Chapter 7.

1 notes:
-​ The federal bureaucracy regulates the nation’s economy and private life.

Development of the American Federal:

-​ The bureaucracy has more than 2 million civilian employees across the country
-​ Crisis, needs, services, demands, military have led to the expansion of the federal
breaucracy.

The constituion and the early years of the republic:

-​ Secretaries as the heads of the executive departments. President nominates cabinet
secretaries but has to be approved by senate.
-​ Presidents can also remove officials in the executive branch to execute laws

The first administration and the first cabinet departments:

-​ When george washington started as presidern he had only 4 men anf three official
departments and so his secretary of state thomas jefferson noticed the small size and
wanted congress to expand on it and later the congress created new departments and
reorganized others.

The jacksonian Era and the Rise of political patronage:

-​ The president he gave out psotions to people as a reward for their support not for their
good work and worthy.
-​ If the administration uses the political patronage then little would get done and little
would be done well as those selected will have less expertise.

A merit- based civil service:

-​ The spoil system brough in corruption and the spoil sytem increased demands on the
federal governemnt and concerns congress passed the pendelton act of 1883 creating
first us civil service commission.
-​ The federal civil service were hired based on using the merit system to see their testing
results, educational attainment, and other qualifications on hiring them rather than the
personal connections and politics
-​ They were prohibited from participating in political campaigns and could not take bribes
from superiors.
-​ Back then only small percent was covered by pendelton act by 2020 90 percent were.

7.2 the structure of the modern federal bureaucracy:

-​ The main administrative units in the federal bureaucracy are the fifteen cabinet
departments. Congress can use their authority to fund the departments and they are
each responsible for a major area of public policy.
 -​ The cabinet secrateries who are appointed by the president has to be confirmed with the
senate and this job is a very complex job because they build electoral support, make
policy, and manage people and programs but also face publick scrunity.
-​ The department of homeland security formed in 2002 as a result of the 2001 terrorist
attacks wereable to pull 22 agenies from eight cabinet departments to better coordinate
and respond to terrorist acts

Federal Bureaucrats:
-​ Top of the pyramid structure for federal bureacracy is the cabinet secretaries and deputy
secretaries who pleasure the president and subject to presidential removal. Of 4,000
political appointees 1,200 require senate confirmation
-​ These are short term timers where they don’t have to go from one administration to the
next so they are mainly needed to have expertise, as the president will select them.
American people want them to commit to the diversity of interests, experience and
background.
-​ Below them are the senior executive service and has more job security then other high
level appointed and treated like vice preisdnets of businesses.
-​ The lowest part are the career civil servants who are chosen due to their expertise,
competitive examination, and ediucational qualifications, and they are enjoying lots of
protection from the executive branch and most will have jobs after the president and
political appointes have moved on.

Iron triangles and issue networks:

-​ Iron triangle consists of three parts including congress, bureaucracy, and interest groups.
Each works together to achieve their policy goals.
-​ Even if achieving those goals affect the general public they still work together to help
each other and benefit from the relationship
-​ Interest groups support and provide electoral support to congress. To do so they use
their advance in expertise, and knowledge in committees and sucommitties. They also
help the bureaucratic agencies to secure finding and policy goals. The agencies will
create regulations favored by the interest groups. Congress determines funding levels
desired by bureaucratic agencies.
-​ Do to the interest groups growing the political scientists use term issue network to
describe the influence of those interest [Link] issue networks are temporary arise
to address a specific policy problem
-​ It involves more interests than the iron triangle.

Iron Triangle: coordinated and mutually beneficial activities of the bureaucracy,

Congress, and interest groups to achieve shared policy goals.

Issue Networks: webs of influence between interest groups, policymakers, and policy
advocates.
 7.3 the bureaucracy and policymaking:
-​ The bureacracy carries out politcy even if it is changing, fluid and even political

Defining the problem and getting congress to act:

-​ Defining the problem for policymaking is the nonpolitical part of it
-​ The ability to get one’s concerns considered depends not only on the merits of the issue
but also on the political and economic climate and on how the public views the issue.
-​ The policy porposal on the agenda is the beginning step. The policy has to be passed by
congress through debate and signed by president.
-​ Congress also need to provide the financial means to implement the policy.

Implementation, rulemaking, advising, and representation:

-​ Main function of the federal bureaucracy is to implement the laws passed by congress
into action
-​ High level executive branch officials do lack technical expertise to evaluate a challenge
which is needed in this federal bureacrat. Meaning that they may be experts in partisan
battle but they are different to the technicians
-​ When laws are passed by congress details and information are left to the agencies.
Congress opens the idea for bureaucratic discretion meaning that the bureacuractrs
have some power into how laws are implemented and have to know what congress
meant when they passed the law.
-​ When the agency fills in critical detail it is known as regulation. They have to announce
the set of rules that was purposed and let the interest parties to weight in.
-​ They have to notify the president and congress to show the impact of the proposed rule
-​ Adopted rules need to be published in the federal register in which are published every
year and it has more than 70,000 pages.
-​ These regulations matter as they carry the same weight as congressional legislation,
judicial decisions, and presidential executive orders.
-​ Top officials in the agency carry out the administration’s agenda and please the
president. Independent regulatory agencies do exist no involved in political influence.
First of these commissions was the interstate commerce commission establied in 1887
to regulate railroads.
-​ These agencies can issue fines or penalties to those to violate the federal regulations
-​ These bureucrats can act as representatives of the public. The civil service members are
much more diverse and have higher educational attainment.
-​ Hatch acts restricts political activities by federal workers unless they are high level
political appointees.
-​ So the federal employees political activites act of 1993 eased some the restricts by the
Hatch Act.
 Implementation: the bureaucracy’s role in putting into action the laws that
Congress has passed.

bureaucratic discretion: the power to decide how a law is implemented and, at

times, what Congress actually meant when it passed a given law.

Regulation: the process through which the federal bureaucracy makes rules that
have the force of law, to carry out the laws passed by Congress.

Evaluation and (maybe) termination:

-​ Evaluation is the determining if a policy is achieving its stated objectives. Congrees,
state leliglatures, academic institutions, federal and state courts, and policy entrepenures
all weigh on evalautions of different politices.
-​ Congress can use their authority to terminuate a policy but it is difficult. Even if
dissagreement occurs if policy is not working.
-​ Supreme court can also terminate a policy using the power of judicial review.

Control, oversight, and reform

-​ If the regulator has close ties with the industry being regulated then they might look the
other way and conduct their jobs in a way where it would benefit few clients not all.

Controlling the bureaucracy:

-​ Authority of the federal bureaucracy is divided in different branches. So the federal
agencies and bureaus have to answer to the president, congress, and federal courts.

The president:
-​ Being the head of executive branch the president control most of the federal
bureaucracy.
-​ They can even appoint or remove officials
-​ If the president presents their annual budgets with congressional approval to recognize
those agencies.
-​ It is impossible for congress and president to achieve quick result from the bureaucracy
agencies as they have millions of them and it is impossible to oversee all of them.
-​ Burucrats often behave independently and disagree with policies passed by congress or
the president so they may avoid implementation.

Congress:
-​ To control the guinding of the bureaucracy the congressional committees especially the
house and senate appropriations committees are key players in these processes.
 -​ Congress can see what these agencies are up to by allowing them to testify before
congress.
-​ Congress with estsablishing its own bureaucracies can keep checking on the executive
implementation. One example is the government accountability office being this kind of
agency. So the congress can check to see if the executive agencies are spending the
funds appropriate and wisely and see if they are exercising their authority correctly.

Impact of the judiciary of the media:

-​ The bureaucratic actions can be restricted by the judicial decisions.
-​ Many americans arent aware of the day to day workings of vast majory of bureaucracy.
Its involved in majority of crisis so if something fails than they are in the center of angry
audience.
-​ Public opinion after hurricane katrina were against president bush of his handling of the
hurricane disaster.
-​ His approval rate in the diaster was way less than his nonapproval rate of how he
handled it believing another one is gonna occur.

Reform and the Reliance on Private organizations:

-​ Local official in louisiana said that the FEMA turned back private relief efforts to help
those who suffered. Congress following the katrina questioned the role of the
government and their efforts for cleanup efforts and recovery.
-​ Due to the years to come effect of the katrina many private orginazations and individuals
did step in to help. Especially thousands of volunteers to rebuild housing for low income
residents.

Federalism and the Fight against COVID-19

-​ State governments pursued their own policies to deal with the pandemic and the disease
even though the CDC issued health guidelines to prevent it.
-​ sates were pressued due to economic impacts from the disease for example they were
opening buissness at different rates and at the same time new york, connecticut, new
jersey imposed a fourteen day quarantine on visitors with state outbreaks.
-​ Americans will demand change if the implementation of national policy is not effective
and strong.
-​ At the same time they don’t want the federal bureacuracy to be too powerful that makes
them perry.
Congress part of legislative branch and they have hard time with budgeting, they make laws and
they oversight where they impeach and the senate will try the president and the budget is
proposed by the house

The conference committe is to make laws and meet together to make sure they are on the same
page. And they have to make a bill and it has to pass.

The committe wants to combine them to make a decision.

Select committees is to make a investigation purpose