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Descriptive Statistics

The document provides an overview of descriptive statistics, including types of data, measures of central tendency, dispersion, shape of distribution, bivariate analysis, and visual representations such as histograms and correlation matrices. It includes mathematical formulas, numerical examples, and visuals to illustrate concepts, particularly using the Iris dataset. Key statistical measures and their interpretations are highlighted to aid understanding for CSE students.

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3 views4 pages

Descriptive Statistics

The document provides an overview of descriptive statistics, including types of data, measures of central tendency, dispersion, shape of distribution, bivariate analysis, and visual representations such as histograms and correlation matrices. It includes mathematical formulas, numerical examples, and visuals to illustrate concepts, particularly using the Iris dataset. Key statistical measures and their interpretations are highlighted to aid understanding for CSE students.

Uploaded by

premrio634
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Descriptive Statistics: Mathematical Illustrations, Numerical

Examples, and Visuals


Prepared for CSE Students

August 23, 2025

1 Types of Data
• Nominal: categorical, no order (e.g., blood type).

• Ordinal: categorical, ordered (e.g., pain level).

• Discrete: countable numbers (e.g., number of logins).

• Continuous: measurable with decimals (e.g., temperature).

2 Measures of Central Tendency


n Pn
1X wi x i
x̄ = xi , x̄w = Pi=1
n
n i=1 wi
i=1
n
Y 1/n n
GM = xi , HM = Pn 1
i=1 i=1 xi

Example (Sepal length, first 10 rows of Iris-setosa): Mean = 4.96, Median = 4.9,
Mode = {4.6, 4.9, 5.0}.

3 Measures of Dispersion
n
1 X
R = xmax − xmin , s2 = (xi − x̄)2
n−1
i=1
√
s= s2 , IQR = Q3 − Q1
Example: Range = 1.0, Sample SD ≈ 0.310, IQR = 0.4.

4 Shape of Distribution
1 Pn 1 Pn
n i=1 (xi − x̄)3 n i=1 (xi − x̄)4
Skewness = , Kurtosis =
s3 s4
Interpretation: Skewness > 0 ⇒ right skew. Skewness < 0 ⇒ left skew.

1
5 Bivariate Analysis
n
1 X Cov(X, Y )
Cov(X, Y ) = (xi − x̄)(yi − ȳ), rxy =
n−1 sx sy
i=1

Example (Sepal length vs Petal length, n = 10): r ≈ 0.77 (strong positive correlation).

[Link]

6 Five-number Summary
{Min, Q1 , Median, Q3 , Max}
Whiskers extend to [Q1 − 1.5 · IQR, Q3 + 1.5 · IQR].
Example (Sepal width, n = 10): Min = 2.9, Q1 = 3.1, Median = 3.3, Q3 = 3.5, Max
= 3.9.

2
[Link]

7 Histograms
Divide data range [a, b] into k bins (width h = (b − a)/k). Bin frequency fj , proportion
pj = fj /n.

[Link]

3
8 Correlation Matrix & Heatmap
For p variables X1 , . . . , Xp , the correlation matrix is
 
1 r12 ··· r1p
r21 1 ··· r2p 
R= .
 
.. .. .. 
 .. . . . 
rp1 rp2 · · · 1

9 Proportions Bar Chart


fi
pi = Pk
j=1 fj

Example (Iris dataset): Setosa = 33.3%, Versicolor = 33.3%, Virginica = 33.3%.

Appendix: Sample Iris Dataset (first 10 rows)

Obs Sepal Length Sepal Width Petal Length Petal Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
7 4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3 setosa
8 5.0 3.4 1.5 0.2 setosa
9 4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2 setosa
10 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1 setosa

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