Digital System Design
KECE207-04
2025 Spring
Hae Beom Lee
Contact
Lecturer (Prof. Hae Beom Lee, 이해범) - haebeomlee@[Link]
디지털시스템: TA (Jukyeong Yeo, 여주경) – johnlu0410@[Link]
논리회로기초: TA (Sangjune An, 안상준) - ics8088@[Link]
• For making claims about grading of Exam à contact TA through email
(Allowed only for the next 1 week since your score is announced through LMS.)
• For any other issues related to this course à contact me through email.
2
Evalua+on
• Midterm (45%, 2 hrs) – Chap. 1, 2, 3
• Final (45%, 2 hrs) – Chap. 4, 6
• Attendance (10%) à Start: 10 points, -1 for every absence. 1 lateness will not affect your score.
• From the next week, I will randomly pick 30 students to check the attendance, every class.
• 2 lateness will be regarded as 1 absence. (e.g., 5 lateness == 2 absence and 1 lateness)
• 0 attendance score will automatically lead to F (due to the school policy).
3
Evaluation
Grade Range (%) Expected ratio • The range (%) is subject to change slightly, if
necessary.
A+ 85 <= Score ≈ 25 %
A 75 <= Score < 85 ≈ 20 % • I will NOT change your final grade, UNLESS
your quiz/exam grading has been wrongly
B+ 65 <= Score < 75 ≈ 15 %
evaluated.
B 55 <= Score < 65 ≈ 15 %
C+ 45 <= Score < 55 ≈ 10 %
C 35 <= Score < 45 ≈ 10 %
D+ 25 <= Score < 35
≈ 5%
D Score < 25
Cheating or 0%
F
Attendance score = 0 (Hopefully)
4
Textbook
Mano et al., Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals, 5th edition (Global Edition)
• Around 60,000 won (in [Link])
• You can choose from paperbook / e-book (slightly cheaper)
• (You can also search Google and find the pdf for the non-
global version of this textbook, which is almost the same.)
Homework 1 : Before each class, read each chapter (Chap. 2,
3, 4, 6) (except for the Verilog implementations)
Homework 2 : After each class, try to solve some of the
problems at the end of each chapter.
⚠ Please DO NOT use the Korean-translated version of this book!
5
Course Schedule
There will be 2 exams.
Week Course Plan Week Course Plan
1 Intro. 9 Chap. 4
2 Chap. 1 10 Chap. 4
3 Chap. 2 11 Chap. 4
4 Chap. 2 12 Chap. 4,6
5 Chap. 3 13 Chap. 6
6 Chap. 3 14 Chap. 6
7 Chap. 3 15 Chap. 6
8 Midterm Exam (45%) 16 Final Exam (45%)
6
Lecture Slides are Available in the LMS
Board à Lecture material (강의자료실)
7
Chapter 1.
Digital Systems and Information
Overview
• Digital Systems, Computers, and Beyond
• Information Representation
• Number Systems [binary, octal and hexadecimal]
• Arithmetic Operations
• Base Conversion
• Decimal Codes [BCD (binary coded decimal)]
• Alphanumeric Codes
• Parity Bit
• Gray Codes
9
Digital System
A system that takes a set of discrete information inputs and discrete internal
information (system state) and generates a set of discrete information outputs.
Discrete
Discrete Information Discrete
Inputs Processing Outputs
System
System State
10
Types of Digital Systems
• No state present
• Output = Function (Input)
• Combinational Logic System
• State present
• Output = Function (State) or Function (State, Input)
• State = Function (State, Input)
• State updated at discrete times
à Synchronous Sequential System
• State updated at any time
à Asynchronous Sequential System
11
Digital System Example
A Digital Counter (e. g., odometer, 주행계):
Count Up
Reset 0 0 1 3 5 6 4
Inputs: Count Up, Reset
Outputs: Visual Display
State: "Value" of stored digits
Synchronous or Asynchronous?
12
Digital Computer Example
Inputs: keyboard, Outputs: LCD
mouse, wireless screen, wireless
microphone speakers
Part of specification for a PC is in GHz. What does that imply?
Synchronous or Asynchronous?
13
And Beyond – Embedded Systems
Computers as integral parts of other products
14
Embedded Systems Example
Examples of Embedded Systems Applications
Information Representation - Signals
• Information variables represent some physical quantities, e.g., voltage.
• For digital systems, the variables take on discrete values.
• Binary values are the most prevalent values in digital systems.
• Binary values are represented abstractly by:
• digits 0 and 1
• or words (symbols) False (F) and True (T)
• or words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H)
• or words On and Off.
• Binary values represent the values or ranges of values of physical quantities.
Signal Examples - Physical Quantity: Voltage
Why binary? • Simple, easy to design, robust to noise , and extremely reliable.
• The same set of input values to a calculation always gives exactly
the same set of outputs.
waveform
Signal Examples - Temperature
A wireless weather station measures temperature values at an outdoor site and
transmits them for display to an indoor base station.
Abstraction Layers in Computer Systems Design
Number Systems
The decimal number system is employed in everyday arithmetic to represent numbers
by strings of digits.
However, a digital computer manipulates discrete elements of information and all
information in the computer is represented in binary form à other number systems!
In general, with base-𝒓 system, a number is written as
most significant digit radix point least significant digit
(msd) (lsd)
where each 𝐴" ∈ { 0,1, … , 𝑟 − 1 }.
The above is calculated as
Number Systems
ex) Converting base 5 into base 10
Or, alternatively,
Binary Numbers
Base 2 system with two digits: 0 and 1. The digits in a binary number are called bits.
Converting base 2 into base 10?
Converting base 10 into base 2?
the greatest number that is power of 2
Binary Numbers
2#$ as K (kilo), 2%$ as M (mega), 2&$ as G (giga), and 2'$ as T (tera)
Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
Base 8 and Base 16
Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
Converting base 8 or 16 to base 10
Converting base 8 or 16 to base 2
Converting base 2 to base 8 or 16
Arithmetic Operations (Base 2)
Addition of two binary numbers? Multiplication?
Subtraction of two binary numbers?
Arithmetic Operations (Base 8 or 16)
Conversion from Decimal to Other bases
Convert decimal 153 to octal:
Convert decimal 41 to binary: Or,
Conversion from Decimal to Other bases
Convert decimal 0.6875 to binary:
Convert decimal 0.513 to three-digit octal:
Decimal Codes
The binary number system is the most natural one for a computer, but people are
accustomed to the decimal system.
n-bit binary code: a group of n bits that assume up to 2( distinct combinations of 1s
and 0s, with each combination representing one element of the set being coded.
ex) 2-bit binary code à 00, 01, 10, 11 à can represent up to 4 elements in a set.
3-bit binary code à can represent up to 8 elements in a set.
4-bit binary code à can represent up to 16 elements in a set.
Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)
Use 4-bit binary code to represent each decimal digit.
A number with n decimal digits will require 4n
bits in BCD
ex) decimal 185 in BCD?
BCD numbers are decimal,
not binary!
12 bits vs 8 bits …? Why do we need it?
à Computer input and output data used by
most people needs to be in the decimal system.
Alphanumeric Codes
Many applications of digital computers require the handling of data consisting not only
of numbers, but also of letters.
How can we formulate a binary code for the letters of the alphabet and special
characters such as $?
10 decimal digits + 26 x 2 alphabets (upper/lower case) + special characters
à At least 7-bit binary code (up to 128 characters) is required (i.e., ASCII).
Most computers manipulate an 8-bit quantity as a single unit called a byte.
à The extra bit is sometimes used for specific purposes, depending on application.
ASCII Character Code
Universal Character Set (UCS) Transformation
Format: UTF
Over the years, many different character sets were created to represent the scripts
used in various languages, as well as special technical and mathematical symbols.
e.g., UTF-8 is a variable-length encoding that uses 1-4 bytes for each code point.
Parity Bit
A parity bit is the extra bit included to make the total number of 1s in the resulting
code word either even or odd (either of them is used).
à Useful for detecting errors in data communication and processing.
ex) An even (or odd) parity bit is generated at the sending end
à if the parity of the received character is not even (odd), it means that at least
one bit has changed its value during the transmission.
Gray Codes
As we count up or down using binary codes, the number of bits that change from one
binary value to the next varies.
gray codes in 3 bits
There are applications where a change of
more than one bit when counting up or down
can cause serious problems.
à use gray codes
It will appear again in Chapter. 2,
in circuit optimization part.
See the textbook for obtaining gray codes in
any bits.
Let’s Solve Some Problems!
Let’s Solve Some Problems!
Let’s Solve Some Problems!
Let’s Solve Some Problems!
Let’s Solve Some Problems!
Let’s Solve Some Problems!
Any Questions?