Integrals

Important Key Concepts/ Formulae

Indefinite Integral : Methods of Integration :
Integration is an inverse process of differentiation.. (a)
e.g., Integration by subst1tuon
d The method for finding integrals by a suitable
Let
dx
[f)) = F(¢), then we write substitution is called Integration by substitution.
There are three possible form for this method.
SF() dx = f(r) + C
In general, such type of () Sr) f() dx dx
integrals represent a
family of curves, are called as Indefinite
f(x)
Integrals. (iü) •Gf)l f() dx
SV) t g*)] dx = If() dx +Jg() dx
Rule: Put f(x) = z»f() dx =dz
Also, kf(x)dx = k If(x) dx. Here, 'k is a constant.
List of Some Standard Integrals: Now, substituting in above form and integrate by
usual method.
(i) Sx dx= +C (n #-1)
n+1 dy= loglf()| +C, f(*) =0
f(x)
= log x| +C (iii) Sdx =x+C
Sf" f()dx = n+1
+C, n*-1
(iv) Jcos x dx = sin x+C
Some More Standard Results :
(v) sin x dx =- cos x +C
() Stan x dx =- log |cos x| +C
(ui) Jsec x dx= tan x+ C
(ui) Scosec x dx= - cotx+C = log sec x +Cx (2n + 1),
(viii) Ssec x tanxdx = sec x + C
(i2) Scot x dx = log |sin x|+C
(ic) Jcosec x cot x dx=- cosec x +C =-log cosec x +C
(x) Se dx = e +C (xi) Ja dx = +C (üi) fsec x dx = log sec x + tan x|+C
log a
=log | tan*|+C
(xii) (a) dx =sinlx+C (iv) Jcosec x dx = log |cosec x- cot x | + C

dx
= sin-|+C
- log | tan Gl+0
(6) T (b) Integration by Parts
1 This method is applicable in case of product of two
-dx = cosx+C
(xit) (o) functions, that is,
Sfo).gl) dx =f) lg) dx- [f()lg()dx}dx
dx I II
(6)
-2 For applying this rule, the order of preference for
1 functions can be decided by using ILATE, where,
(riv) (a) dx =tan-lr+
l+2 I represents Inverse function
1 1 L represents Logarithmic function
dr = tan
(6) A represents Algebraic function
a'+x2
[179]
 T b = t ’ dx= dt
represents Trigonometric function Now, put x + 2a
E represents Exponential function
e.g., S tan-'x dx Integral of the form cr+d+e
-dx
and
(e)
Here, ’Algebraic function dx
e.g., tanlx’ Inverse function Vcr +dx +e
In word ILATE, T comes first, then 'A. So,
inverse function is considered as first function and For such integrals,
d + B
Algebraic function as second function. let ax +b=A (ca? + d+e)
dx
e.g., Jef) +f))dx =ef) +C A(2cx+ d) + B
(c) Some More Special Integrals =
Now, obtain the values of Aand Bby coeffhcient
dx 1 comparing method of like powers of 'x, then
tan-l +C
writing,
dx 1 (ax +b) dr=42cx +a)+Bdr
(1) +C
2a log cr+ d +e c + d +e
=(A(2crtd)+B
1 (ax +b) dx -dx
(ii) dx =log|+ Vr'+a'|+C and (-
Va'+* vcr + dxte Jer+dx+e
dx a+: then solve the integrals.
=log
2a a-x
+C
() Integral of the form
dx dx dx
1
dx =log |*+ ?-a? | +C a+bsin x a+bcos x a cos x+bsin r
d
1 and [
dx =sin-1* +C acosx+bsinx +c
Va²-2 1- tan2 Z
(vi) Íya?- dx For such integrals, let cos x= and
1+ tan 2

2
Va'-? + 2
sin-l
2 tan
(vii) INa- da sin x = in each case, then put
1+ tan2
2
2
log |x + |+C
1 Sec2t
tan =Z’ dx = dz, and integrate by
(ix) JVa? + dy 2 2
using proper formulae mentioned above.
+ log |* + V+? |+C dx
2 2 (g) For integrals of the form
da a+bsinx
(d) Integral of the form J dx dc
ax +bx+c and
a+bcos2, asin x+bcosx
dx
and /Jax2 +bx +c dx dc
Jar +bx +c asin x+bcosx+csin x cos
Reduce the polynomial 'a? + bx + c in perfect
square form, then use the formulae for integration For such integrals, dividing Numerator and
corresponding to the reduced form. Denominator by cos²x or sin'x and reducing the
integrals either in form of tan x or cot x, then put
e.g., ar? + bx +c= a * 4x+ tan x =2 0r cot x = 2
> sec²x dx= dz or - cosecxdx = dz
62 62
>0 Now, integrating the integrand by using suitable
a 4a2 method or formulae.
(h) For integrals of the form Definite Integral?
a sinx + bcosx
Psinx +Qcosx
dx and= asinx +bcos+ C dx, An indefinite integral Sfx) dx = F() + C defined
Psinx +Qcosx +R over the interval [a, b] can be denoted as
For such integrals, let
Numerator = A(Denominator) + B(Denominator) +C, Jf(x)dz and is defined
then integrate by usual methods, already discussed
previously. as|f()d = |F(*) + c =F(%) +C]- (F(@) +C
integrals of the form -
() For = F(6) F(a)
Suitable-substitution Here, a and b' are called as lower and upper
limits respectively and the interval [a,b] is called
dx
() axt d)Wex+d Put cx +d=2
the interval of integration.
d 1 Fundamental Properties of Definite Integrals :
(ax +b)v'+ dx +e
Put ax+ b= There are certain properties of definite integrals
definite
which can be used while solving the
dx integral.
, Put x=
(ax²+b) Vcx+d+e b b
(Change of variable)
(ar+b)dx Put cx + d= t2
(iv) Vex +d
(Change of limits)
(v) (ax + b) Vcx +d dx, Put cx + d= 2
() Integration by Partial fraction b

In this method, we reduce the Rational function

into Partial fractions, then integrate. Here, table
(iü) Jf)dr =•f) dx +[f()ds, where a<e<b
C

given below, indicates the types of partial fractions

that are associated to different form of rational (iv)
functions. 0

SNo. Form of the rational function Form of the partial function

px +q A B
+
1. (*-a) (8-b)
(x-a)(*-b)'
pr +q A B
2.
(x-a)? (-a) (*-a)
A B C
+ qr +r +
3. (r-a) (x-b) (*-c)
(x- a)(- b)(* -c)
B
4.
px?.+ qt +r A

(x-a)(*-b) (*-a) (*-a) (r-b)

+qx+r A B D
5.
(x-a)°( - b) (*-a) (-a)' (*-a)³ (x-b)
6.
pr?.+qr +r A Bx +C
(x-a)(r +bx +c) (x-a) x+ bx +c
Where + bx + c cannot be factorized further.

like terms from both sides or by substituting

The constants A, B, C etc. are obtained by equating coeficient of
any value for x on both sides.
(181]
 (viti) (9) jfla)du =2]f(«) dx,
if f is 1
an even
(u) [r)dx = ffla +b-x)de -a
0

2a
function, i.e., f(-x) = f)

(b) f(x) dx = 0, if f is an odd function, i.e.

2a
(wi) (a) fr) dx =2[f(x) dx, if f(2a - *) =f(*) f-x) =- fx)
0
2a

(6) fx) dx =0, if f(2a-x) =-f)

Competency Based Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct option: 0

1. e*(cosx - sin z) dx is equal to: dt d'y = ay, then a is equal

(A) e cos x + C (B) e* sin x + C 6. If x= [ and
dx2
(C) e cos x +C (D) -e sin x+C to :
dx (A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 1
2.2 cos xsin
(A) tanx+ cot x +C
is equal to :
(B) (* + cot x) +C 7.
x°+|x|+1 dx is egqual to :
+2|x|+1
(C) tan x cotx+ (D) (tan x+ cot x) + C (B) 2 log 2
(A) log 2
-3e*-5e
3. If dx = ax + b log |4e* + 5e + C, (C)log 2 (D) 4 log 2
+5e-* 2
then :
1 7 dt = a, then
d1+)2 dt is equal to :
(A) a= 8 8 (B) a-=
1 -7 (B) a +1
(C) a=b= (D) a= b= (A) a-1+ 2
8 8
b+c
(C) a-1 (D) a t 1+
4. [ f(x)dx is equal to :
a+c 2

B) [f(z+c)du 9. [|x cosT \dx is equal to :

jra-dr -2

b-c 4 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(C) (D) f(z) dx TU
a-c
rcos 2x- cos 20
10. dx is equal to :
5. If f and g are continuous functions in [0, 1] COS X- cos
satisfying f() =fla - ) and g(r) + ga - ) = a, (A) 2(sin x +x cos 0) + C
then [f).g(r) dz is equal to : (B) 2(sin x - x cos 0) + C
(C) 2(sin x+ 2x cos 0) + C
(A) (D) 2(sinx-2x cos 0) + C
2

[Evergreen 100% Success in Mathematics-12]

182
 dx
even 11. Jsin«-a) sin (r-b) is equal to : 16. [-dx
x+1
is equal to:
(A) sin (b- a) log sin(x - b)| +C
sin(* - a) (A) x+
2 3
-log |1- x| +C
, ie.,
(B) cosec (b- a) log sin(x - a) +C -log |1-x| +C
sin(* -b) (B) x+ 2 3

(C) cosec (b- a) log sin( -b) +C -log |1 +x| + C

sin(x a) (C) x 2

(D) sin (6-a) log lsin(x -a+C

sin(x b) (D) x + -log |1+x +C
2 3
12. [tanx dx is equal to : x+sinx
17. +cos: dx is equal to :
(A) (x+ 1) tan-! -Vz+c (A) log |1 + cos x|+C
(B) xtan-l Vx-x +C (B) log |x+ sin x| +C
(C) V-x tan-' x +C +C
(C) * tan
(D) Vx-(*+1)tan-1 Nz + C
qul 2

dx is equal to :
(D) x. .tan +0
13. 3
dx
18. If = a(1 +*²)2 +bV1+*² +C, then:
V1+x2
(A) l + ? +C (B) l+2 +C 1
(A) a= b=1 (B) a= =1
3
e* -e*
(C) +C (D) +C -1 1
(1+*27 (1+*2)2 (C) a= (D) a

14. (4r2411s dr is equal to : 4

dx
is equal to :
19.
1-5 1+ cos 2x
1
(A) +C 4

5x
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
5

(B) +C
20. [i- sin 2xdx is equal to :
-5
1
(C) 10% t4 + C (A) 2V2 (B) 2(V2+1)
(C) 2 (D) 2(/2-1)
1
(D) +4 +C
4+3 sin x
21. The value of dx is':
dx 4+3 cos x
15. If +2)(*² +1)
0

3
1 (C) 0 2
log |x+2| + C, (A) 2 (B) (D)
=alog |1+|+ b tan-'x+ 5 4

then: d
2 22. +e*
is equal to :
-1 -2 (B) a=
(A) a= ,b= 5 (A) tan-l (e) +C (B) tanl (e +C
10
-1 2 1 (C) log (e-e+C D) log (e +e) +C
(D) a=
(C) a= 10 b=E5 105
Everareen 100% Success In Mathematics-12]
 2r-1 27.
e(1+x) dx equals :
tan dr is : cos(e* x)
23. The value of
|14 C (B) tan (ze) + C
(A) - cot (er) +
(B) 0 (D) cot (e) + C
(A) 1 (C) tan (e) + C
(C) -1 (D) 4
dt, then f(r) is:
24. e sec x (1 + tan r) dr equals : 28. Iff)= [t sint
(B) xsin x
(A) cos r + C (B) e sec x + C (A) cos x + r Sin x
(D) sin x+r cos x
(D) tan x + C (C) x cOs t
(C) e sin r + C

dx is .
25. equals : ( + x cosx + tan° x +1l) dx
1
1+,2 29. The value of
2r
(A) (B)
3 3 (C) n (D) 1
(A) 0 (B) 2
(C) (D)
6 12 30. [re dr equals :
sin x - cos x 2
26. dx is equal to :
(4) e c (B) c
sinx cos: 3
3

x +C
(A) tan x+ cot x+C (B) tan r+ cosec (D)e +C
2
(C) -tan x + cot x + C (D) tan r+ sec x+C

Answers
7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (A) 10. (A)
4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (C)
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (C) 18. (D) 19. (A) 20. (D)
16. (D) 17. (D)
11. (C) 12. (A) 13. (A) 14. (D) 15. (C)
27. (B) 28. (B) 29. (C) 30. (A)
24. (B) 25. (D) 26. (A)
21. (C) 22. (A) 23. (B)

3 5
uoctions 5
 3.
fvaluate : (e* +e*dx
Sol. Let I = [(e +ey dx 8. Evaluate :

= [(e +e
+2.e*.e*) dx Sol. Let

Put log x = t
+
er L dx = dt
2 + 2x +C
-2

2 + 2x + C I=[dt = 3 +C
2
A Write the (logx)³
anti-derivative of (ax + b)² by
method of inspection. 3
+C
[NCERT)
Sol.
d (ar +b)³
dx 3a = (ax + b)2 9,/Bvaluate : flog(tn ) dxtan t

Anti-derivative of (ax +b)2 Sol. Let I= g(1n dx

tan x
= [(ar +b)° dx = | log(sin x) cot x d
(ax +b)³ Put log (sin ) =t
+C
3a 1
COS x dx =dt
sec'x
5. Evaluate : 3+ tanx
dx
sin ¢
cot x dx = dt
sec? 2 -+C
Sol. Let I = 3+ tanx-dx I=ftdt 2
Put tan x =t (log(sin x)) + C
sec x dx = dt 2

I= =log |3+ t|+C 10. Evaluate: [ (1+ cos x)

x+ sin x
dx

= log |3 + tan x|+C (NCERT Exemplar Problem]

fBvaluate :| t dx Sol. Let I =(1+x+cos*)dx
sinx
Put x+ sin x =t
-*'+x-1
Sol. (1+ cos x) dx = dt
X-1

dx I= t =log |t| +C
x-1 x-1 =log |x +sin x +C
2 cos X
=[(*²+1) dx 3
+*+ C
11. Evaluate: dx
3sin x

7. Write the value of: ( cogr -dx Sol. I= 3sinx

2cos x
dx = -dx
3 sinx
Sin x Let sin x =t
Sol. dx
cosx cOs x dx = dt
1 sin x
dx I=
cos

=see' xdx- fsec xtan x dx 2 t +C

3-1
= tan X-secx+C
[(191]
[Evergreen 100% Success in Mathematics-12]
 29, Bualuate: cos
1+ co8x dx [NCERT
2sin2*
Sol dx =
2cog2
2 de I=x 2 -1
2
4,Evaluate : *.e* dx
= (tan 2 dx
Sol. Let I - [eds
Integrating by parts taking as first function
and e as second function, we have
tan =t.e- [2x. e dx
1 Again, integrating by parts, taking x as first
function and e as second function, we have

=2 tan -*+C
2
= . e - 2x. e+ 2e* +C
21. Evaluate:tan'x d*
Sol. Let I=tan xdx 25. Evaluate : dx
= Jtanx. ldx Sol. Let I = , =J-)
1
tan x.*-J3*d*
1.
Put e =t ’ edx =dt
2x dt 1 1
= tan* - I=-=J0-1)" -1)0)
1
=x tan-l- log |1 +|+C
reslog* ellog x =-log | | +log |t- 1| + C
22. Find:
eslogx -e2logr dx
[NCERT Exemplar Problem) = log
p5log*
eslog z
Sol.
logrlogr -dx
26. Find : (Ve-1 dx
dx Sol. Put et-1 =z2
-x (*-1) e =1+g?
edx =2z dz
.+C
22
dx = -dz
+1
23. Evaluate :
22
(NCERT Exemplar Problem) [Ve-1dr = [z 2+1-dz =2) dz

xdx 2+1 1
= 2 dz
Sol. Let 2+1 2+1
Put 1+2 t =2[2 tan-'z] + C
dt
dx =
2c dx = dt ’ 2 =2Ve' -1-tan-'
x’1,t-’2
when x ’0, t’ 1; when
Mathematics-12]
(Evergreen 100% success In
29. Evaluate the definite integral :

sinx.co8x dx
4
cos*+ sin x

| 4
Sin [Link] X tan x sec x
Sol. dx = dx
4
Cos* x + sin x 1+(tan x)?
Putting tanx =Z2tan xsec'x dx =dz
When x= ’Z=1 and x=0’z=0
4
dz
2 1+2
1 1
2
[tan zo 2 (tan- (1) tan-'0)
|
sin xc0s x 1 R|
4 4 dx =22 x
- X
4 8
0 COs x + sin* x
 s9,/Svaluate: Sse)8+e de
dx

e* -dx
[NCERT)
Sol. Let
I=Jae2+e')
’e dx =dt
Put et =t
dt
I=Ja+2+)
1
1
1 1
2+t ldt
=log |1 +t|-log |2+ t|+ c
1+e*
= log |+C
|2+e*

dx
40. Evaluate :
(x+3)(s+4) [NCERT
Sol. Let
(x+3)(«+4)
(a² +1)(*+2) (y+1)(y+2)
where =y
(a²+3)(*²+4) (y+3)(y +4)
(y+ 1)(y +2) =y + 3y + 2
(y+ 3)(y +4) =y² + 7y + 12
y² + 7y + 12) y² + 3y + 2(1
y² + 7y + 12

- 4y- 10
4y+10
=1
(y+3)(y+4)
-12+10 -16+10
=1 +
(y+3)(-3+4) (y+ 4)(-4+3)
2 6
= 1+
x+3 x+4
6

x+3 +4 dx
2
tan-l 1
-6x tan-C
2
tan-l
-3 tan-l
 log +C
6 +3
Ve 3. - 1
Q3.
(r-1) (r - 2) ( -3)
3.r - 1

dx
Sol. -)r-2)
(a (x-3)
3.x-1
The integrand (r-1) (x - 2) (r -3) is a proper
rational function.
3.~-1
(r - 1) (x- 2) (x - 3)
A B C
+ + ..(2)
I-1 x-3
8x-1=A(x-2) (x3) + B(r1) (*-3) +
C(x-1) ( 2)
3*- 1 =A ( - 5x+ 6) + B(a2 4x + 3) +
C (2-3x + 2)
3ar 1= (A+ B+ C)a +(-5A 4B-3C)x+
(6A+3B+ 2C)
Droper Equating coefficients of liketerms on both sides,
we have
A+ B+ C=0 ...ii)
...) -5A4B 3C=3 ...(ü)
6A+ 3B+ 2C=-1 ...iv)
Multiplying (ii) by 3 and adding with (iii), we
have
sides,
2A B=3 ..u)
..) Multiplying (i) by 2and then subtracting from
...(ü) (iv), we have
44 + B=-1
ehave ...(vi)
Adding (v) and (vi), we have
A=1
Putting value ofA in (vi), we have
B=-5
Putting values ofA and Bin (ii),we have
C= 4
Putting values ofA, Band Cin (), we have
3x-1 1 5 4
(x-1) (x - 2) (x -3) x -1 x -3
3c -1
(x-1) (x -2) (x -3) dx
1 5 4
-21-3 d+

1
dx - 5dx +4 C-3 dx
+C
=log |x-1 |-5l0g |x-2|+ 4log |x-3|+C
 Q5. , +3rt2 2x
2x dr
Sol. 2 +3r +2
dx =
JrtD«+ 2)
2x
proper The integrand (x + 1) (x+ 2) is a proper
rationalfunction.
A B
2.r
(x + 1) (x+ 2)
..)
(r + 1) ( + 2)
2x = A(x+ 2) + B (r+ 1)
...) 2r = (A + B) x + (2A + B)
’
on both sides
)+
Equating coefficients of like terms
( - 2)
we have
A+ B= 2 ...(üi)
Bx + 2) 2A + B= 0 ...(ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (iii), we have
+ 2C) A =-2
sides,
Putting value of Ain (ii),we have
B= 4
...ii)
..(u) Putting values of Aand B in (i), we have
...(iv) 2x -2 4
+
(iii), (x + 1) ( + 2) X+2

2x -2 4
dx
(+1) (« +2) r =J
...(v) X +2
from
1 1
.(vi) dx 4
+ 3dx
=-2log lx+ 1| + 4 log |x+ 2| +C
1-2
Q6.
x (1- 2x)
1
*+1
Sol. dx =
x (1- 2x) dx
+
x (1 -2x)
X- 2
dx

...()
I-2
Where I, =Jx (1- 2x)
dx

X-2
Now I,= Jr1-2x) dx

The integrand
x (1- 2x) 1s a proper rational
function.
I-2 A B
x(1 - 2x)
1- 2x ...(i)
 x-2 = A(1- 2x) + Bx
x-2= (-2A + B) x+A
Equating coefficients of like terms on both sides.
we have
- 2A + B=1 ...üi)
Per A=-2 ..(iv)
Putting value ofA in (ii), we have
B=-3
..) Putting values ofA andBin (ii), we have
C-2 -2 3
x (1-2x)
ides, dx
3
dx
- 2x) 1 2x
-.(i) =-2 du -3
1
dx
.(iü) 1- 2c

loglx|-3logl1-2x| +C
= -2 -2
C

= -2 log |x |+ 2 log |1 - 2x |+ C
Putting the value of I,in (), we have
1-?
dx
- 2x)
dx 11 3
--2log | x|+ log |1-2x|+CG
2

+ log | x|-÷log |1 2x | 2
2 4
3
=+log |x|-log |1 - 2x |+C
2 4

where C= -:
2
Example 7. Find [
x tan xdy
dx
l+2

Sol. ( x tan'* dx
l+r2
1
dx = dt
Put tan-' =t ’ 1+x
X= tan t
Also

tl tanttdt = ( sec? - 1) dt= | tsec? t dt- Jtdt

tan"d° =
*1+2

Now I,= t sec? t dt

first function and sec' t as second function, then
Takingt as
I
4=t fsee? t dt -- ofec t dt d!
tan t - log sec t| + C,
=t: tan t- | l tan t dt = t
=t: tan t- log (1 + tan t)12 + C,
Putting value of I, in (), we have
-]
tan
dx = t tan t- log (1 + tan t)"2 + C, 2
1+x²
(tan-!
= xtanx-log (1 + tan² t)2 2
+C,

1
log | 1 + 2| (tan *) +C
= x tan-' x
2 2

where C= C,
2+ sin 2x
Example 8. Find e* dx
1+ cos 2x

2+ sin 2x 2 +2sin xcOS x

Sol. e* dx = e* dx
1+ cos 2x 2cos?

(sec² x + tan x) e dx
Consider f(x) = tan x, then f'(c) = sec'x
The given integrand is of theform e* [[f(¢) +f())
.:. (secx+ tan x) e dx =et tan x+C
Example 6. Find | (2x +3) Jx + 2x + 3 dx
Sol. We have I= [(2x +3) z² +2x +3 dx
Put 2x+3 = A dx + 2x +3)+ B
2x + 3 = A(2x + 2) + B
2x +3 = 2Ax + 2A + B
Comparing the coefficients of like terms we get
2A = 2 A= 1
2A + B =3 B= 1

J|A(2x +2) +B|] V+ 2x ++ 3dx

(2x +3) ²+2x +3 dx = ([A
= (2x + 2) r² +2x+3 dx + [²+ 2x +3 dx
...)

Consider 1,I = (2x +2) *² ++ 2x +3 dx

Put x2 + 2 +3 = t
(2x + 2) dx = dli
I, = V dt
I, =+c,=+2r2x +3"
=

Futher consider 1, = Ve +2x +3 dx

+ 2x +1-1+3 dx [Making Perfect Square]

dx
Xt1 = t
Put
dx = dt
2
dx =e +2 +2 log |t+e' +2+Cz
X+1
x+2x +3+ log|(x +1) +yx" +2x +3+C
2

Now substituting the values of I, and 1, in (), we get

I= + 2x + +
2
+ 2x +3 + log (* +1) + yx´ +2x +3|+C + Cz
X +1
+2x + 3 + log (x + 1) + yx + 2x +3|++ C
=
+2r2x +
+ 3) + 2
where C=C, +C,
Integrals 71
 -l tan dx.
Example 7. Evaluate 1+2

Sol.
( tan* dx
l+2
1
Put tan-! x =t ’ dx= dt
I+ 2

tan
dx = =(an"2
(tdt
I+ 2 2
By second fundamental theorem, we have
1
(tan x) (tan (1))² (tan-' (0))? (r/4) -0= 32
tan
1+x2
dx = 2 2 2 2

4
[CBSE (A) 201
Example 8. Evaluate | +1
dx
2

Sol. +1 dx
Put +1=t 2x. dx =dt =x dx =a
2

+1
dx =
dt =logt =log(* +1)
By second fundamental theorem, we have
17
+1
dx = log (**1)-[log 17- log 6] = log 5
Property 5. [f dx = [fa -*) dx
f(2a - x)dx
Property 6. fx) dx = [fr)dx +
= 2f ) dx if f2a- x) =f()
Property 7. f ) dx f(2a- x)=-f(x)
=0 if
Property 8.
f-)=f) (i) fx) dx =0if f-x) =-fz)
) f du =2 f dx if
COS t
dx
Example 1. Eraluate
COS
dx
Sol. Let Sin t t cos N

coS
7/2 dx [:: By Property 5
Also T
sin + cos
2 2

sin x
dx

Adding (i) and (ii), we have

sin x
dx + dx
21=J Sin x + cos I COS t + Sin i

n/2 (sin r + cOs x)

(sin x + cos x)
dx = dx =(xlö =,-0=

2x2 4

dx
Example 2. Evaluate 1+ cot x
n/2 dx dx Sin t
Sol. Let i= : 1+ cott sin x t cOs x
dx
1+
Sin t

Sin
2 2
Also dx (: By Property 5
Sin + COs
2 2

COS I
dx
COS X + Sin N

Adding () and(ii, we have

et/2 Sin x rR/2

Sin x + COs X
dx +| Sin
dr
+ cOS X
 /2 (Sin x + COs x) n/2
= (sin x + cos x) dx = dxdz =(*=-0-5
0 2

I=
2x 2 4

Jcot x
Example [Link] Jo cot x+ /tan x
-dx

Sol. Let
Jcot x ...)
I= J Jcot x+/tan x
dx

|cot
2
Also dx [:: By Property 5]
T
cot-*+ tan
2

Vtan x dx .(1)
Vtan x + Jcot x
Adding () and (i), we have
Vcot x Jtan x
Jcot x + Vtan x Jcot x + /tan x

Jcot x + /tan x
Vcot x + tan x
dx = dx =(*l8-0=
2 2

T
I= 2x 2 4

Example 4. Evaluatex(1- x) dx
[:: By Property 5]
Sol. Let I= x(1- ) dx = (1-) [1-(1- x)j"dx
=1-*) [1 -1+x) dx = a- )* dx= ( 2 - )dx
5/2
1

= dx - 2dx = 5/2 712 Jo

Jo

-~(-(o,%]-ae -(0)=2-2t4-10
4

5
5. 35 35
 2

+5x +3 1sXS2
f()="
Example [Link] [f(*)dx where
3
X+5 2<xS3

x+ 5x +3 1sxs2
Sol. Here 2sxs3
x+5
3

dax +|(a+5) dx
2

Let I-[f(a) dx = [fo) dx + [Cf) dx =| ( +5x +3)

3
5y2 + 5x
- 3
+ 3x
2 J2

5-22 5-12 +5-2

2 2

+10 +6)-6t
5
2
+15- (2 + 10)|
77 15 77+ 45_122 61
-
[56 35 39
12| +
2 6 6 3
3 2 6
Q8. Jo
log (1+ tan x) dx. [CBSE (AI) 2011]
[Link] I= [log (1 ++ tan x) dx ...)
et/4
Also I= log|1 + tan dx
4
[: By Property 5]
- tan X
- log 1+| 1+ tan x
dx

T/4 1+tan x+1 - tan C

dx
= J log 1+ tan x
2
= log 1+ tan x
dx ...()
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
T/4
2/=|
Jo log (1 + tan x) dx+
T/4 2
log 1+ tan x dx
Tt/4 2
dx
- log (1+ tan x) +log| 1+tanX

2
dx
log| (1 + tan x) x (1+ tan x)
cI/4
log 2 dx = log 2 dx

= log 2 []n= log 2 4 -0=log

4 2
.. I= log 2
Q6. lx - 5| dx
Sol. Let I = | x - 5| d
Q8.

= -sldrJ-olds
+ Sol
Case I. When 2 <xK5
-3<x-5<0 Als
Here ( -5) is negative
.. |x-5| =-(*-5)
Case II. When 5<x<8
0<x-5<3
Here (x- 5) is positive
:. |x5| =x-5
.. I = -(x5)
2
dx+ J5 (*-5) dx
5

+5x + - 5x Ad
2 2
2 N5

-52
0 2
E+5x6)--+ -5x2)|+ 2
52
2
5x8|-| 2 -5x5 -

+25-(-2 +10) +

25
|(32 40) - 25
2

25
--)-(-*+)--9
25
2
8+-8+ 2 2 29