supporting information considering the current
Tool for Changing serve as a tool for reducing transformative role on regarding the use of digital literacy rate of Nigeria
Political Apathy Amongst political apathy and youth political engagement. media in the context of which is 77.62%, one of
Youth in Nigeria influencing the political political engagement. the lowest literacy rates in
engagement of youth in 1. The source of political the world.
Nigeria? information is shifting :
digital media are starting to
become the main source of
information due to its
accessibility and efficiency.

[Link] is driven by
systemic factors: youth
political apathy in Nigeria
is often due to external,
systemic factors rather than
an inherent disinterest in
politics. These factors
include but are not limited
to.

- Disillusionment
with the existing
political system
 - Lack of faith in
political leaders
- Political Alienation.

3. Social media
overcomes apathy :
based on the use of
the Gratification
theory, the study
concludes that the
active engagement
of Nigerian youth
on social media is a
deliberate and
conscious choice.
The use of these
platforms fulfill
their distinct need
for political
engagement and
influence,
effectively using
social media as a
tool to counteract
their feelings of
political apathy.

[Link], I. (2024). What factors in the lives of Qualitative The study identifies a Indonesia’s circumstances
Phenomenological Indonesian youth combination of systemic, feel eerily akin to what the
Review of the Issue of contribute to their political cultural and personal Philippines has right now.
Political Apathy of apathy and subsequent factors that contribute to Unsurprising considering
Indonesia’s Young disengagement from political apathy among how close we are
Generation. Polit Journal political processes? Indonesian youth culturally and
Scientific Journal of geographically.
Politics, 4(2), 135-147. 1. Disillusionment
[Link] with the political
olit.v4i2.1159 system : “The
perception that
politics is
plagued by
corruption,
nepotism, and a
lack of
transparency has led
many young people
to distance
themselves from
political
engagement. The
repeated exposure
to political
scandals and the
slow pace of
reform have
fostered a sense of
cynicism, making it
difficult for the
youth to trust the
political system.”
(Siregar, I. 2024.
p.136)
2. Influence of digital
media : digital
 media have inflicted
both positive and
negative impact on
political
engagement ; while
digital media
platforms provide
new avenue for
political discourse
and activism, it also
plays a part in
political
fragmentaion.
3. Socio-economic
pressures: “he
pressures of
modern life,
particularly in
urban areas, have
shifted the
priorities of the
young generation.
Education, career
development, and
social life demands
often precede
political
involvement. In a
rapidly changing
society, economic
achievements and
social status often
measure success,
 and political
participation may
seem less relevant
or rewarding to
many young
people.” (Siregar, I.
2024. p.136)

Overall, these factors lead

to disengagement and
indifference in various
forms.

[Link], T. (2024). 1. How does the youth Quantitative “The younger generation This is the best reference so THIS IS A VERY GOOD
From Apathy to Action: learn about and interpret was subjected to years of far as it is fresh and POINT OF
Understanding the politics? forced narratives and low introduces points that are INFORMATION, GOOD
Youth’s Political 2. How did the youth’s political engagement which important in regards to GOD.
Engagement on Social political engagement on led them to have lower political engagement
Media in Bangladesh social media change after interest in politics. Other discourse.
the movement of 2024? factors that led to lower
3. What factors influence interest were feelings of
the youth’s choice of helplessness and being
political engagement and unsubstantial in the never
expression on social ending political landscape
media? of the country. Other
factors that led to lower
interest were feelings of
helplessness and being
unsubstantial in the never
ending political landscape
of the [Link],
since the movement,
there has been significant
changes within the youth
and their political interests
due to increased
sense of responsibility
towards the nation and
gaining the ability to
become part of positive
changes. Their political
engagements on social
media have also seen a
huge turn because earlier
the youth was scared of
personal and professional
sanctions and they feared
being subjected to
unjust social ostracism.
Their disengagement was
also led by not seeing
social media as a powerful
tool for political expression
and viewing it as an
entertainment outlet with
like-minded people with
no chance for constructive
discourse. Recently, social
media has come to be
recognized as an
impactful tool for political
engagement since the
movement and the youth
have been more inclined
towards using the online
platforms due to its
efficiency and accessibility.
However, it is also
undeniable that there are
factors like negative
consequences and
miscommunications,
gender
discrimination and political
extremism being promoted
through mob mentality,
which continue to
discourage the younger
generation to come forth
with their political
expressions and opinions
online.” (Samrin, T. 2024.
p.82-83)