TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
POWER ELECTRONICS - 403037
Chapter 2
RECTIFIERS
2025-2026 Tran Quoc Hoan, PhD
Outline
2
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
2.1 Introduction 3
Convert AC voltage to DC
voltage
Generate pure DC output
General characteristics:
voltage
Produce voltage/current
waveform with specified DC
component
2.1 Introduction 4
Number of input phases:
• Single-phase rectifier
• Three-phase rectifier
• n-phase rectifier
Number of pulses: 1, 2, 3, 6…
2.1 Introduction 5
▪ Possibilities of output voltage control:
✓ Uncontrolled rectifier: diodes
✓ Half-controlled rectifier: diodes & thyristors
✓ Full-controlled rectifier: thyristors
▪ Wiring:
✓ Bridge rectifier
✓ Node rectifier
2.1 Introduction 6
✓ Single-phase rectifiers:
▪ Half-wave rectifier: diode/SCR
▪ Full-wave rectifier: diode/SCR
✓ Three-phase rectifiers:
▪ Three-phase node rectifier: diode/SCR
▪ Three-phase bridge rectifier: diode/SCR
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
7
➢ Diode rectifier: Un-controlled rectifier
✓ R load:
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
8
➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ R load:
1 Vm
Vo ,avg = V sin ( ) ( )
t d t =
2 0
m
1 Vm
Vm sin (t ) d (t ) =
2
Vo , RMS =
2 0 2
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
9
➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ R-L load:
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
10
➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ R-L load:
dio ( t )
Vm sin (t ) = Rio ( t ) + L
dt
−
sin ( − ) + sin ( ) e
= 0; = extinction angle
Vm −t
sin (t − ) + sin ( ) e for 0 t
io (t ) = Z
0 for t 2
−1 L L
Z = R + ( L ) ; = tan
2
; =
2
R R
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
11
➢ Diode rectifier:
➢ R-L-E load:
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
12
Waveforms of half-wave rectifier with R-L-E load
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
13
✓ Diode rectifier:
✓ R-L-E load:
Vdc
Vm sin = Vdc = sin −1
Vm
dio ( t )
Vm sin (t ) = Rio ( t ) + L + Vdc
dt
Vm Vdc −t
sin (t − ) − + Ae for t
io (t ) = Z R
0 otherwise
Vm Vdc
A = − sin ( − ) + e
Z R
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
14
➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Freewheeling diode: D2
vs > 0 vs < 0
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
15
➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Creating a DC load current:
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
16
➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Steady-state load voltage
and current waveforms
with freewheeling diode:
Vo ,avg
Vm
io ( t ) I o ,avg = =
R R
L
→
R
Reducing load
current harmonics
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
17
➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Capacitor filter C:
Creating a DC voltage from an AC source
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
18
✓ SCR rectifier: controlled rectifier
✓ Conduct conditions of SCR:
v AK 0
iG 0
✓ When SCR is conducting, the gate current can be
removed, and the SCR remains ON until the current
goes to zero
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
19
✓ SCR rectifier: R load
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
20
✓ SCR rectifier: R load
✓ Gate signal is applied to the SCR at:
t =
: delay angle (firing angle)
1 Vm
Vo ,avg = Vm sin (t ) d (t ) = (1 + cos )
2 2
1
Vm sin ( 2 )
(V sin (t ) ) d ( t ) =
2
Vo , RMS = 1− +
2 2
m
2
2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
21
✓ SCR rectifier: R-L load
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
22
✓ Diode rectifier:
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
23
✓ Diode rectifier:
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
24
✓ Diode rectifier:
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
25
➢ Diode rectifier: ✓ (D1 & D2), (D3 & D4) conduct
together;
✓ (D1 & D3), (D2 & D4) cannot be ON
at the same time
✓ Load voltage vo:
✓ (D1 & D2) ON: vo = vs
✓ (D3 & D4) ON: vo = - vs
✓ Maximum voltage across a reverse-
biased diode: - vs
✓ Frequency of output voltage: 2fs
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
26
➢ Diode rectifier:
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
27
✓ Diode rectifier:
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
28
➢ Diode rectifier: R load
Vm sin (t ) for 0 t
vo (t ) =
−Vm sin (t ) for t 2
1 2Vm
Vo ,avg = V sin (t ) d (t ) =
0
m
Vm
Vo , RMS =
2
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
29
➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Center-tapped transformer rectifier:
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
30
➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Center-tapped transformer rectifier:
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
31
➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Center-tapped transformer rectifier:
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
32
➢ Diode rectifier: R-L load
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
33
✓ Diode rectifier: R-L load
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
34
✓ Diode rectifier: R-L load
When L is large enough, the current is nearly constant
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
35
✓ Diode rectifier: R-L load
vo (t ) = Vo + V
n = 2,4
n cos ( n0t + )
2Vm 2Vm 1 1
Vo = and Vn = −
n − 1 n + 1
Vo
Io =
R
V Vn
In = n =
Zn R 2 + ( n L )
2
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
36
➢ SCR rectifier: R load
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
37
✓ SCR rectifier: R load
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
38
➢ SCR rectifier: R Load
1 Vm
Vo ,avg = V sin (t ) d (t ) = (1 + cos )
m
1
Vm sin ( 2 )
( sin (t ) ) d ( t ) =
2
Vo , RMS =
V m
2
1− +
2
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
39
✓ SCR rectifier: R-L load
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
40
✓ Discontinuous current:
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
41
✓ Continuous current:
2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
42
✓ SCR rectifier: R-L load
- Continuous current mode: +
- Discontinuous current mode: +
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
43
✓ Three-phase diode node rectifier: R load
✓ (D1,D2,D3): only one diode
conducts at one time.
✓ Output voltage ≈ Phase input
voltage
✓ Three-pulse rectifier
✓ Fundamental frequency of the
output voltage is 3ω
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
44
✓ Three-phase diode node rectifier: R load
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
45
✓ Three-phase diode node rectifier: R load
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
46
✓ Three-phase diode node rectifier: R load
v A ( t ) = Vm sin (t )
2
B( ) m
v t = V sin t −
3
2
vC ( t ) = Vm sin t +
3
5 6
1 3 3
Vo ,avg =
2 6 Vm sin (t ) d (t ) = 2 Vm
3
3
5 /6
3 3
Vo , RMS = V sin ( ) d ( ) = Vm
2 2
+
2 2
m
/6 3 4
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
47
✓ Three-phase diode node rectifier:
➢ The output voltage has 3 pulses for each cycle of input
voltage.
➢ Output frequency: fo = 3f (To = T/3)
➢ Each diode conducts in one third cycle.
Io I RMS
I diode( avg ) = ; I diode( RMS ) =
3 3
Vdiode = VL− L = 3Vm
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
48
✓ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:
✓ D1, D3, D5: common cathode
✓ D2, D4, D6: common anode
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
49
(D1,D3,D5), (D2,D4,D6): only one diode conducts at
one time.
(D1,D4), (D2,D5), (D3,D6): cannot conduct at the
same time.
Output voltage ≈ Line-to-line input voltage
Six-pulse rectifier
Fundamental frequency of the output voltage is 6ω
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
50
✓ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
51
✓ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
52
✓ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
53
✓ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
54
✓ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier: R load
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
55
➢ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:
✓ Output voltage:
3 3
Vo ,avg = Vm
/2
3
Vo , RMS = 3V sin + d ( )
2 2
/6 6
m
2 /3
9 3 9 3
= Vm sin ( ) d ( ) = Vm
2
+ = 1.655Vm
/3
2 4
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
56
➢ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:
✓ Output current:
Vo 3 3
I o ,avg = = Vo , RMS
Z Z
Vo , RMS Vm 3 9 3
I o , RMS = = +
Z Z 2 4
I o ,avg I o , RMS
I diode( avg ) = ; I diode( RMS ) =
3 3
2
I s , RMS = I o , RMS
3
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
57
✓ Three-phase SCR bridge rectifier:
➢ Higher power factor
➢ Can be connected to the
utility directly without using
transformer
➢ Most important rectifier
converter ➢ Can be considered as a
➢ Wide range of application series connection of two 3-
➢ Better DC output voltage phase 3-pulse rectifier
2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
58
✓ Three-phase SCR bridge rectifier: = 45
Summary & Assignments 59
Summary:
configurations and Assignments: 3.1 - 3.42;
operational principles of 4.1 - 4.33 in [1]
rectifiers.