Engine management system
Engine management system 1
Principle
Contruction
operation
Engine management system(EFI) 2
Basics about combustion
HC, O2, N2 H2O, CO2, N2
N2
O2 O2 HC
HC
N2
The atmosphere, which contains approximately 21% of Oxygen (O2) and
78% Nitrogen (N2). The remaining part consists of various other gases.
Engine management system 3
Carburetor
Engine management system (EFI) 4
Development steps of engine control systems
Low fuel Compact and
Low price High reliability High durability
consumption light
High power Low noise and
Drivability Low pollution
vibration
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Mixture composition
Fuel Air
Stoichiometric-ideal
1kg 14.7kg
NOx
N2+O2
Gas mixture
10.000 litre Air
stoichiometric mixture
1.0 litre Fuel
On modern engines, minimum fuel consumption occurs at an
On modern
A/F ratio engines,
of 15-18:1, 15-18minimum
kg of air forfuel
each 1kg of fuel, which
CO2
means
consumption occurs at an A/F ratiorequired
that
liter of fuel
around 10.000 liters of air are of 15- to burn one H 2o
18:1
CO2 N2
HC
λ = 1 real air rate equal stoichiometric air rate
λ < 1 rich mixture (real air rate < stoichiometric air rate) NOx
λ > 1 lean mixture (real air rate < stoichiometric air rate)
Catalytic converter
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Mixture control
Stoichiometric-ideal
This kind of control is called closed loop control.
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A. Electronic fuel injection – EFI
B. Gasoline direct injection – GDI
C. Common rail
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Fuel system on gasoline engines
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Fuel injection
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Gasoline direct injection
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Effect of GDI
Effect
Injector High Pressure Pump
ECM
• Direct injection :
Improved performance (13%), Decreased fuel consumption(2%), Reduced emission(50%)
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Effect of GDI
• Improved performance : 6~14% Theta – II 2.4
- Direct injection → Vaporizing → Lower intake air temp.
→ higher air density and increased charge efficiency
Torque (kgf.m)
GDI
→ improved torque
- Reduced knocking and improved performance at low speed MPI
• Decreased fuel consumption : 3~5%
- Increased compression ratio
- Optimized gear ratio Engine RPM
• Reduced Emission : 50%
GDI
- Reduced catalytic warm-up time by multi-injection
MPI
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Common rail
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Common rail
1 In traditional diesel engines, the pump is driven by the engine and it's
function is to ensure the correct amount and distribution of the fuel to each
injector and to regulate there opening.
2 In the Common Rail system the pump serves only to accumulate the
fuel at a very high pressure in a common feeding line from which the injectors
branch off.
The opening of the injectors is controlled by an Electronic Control Module(ECM)
and relative Sensors.
3 Besides improving performance and reducing noise and exhaust
emission levels, the Common Rail system allows diesel engines to reach new
heights in our ever demanding world.
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Names of engine management system
Nissan ECCS (Electronic Concentrated Engine Control System)
HON DA Programmed Fuel Injection, or PGMFI/PGM-FI
Electronic Fuel Injection, or EFI
Electronic control injection, ECI - Mitsubishi
Multi point fuel injection, MPFI - Isuzu
Toyota computer control system – TCCS
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Contruction
ECT: Electronically ABS:Anti-lock TEMS: Toyota A/C: Air
TRC: Traction Control
Controlled braking systems Electronic Modulated conditioning
Transmission. Suspension systems
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Subsections of the engine control system
3. Air Induction System 4. Fuel delivery system 2. Ignition system
5. Idle speed
control
1. Electronic
Control
System
6. Emission control
[Link]
Engine management system (EFI) 20
The ECM processes the input
signals, arrives at a decision
based on its programming,
and carries out the needed
action.
The ECM also stores
in its memory vehicle/engine
information to make certain
the vehicle performs as
prescribed,
Diagnostic Trouble Codes
(DTC) and other
diagnostic information. The
ECM may also control other
functions such as
transmission/transaxle
control.
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Engine management system (EFI) 21
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Engine management system (EFI) 22
To understand how the ECM controls various engine functions, the
electronic control system is divided into three sections:
• input
• process
• output
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Inputs
Sensors are used to convert engine operating
conditions like temperature,
rpm, throttle position, and other parameters
into electrical signals which
the ECM constantly monitors.
With this data, the ECM has sufficient
information to run the programs
that operate the engine and emission control
systems.
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Engine management system (EFI) 24
Types of output actuators are:
• Solenoids - Fuel Injectors,
Vacuum Switching Valves (VSV)
• Relays - Circuit Opening Relay
• Transistors - Igniter
• Lights - Malfunction Indicator
Light (MIL)
• Motors - Electronic Throttle
Control Motor
• Heater(s) - Oxygen and
Air/Fuel Ratio sensor heaters
• Clutch - Electronic Throttle
Control
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Engine management system(EFI) 25
ENGINE WITHOUT STEPPER MOTOR
TYPE ISC VALVE
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Engine management system (EFI) 26
ENGINE WITH STEPPER MOTOR TYPE
ISC VALVE
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Engine management system(EFI) 27
The Engine ECU supplies this 5 V of power to the sensors through
circuitry like that shown below.
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Engine management system(EFI) 28
The ECM also has another battery power line used to store DTCs, ignition
timing, fuel trim, and other values stored in memory. If there is no power
at this terminal, DTCs and other stored memory values are erased.
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Engine management system 29
The ground circuit is equally as important as the power circuits. The ECM has multiple grounds, and is usually the
ground path for sensors and actuators. The number of grounds will vary with engine and model
year.
Ground circuits are often checked by measuring the voltage drop, and the wires are checked for continuity.
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Engine management system 30
Ignition system overview
DLI Ignition
coils
Spark plug
Throttle position sensor
CMP
sensor
Oxygen
sensor
Knock
sensor
Engine
Temperature
sensor
CKP sensor
Battery
Ignition and
starting switch
Ignition line
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Engine management system 31
Ignition system
Regardles of type the essential components are:
IGT: Igntition Timing Signal
IGF: Ignition Failure Signal
IGF
MAF / MAP
IGT
Igniter
CKP /CMP
ECT
Ignition Coil
ECU
TPS
Distributor
IG switch if equipped
Knock sensor
Spark Plugs
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Engine management system 32
Advance and dwell angle control
Ignition
TDC
IGT
Advance Angle
Ignition Timing
Primary
current
40
Dwell Angle (Degrees)
Generated Voltage (kV)
With dwell angle control 80
30
60
20 40
10 Without dwell angle control
0 0
RPM RPM
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Engine management system 33
Spark advance strategy
Initial Ignition Timing
CMP Position
Basic Ignition Advance Angle
Engine Speed
Engine Load
Corrective Ignition Advance Angle
Coolant Temperature
RPM Stabilization
Detonation
ECT / EGR / Altitude
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Engine management system 38
Air Induction System
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Engine management system 39
Intake air chamber and manifold
Vacuum Signal Ports
Air Intake Chamber
Intake Manifold
Throttle
Position Sensor
(adjustment may be required
in the case of idle speed problems) Separated Type
Coolant Air Intake Chamber
Intake Manifold
Integrated Type
Throttle housing may need to be cleaned in case of idle speed problems SUB
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ISC system
2. Idle speed
control
Basic adjustment may be required in
the case of idle speed problems
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Engine management system 41
ETC – Throttle body
Throttle valve Throttle body
Return spring
Gear
Shaft
TPS1,2
Drive motor
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Engine management system 42
ETC block diagram
Throttle body assembly
Throttle
valve
TPS1
TPS2
Engine
ECM APS 12
Drive gear
Throttle motor
ABS ECU
CAN Com. (TCS Control)
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Engine management system 48
2. Fuel delivery system
+B +B
Fuel Injectors
Solenoid
Resistor
High
2-3 Ω
Low
Resistance Resistance 13-14 Ω
Injector Injector
Caution:
Never apply battery voltage
directly across a low resistance
injector. This will cause injector
damage from solenoid coil Pencil Conical Conical 2- Multi-
overheating. Beam (Pintle) (4H) Stream Hole
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Engine management system 49
Fuel delivery overview
Rollover valve
Fuel pump Fuel gauge
Fuel pump connector
Fuel tank
Control unit
Charcoal
Fuel filter canister
Injectors
Fuel rail
Fuel pressure regulator
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Engine management system 50
Emmission control
Lambda control circle
Mixture
Lean gets
leaner
mixture
Injection
time
shortened
O2
sensor
signal
< 0,5 V
Ecu
control
for
leaner
Ecu mixture
control
for
richer
mixture
O2
sensor
signal
Injection >0,5 V
time
lengthend
Rich
Mixture
mixture
gets
richer
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Engine management system 51
Emmission control
The charcoal canister
may be replaced during
maintenance
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Engine management system 52
The Diagnostic Link Connector (DLC) provides a way to communicate
with the ECM and simplifies many diagnostic procedures.
Three types of DLCs have been used, and some years will have all three.
OBD II regulations require a standard DLC for vehicles, and it is referred
to as DLC3. SUB
Engine management system 53
Diagnosis functions
Diagnosis code Current data Actuator test Oscilloscope ECU reprogram
Simulation
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