II.

MAXIMUM EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ETm)

(For an updated methodology consult “Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing
crop water requirements”, Irrigation and Drainage paper No. 56
[Link] )
Climate is one of the most important factors determining the crop water require-ments
needed for unrestricted optimum growth and yield. Crop water requirements are normally
expressed by the rate of evapotranspiration (ET) in mm/day or mm/period. The level of ET
has been shown to be related to the evaporative demand of the air. The evaporative demand
can be expressed as, the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) which, when calculated,
predicts the effect of climate on the level of crop evapotranspiration; ETo represents the rate
of evapotranspiration of an extended surface of an 8 to 15 cm tall green grass cover, actively
growing, completely shading the ground and not short of water. Methods to calculate ETo are
given, i.e. the Penman, Radiation and Pan Evaporation Methods. Approximate values for
ETo in mm/day for different agro-climatic regions are given in Table 8.
Empirically-determined crop coefficients (kc) can be used to relate ETo to maximum
crop evapotranspiration (ETm) when water supply fully meets the water requirements of the
crop. The value of kc varies with crop, development stage of the crop, and to some extent
with windspeed and humidity. For most crops, the kc value increases from a low value at
time of crop emergence to a maximum value during the period when the crop reaches full
development, and declines as the crop matures. Values of kc for different crops are given in
Table 18 and in Part B.
For a given climate, crop and crop development stage, the maximum
evapotranspiration (ETm) in mm/day of the period considered is:

ETm = kc . ETo

Maximum evapotranspiration (ETm) refers to conditions when water is adequate for

unrestricted growth and development; ETm represents the rate of maximum evapotrans-
piration of a healthy crop, grown in large fields under optimum agronomic and irrigation
management.
The methods presented allow prediction of ETm within 10 to 20 percent accuracy
provided the meteorological data are reliable and obtained from a representative agri-cultural
environment, and provided total growing period and lengths of development stages are
known. For details see Doorenbos and Pruitt (1977)
Meteorological data used in the calculation of ETm should preferably be collected at
stations situated within an agricultural (irrigated) area. When data are collected at stations in
dry, bare areas, at airports or even on rooftops, the calculated ETm values should be
corrected since the data do not represent the different micro-climates found within the
irrigation schemes. In arid and semi-arid areas with moderate wind, ETm calculated with data
obtained outside the irrigated area may need to be adjusted down-ward by 20 to 25 percent.

CALCULATION PROCEDURE

1. Reference Evapotransyiration (ETo)

Collect and evaluate available meteorological and [Link]; based on meteoro-logical data
available, select method of calculation. Compute ETo in mm/day for each 30 or 10-day
period using mean meteorological data.
2. Crop Coefficient (kc)
Determine growing period and length of crop development stages and select kc values.

Table 8 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo in Tnm/day) for Different Agro-

climatic Regions
<10 Mean daily temperature, °C
<10 20 >30
(Cool) (moderate) (Warm)
TROPICS 3-4 4-5 5-6
humid 3-5 5-6 6-7
subhumid 4-5 6-7 7-8
semi-arid 4-5 7-8 10-11
arid

SUBTROPICS
Summer rainfall:
Humid 3-4 4-5 5-6
Subhumid 3-5 5-6 6-7
semi-arid 4-5 6-7 7-8
arid 4-5 7-8 10-11

Winter rainfall
Humid-semihumid 2-3 4-5 5-6
semi-arid 3-4 5-6 7-8
arid 3-4 6-7 10-11

TEMPERATURE
Humid-sub-humid 2-3 3-4 5-7
Semi-arid-arid 3-4 5-6 8-9

3. Maximum Evapotranspiration (Etm)

Calculate ETm in mm day for each 30 or 10-day period1from ETm = kc .

ETo. If needed, adjust ETm according to data source.

1 REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ETo)

1.1 Penman Method
Climatic data required are: mean temperature (T in ° C), mean relative
humidity (RH in %), total windrun (U in km/day at 2 m height) and mean actual
sunshine duration (n in hour/day) or mean radiation (Rs or Rn equivalent
evaporation in mm/day). Also measured or estimated data on mean maximum
relative humidity (RHmax in %) and mean daytime windspeed (Uday in m/sec at 2
m height) must be available. Reference evapo-transpiration (ETo) representing the
mean value in mm/day, over the period considered, is obtained by:

ETo = c[W × R n + (W ) × f (U) × (ea − ed)]

where:
(ea-ed) = vapour pressure deficit i.e. the difference between saturation
vapour pressure (ea) at Tmean in mbar (Table 9) and actual
vapour pressure (ed) in mbar where ed = ea . RH/ 100
f(U) = wind function of f(U) = 0.27 (1 + U/100) with U in km/day
measured at 2 m height
Rn = total net radiation in mm/day or Rn = 0.75Rs - Rnl where Rs is
incoming shortwave radiation in mm/day either measured or
obtained from Rs = (0.25 + 0.50 n/N)Ra. Ra is extra-terrestrial
radiation in mm/day (Table 10), n is the mean actual sunshine
duration in hour/day and N is maximum possible sunshine
duration in hour/day (Table 11). Rnl is net longwave radiation
in mm/day and is a function of temperature f(T), of actual
vapour pressure, f(ed) and sunshine duration, f(n/N), or Rnl =
f(T). f(n/N). f(ed) (Tables 12, 13 and 14)
W = temperature and altitude dependent weighting factor (Table 15)
c = adjustment factor for ratio Uday/Unight, for RHmax and for Rs
(Table 16)

EXAMPLE
Given: Location 30 ° N; altitude 95 m; July; Tmean 28.5 ° C; RHmean 55%;
Umean 232 km/day; n mean 11.5 hour/day; (RHmax 80%, Uday 3 m/sec,
Uday/Unight 1.5).
Calculation
ea T= 28. 5 o C Table 9 38.9 mbar
ed ea. RH/100 calc 21.4 mbar
ea-ed calc 17.5 mbar
f(U) 0.27(1 + U/100); U = 232 km/day calc 0.9
Ra 30 o N, July Table 10 16.9 mm /day
N 30 o N, July Table 1 1 13.9 hour/day
Rs (0.25 + 0.50 n/N) Ra calc 11.2 mm/day
Rnl f (T) . f(ed) . f(n/N) Tables 12, 1.8 mm/day
13, 14
Rn 0.75Rs - Rnl calc 6.6 mm/day
W T= 28.5 o C; 95 m Table 15 0.77
c RHmax 80%; Rs 11.2; Uday/Unight 1.5 Table 16 1.01
ETo c [W . Rn + (1-W) . f(U). (ea-ed)] calc T.- F mm/day

1.2 Radiation Method

Climatic data required are mean temperature (T in o C) and mean actual sunshine
duration (n in hour/day) or mean incoming shortwave radiation (Rs in mm/day
equivalent evaporation). Estimated values of mean relative humidity (RH in %) and
mean daytime windspeed (Uday in m/sec at 2 m height) muft be available.
Reference evapotranspiration (ETo in mm/day) representing the mean daily value
over the period considered is obtained by:

ETo = c (W × Rs )

where:
Rs = measured mean incoming shortwave radiation in mm/day or is
btained from Rs = (0.25 + 0.50n/N)Ra where Ra is extra-terrestrial
radiation in mm/day (Table 10), N is maximum possible sunshine
duration in hour/day (Table 11) and n is measured mean actual
sunshine duration in hour/day
W = temperature and altitude dependent weighting factor (Table 15)
c = adjustment factor made graphically on W . Rs using estimated
values of RHmean and Udaytime (Figure 1).

EXAMPLE
Given: Location 30N ; altitude 95 m; July; Tmean 28-5 o C; n mean 11.5
hour/day; Uday mean = moderate (2 to 5 m/sec); RHmean = medium (about 55%)

Calculation
Ra 30 o N ; July Table 10 16.8 mm/day
N 30ON ; July Table 11 13.9 mm/day
Rs (0. 25 + 0. 50 n/N) Ra calc 11.2 mm/day
o
W T = 28. 5 C; 95 m Table 15 0.77
[Link] calc 8.6 mm/day
Eto RH 55%; U = 2 to 5 m/sec Fig. 1 8.4 mm/day
1 .3 Pan Evaporation Method
Data required are mean pan evaporation (Span in mm/day), estimated
values of mean relative humidity (RH in %) and mean windrun (U in km/day at 2 m
height) and information on whether the pan is surrounded by a cropped or dry
fallow area.
Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) representing the mean value in mm/day
over the period considered is obtained by:

ETo = kpan × Epan

where:
Epan = evaporation in mm/day from an unscreened class A evaporation pan
k pan = pan coefficient (Table 1'7)

EXAMPLE
Given: July; E class A pan 11.3 mm/day; RHmean = medium; Umean = moderate;
pan surrounded by cropped area of several hectares.

Calculation
kpan RH = medium; U = moderate; cropped Table 17 0.75
ETo kpan. Epan calc 8.5 mm/day

2 CROP COEFFICIENT (kc)

Information required on crops is

• the date of sowing

• the length of the total growing season, including
• the duration of initial stage (germination to 10 percent ground cover) the duration of
crop development stage (from 10 percent to 80 percent ground cover)
• the duration of the mid-season stage (from 80 percent ground cover to start of
ripening)
• the duration of late season stage (from start of ripening to harvest).

General information on crop development stages is given for different crops in Part B.
For crop coefficients see Table 18. Climatic data required for the selection of kc values are
windspeed and humidity.
The value of the crop coefficient (kc) varies with the development stages of the crop.
For most crops the kc value for the total growing period is between 0.85 and 0.9 with the
exception of a higher value for banana, rice, coffee and cocoa and a lower value for citrus,
grape, sisal and pineapple.
EXAMPLE
Given: Maize; planted 1 May; harvested 31 August; initial stage is 20 days; development
stage 35 days; mid-season stage 40 days; late season stage 28 days; windspeed is light to
moderate; minimum mean relative humidity is low.

Calculation: From Part B, Maize, or from Table 18:

kc May = 0.4; June = 0.75; July = 1. 15; August = 0

3. MAXIMUM EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ETm)

Data required are monthly mean ETo in mm/day and the kc values for the given crop
over each 30 or 10-day period. Maximum evapotranspiration = ETm kc . ETo.

EXAMPLE

Given: Climatic data collected at station located within an irrigated area:

May June July August

ETo mm/day 8.9 9.4 8.8 7.6
kc 0.4 0.75 1.15 0.85

ETm mm/day 3.6 7.1 10.1 6.5

mm/month 110 212 314 201 840
Table 9: Saturation Vapour Pressure (ea) in mbar as Function of Mean Air Temperature (T) in °C 1/
Temperature 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
°C
ea mbar 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6 8.1 8.7 9.3 10.0 10.7 11.5 12.3 13.1 14.0 15.0 16.1 17.0 18.2 19.4 20.6 22.0
Temperature 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
°C
ea mbar 23.4 24.9 26.4 28.1 29.8 31.7 33.6 35.7* 37.8* 40.1* 42.4 44.9 47.6 50.3 53.2 56.2 59.4 62.8 66.3 69.9
1
/ Also actual vapour pressure (ed) can be obtained from this table using available Tdewpoint data.
(Example; Tdewpoint is 18°C; ed is 20.6 mbar)

Table 10: Extra-terrestrial Radiation (Ra) expressed in equivalent evaporation in mm/day

Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere
Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Lat Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
y y
6.4 8.6 11. 14. 16. 17. 16. 15. 12. 9.6 7.0 5.7 40° 17. 15. 12. 9.2 6.6 5.3 5.9 7.9 11. 14. 16. 18.
4 3 4 3 7 2 5 9 7 5 0 2 9 3
6.9 9.0 11. 14. 16. 17. 16. 15. 12. 10. 7.5 6.1 38 17. 15. 12. 9.6 7.1 5.8 6.3 8.3 11. 14. 17. 18.
8 5 4 2 7 3 8 0 9 8 8 4 4 0 3
7.4 9.4 12. 14. 16. 17. 16. 15. 13. 10. 8.0 6.6 36 17. 16. 13. 10. 7.5 6.3 6.8 8.8 11. 14. 17. 18.
1 7 4 2 7 4 1 6 9 0 2 1 7 6 0 2
7.9 9.8 12. 14. 16. 17. 16. 15. 13. 10. 8.5 7.2 34 17. 16. 13. 10. 8.0 6.8 7.2 9.2 12. 14. 17. 18.
4 8 5 1 8 5 4 8 8 1 5 5 0 9 1 2
8.3 10. 12. 15. 16. 17. 16. 15. 13. 11. 9.0 7.8 32 17. 16. 13. 10. 8.5 7.3 7.7 9.6 12. 15. 17. 18.
2 8 0 5 0 8 6 6 2 8 2 8 9 4 1 2 1
8.8 10. 13. 15. 16. 17. 16. 15. 13. 11. 9.5 8.3 30 17. 16. 14. 11. 8.9 7.8 8.1 10. 12. 15. 17. 18.
7 1 2 5 0 8* 7 9 6 8 4 0 3 1 7 3 3 1
9.3 11. 13. 15. 16. 16. 16. 15. 14. 12. 9.9 8.8 28 17. 16. 14. 11. 9.3 8.2 8.6 10. 13. 15. 17. 17.
1 4 3 5 8 7 7 1 0 7 4 3 6 4 0 4 2 9
9.8 11. 13. 15. 16. 16. 16. 15. 14. 12. 10. 9.3 26 17. 16. 14. 12. 9.7 8.7 9.1 10. 13. 15. 17. 17.
5 7 3 4 7 6 7 3 3 3 6 4 4 0 9 2 5 2 8
10. 11. 13. 15. 16. 16. 16. 15. 14. 12. 10. 9.7 24 17. 16. 14. 12. 10. 9.1 9.5 11. 13. 15. 17. 17.
 2 9 9 4 4 6 5 8 5 6 7 5 5 6 3 2 2 4 6 1 7
10. 12. 14. 15. 16. 16. 16. 15. 14. 13. 11. 10. 22 17. 16. 14. 12. 10. 9.6 10. 11. 13. 15. 17. 17.
7 3 2 5 3 4 4 8 6 0 1 2 4 5 8 6 6 0 6 7 7 0 5
11. 12. 14. 15. 16. 16. 16. 15. 14. 13. 11. 10. 20 17. 16. 15. 13. 11. 10. 10. 12. 13. 15. 17. 17.
2 7 4 6 3 4 3 9 8 3 6 7 3 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 9 8 0 4
11. 13. 14. 15. 16. 16. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 18 17. 16. 15. 13. 11. 10. 10. 12. 14. 15. 16. 17.
6 0 6 6 1 1 1 8 9 6 0 1 1 5 1 2 4 4 8 3 1 8 8 1
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 15. 15. 15: 15. 13. 12. 11. 16 16. 16. 15. 13. 11. 10. 11. 12. 14. 15. 16. 16.
0 3 7 6 0 9 9 7 0 9 4 6 9 4 2 5 7 8 2 6 3 8 7 8
12. 13. 14. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 14. 12. 12. 14 16. 16. 15. 13. 12. 11. 11. 12. 14. 15. 16. 16.
4 6 9 7 8 7 7 7 1 1 8 0 7 4 3 7 1 2 6 9 5 8 5 6
12. 13. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 14. 13. 12. 12 16. 16. 15. 14. 12. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 16.
8 9 1 7 7 5 5 6 2 4 3 5 6 3 4 0 5 6 0 2 7 8 4 5
13. 14. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 14. 13. 12. 10 16. 16. 15. 14. 12. 12. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 16.
2 2 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 6 9 4 3 5 2 8 0 4 5 8 9 2 2
13. 14. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 14. 13. 13. 8 16. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 16.
6 5 3 6 3 0 1 4 3 8 9 3 1 1 5 4 1 4 7 7 9 8 0 0
13. 14. 15. 15. 15. 14. 14. 15. 15. 15. 14. 13. 6 15. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 13. 14. 15. 15. 15. 15.
9 8 4 4 1 7 9 2 3 0 2 7 8 0 6 7 4 8 1 0 0 7 8 7
14. 15. 15. 15. 14. 14. 14. 15. 15. 15. 14. 14. 4 15. 15. 15. 14. 13. 13. 13. 14. 15. 15. 15. 15.
3 0 5 5 9 4 6 1 3 1 5 1 5 8 6 9 8 2 4 3 1 6 5 4
14. 15. 15. 15. 14. 14. 14. 14. 15. 15. 14. 14. 2 15. 15. 15. 15. 14. 13. 13. 14. 15. 15. 15. 15.
7 3 6 3 6 2 3 9 3 3 8 4 3 7 7 1 1 5 7 5 2 5 3 1
15. 15. 15. 15. 14. 13. 14. 14. 15. 15. 15. 14. 0 15. 15. 15. 15. 14. 13. 14. 14. 15. 15. 15. 14.
0 5 7 3 4 9 1 8 3 4 1 8 0 5 7 3 4 9 1 8 3 4 1 8

Table 11: Mean Daily Duration of Maximum Possible Sunshine Hours (N) for Different Months and Latitudes
Norther Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
n
 Latitude July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
s
Souther
n
Latitude
s
40 9.6 10.7 11.9 13.3 14.4 15.0 14.7 13.7 12.5 11.2 10.0 9.3
35 10.1 11.0 11.9 13.1 14.0 14.5 14.3 13.5 12.4 11.3 10.3 9.8
30 10.4 11.1 12.0 12.9 13.6 14.0 13.9* 13.2 12.4 11.5 10.6 10.2
25 10.7 11.3 12.0 12.7 13.3 13.7 13.5 13.0 12.3 11.6 10.9 10.6
20 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.6 13.1 13.3 13.2 12.8 12.3 11.7 11.2 10.9
15 11.3 11.6 12.0 12.5 12.8 13.0 12.9 12.6 12.2 11.8 11.4 11.2
10 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.7 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.8 11.6 11.5
5 11.8 11.9 12.0 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.3 12.3 12.1 12.0 11.9 11.8
0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0

Table 12 Effect_ of TeMDerature f(T) on LonQwave Radiation (Rnl)

T°C 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
f(T) = 11. 11. 11. 12. 12. 12. 13. 13. 13. 14. 14. 15. 15. 15. 16.3 16. 17. 17. 18.
δTk4 0 4 7 0 4 7 1 5 8 2 6 0 4 9 * 7 2 7 1

Table 13 Effect of Vapour Pressure f(ed) on LonQwave Radiation (Rnl)

ed mbar 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
f (ed) = 0.34 − 0.044 ed 0.23 .22 .20 .19 .18 .16 .15 .14 .13 .12 .12 .11 .10 .09 .08 .08 .07 .06
*

Table 14 Effect of the Ratio Actual and Maximum Bright Sunshine Hours f(n/N) on Longwave Radiation (Rnl)
n/N 0 .05 .1 .15 .2 .25 .3 .35 .4 .45 .5 .55 .6 .65 .7 .75 .8 .85 .9 .95 1.0
 f (n / N) = 0.1 + 0.9n / N 0.1 .15 .19 .24 .28 .33 .37 .42 .46 .51 .55 .60 .64 .69 .73 .78 .82 .87 .91 .96 1.0
0 *

Table 15 Values of Wei^htin^ Factor (W) for the Effect of Radiation on ETo at Different Temperatures and Altitudes
Temperature 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
o
C
W at altitude m
0 .43 .46 .49 .52 .55 .58 .61 .64 .66 .69 .71 .73 .75 .77 .78 .80 .82 .83 .84 .85
500 .45 .48 .51 .54 .57 .60 .62 .65 .67 .70 .72 .74 .76 * .79 .81 .82 .84 .85 .86
1000 .46 .49 .52 .55 .58 .61 .64 .66 .69 .71 .73 .75 .77 .78 .80 .82 .83 .85 .86 .87
2000 .49 .52 .55 .58 .61 .64 .66 .69 .71 .73 .75 .77 .79 .79 .82 .84 .85 .86 .87 .88
3000 .52 55 58 61 .64 66 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 .81 84 85 86 88 88 89
82

Table 16 Adjustment Factor (c) in Presented Penman Equation

Rhmax = 30% RHmax = 60% Rhmax = 90%
Rs mm/day 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12
U day m/ Uday/Unight = 4.0
sec
0 .86 .90 1.00 1.00 .96 .98 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.10
3 .79 .84 .92 .97 .92 1.00 1.11 1.19 .99 1.10 1.27 1.32
6 .68 .77 .87 .93 .85 .96 1.11 1.19 .94 1.10 1.26 1.33
9 .55 .65 .78 .90 .76 .88 1.02 1.14 .88 1.01 1.16 1.27
Uday/Unight = 3.0
0 .86 .90 1.00 1.00 .96 .98 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.10
3 .76 .81 .88 .94 .87 .96 1.06 1.12 .94 1.04 1.18 1.28
6 .61 .68 .81 .88 .77 .88 1.02 1.10 .86 1.01 1.15 1.22
9 .46 .56 .72 .82 .67 .79 .88 1.05 .78 .92 1.06 1.18
Uday/Unight = 2.0
0 .86 .90 1.00 1.00 .96 .98 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.10
3 .69 .76 .85 .92 .83 .91 .99* 1.05* .89 .98 1.10* 1.14*
6 .53 .61 .74 .84 .70 :80 .94 1.02 .79 .92 1.05 1.12
9 .37 .48 .65 .76 .59 .70 .84 .95 .71 .81 .96 1.06
Uday/Unight = 1.0
0 .86 .90 1.00 1.00 .96 .98 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.10
3 .64 .71 .82 .89 .78 .86 .94* .99* .85 .92 1.01* 1.05*
6 .43 .53 .68 .79 .62 .70 .84 .93 .72 .82 .95 1.00
9 .27 .41 .59 .70 .50 .60 .75 .87 .62 .72 .87 .96
Fig 1 Prediction of ETo from [Link] for different condtitions of mean relative
humidity and day time wind.
Table 17 Pan Coefficient (kpan) for Class A Pan for Different Groundcover and Levels
of Mean Relative Humidity and 24-hour Windrun
Pan placed in short green cropped Pan placed in dry fallow area
area
RHmea low med. High low med. high
n% <40 40-70 >70 <40 40-70 >70
Wind Windward Windward
km/day side side
distance of distance of
green crop dry fallow
m m
Light 1 .55 .65 .75 1 .7 .8 .85
<175 10 .65 .75 .85 10 .6 .7 .8
100 .7 .8 .85 100 .55 .65 .75
1000 .75 .85 .85 1000 .5 .6 .7
Moderat 1 .5 .6 .65 1 .65 .75 .8
e 10 .6 .7 .75 10 .55 .65 .7
175-425 100 .65 .75* .8 100 .5 .6 .65
1000 .7 .8 .8 1000 .45 .55 .6
Strong 1 .45 .5 .6 1 .6 .65 .7
425-700 10 .55 .6 .65 10 .5 .55 .65
100 .6 .65 .7 100 .45 .5 .6
1000 .65 .7 .75 1000 .4 .45 .55
Very 1 .4 .45 .5 1 .5 .6 .65
strong 10 .45 .55 .6 10 .45 .5 .55
>700 100 .5 .6 .65 100 .4 .45 .5
1000 .55 .6 .65 1000 .35 .4 .45
Table 18 Crop Coefficients (kc)
CROP Crop Development stages Total
Initial Crop Mid- Late At growing
Developme season season harvest period
nt
Banana
Tropical 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.85 1.0-1.1 0.9-1.0 0.75-0.85 0.7-0.8
Subtropical 0.5-0.65 0.8-0.9 1.0 -1.2 1.0-1.15 1.0-1.15 0.85-0.95
Bean
Green 0.3-0.4 0.65-0.75 0.95-105 0.9-0.95 0.85-0.95 0.85-0.9
Dry 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.2 0.65- 0.25-0.3 0.7-0.8
0.75
Cabbage 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8 0.95-1.1 0.9-1.0 0.8-0.95 0.7-0.8
Cotton 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.25 0.8-0.9 0.65-0.7 0.8-0.9
Grape 0.35- 0.6-0.8 0.7-0.9 0.6-0.8 0.55-0.7 0.55-0.75
0.55
Groundnut 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8 0.95-1.1 0.75- 0.55-0.6 0.75-0.8
0.85
Maize
Sweet 0.3-0.5 0.7-0.9 1.05-1.2 1.0-1.15 0.95-1.1 0.8-0.95
Grain 0.3-0.5* 0.7-0.85* 1.05-1.2* 0.8-0.95 0.55-0.6* 0.75-0.9*
Onion
Dry 0.4-0.6 0.7-0.8 0.95-1.1 0.85-0.9 0.75-0.85 0.8-0.9
Green 0.4-0.6 0.6-0.75 0.95-1.05 0.95- 0.95-1.05 0.65-0.8
1.05
Pea, fresh 0.4-0.5 0.7-085 1.05-1.2 1.0-1.15 0.95-1.1 0.8-0.95
Pepper, fresh 0.3-0.4 0.6-0.75 0.95-1.1 0.85-1.0 0.8-0.9 0.7-0.8
Potato 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.2 0.85- 0.7-0.75 0.75-0.9
0.95
Rice 1.1-1.15 1.1-1.5 1.1-1.3 0.95- 0.95-1.05 1.05-1.2
1.05
Safflower 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.2 0.65- 0.2-0.25 0.65-0.7
017
Sorghum 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.75 1.0-1.15 0.75-0.8 0.5-0.55 0.75-0.85
Soybean 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.8 1.0-1.15 0.7-0.8 0.4-0.5 0.75-0.9
Sugarbeet 0.4-0.5 0.75-0.85 1.05-1.2 0.9-1.0 0.6-0.7 0.8-0.9
Sugarcane 0.4-0.5 0.7-1.0 1.0-1.3 0.75-0.8 0.5-0.6 0.85-1.05
Sunflower 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.2 0.7-0.8 0.35-0.45 0.75-0.85
Tobacco 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.8 1.0-1.2 0.9-1.0 0.75-0.85 0.85-0.95
Tomato 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.25 0.8-0.95 0.6-0.65 0.75-0.9
Water melon 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8 0.95-1.05 0.8-0.9 0.65-0.75 0.75-0.85
Wheat 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.2 0.65- 0.2-0.25 0.8-0.9
0.75
Alfalfa 0.3-0.4 1.05-1.2 0.85-1.05
Citrus
Clean weeding 0.65-0.75
No weed 0.85-0.9
control
Olive 0.4-0.6
First figure: Under high humidity (RHmin >70%) and low wind (U <5 m/sec).
Second figure: Under low humidity (RHmin <20%) and strong wind (>5 rn/sec).