Department of Electrical Engineering, SNIoE
ECE207: Principles of Communication Engineering
Mid-term Examination (Spring 2024)
Date: 27th February 2024
Time: 3 : 00 P.M. - 5 : 30 P.M. Max. Marks: 30
Student name:
Roll number:
1. Draw the magnitude and phase spectrum of the following signals:
(a) 8 cos(8πt)
(b) 2 sin(2πt)
(c) ej7πt + ej5πt (1 × 3 = 3)
2. Compute the Hilbert transform of the following signals:
(a) cos(2π300t + π2 )
(b) sin(2π500t − π2 )
(c) ej5πt (1 × 3 = 3)
3. Assume that the Fourier transform of x(t) is real and has the shape shown in the Figure
below:
Determine and plot the spectrum of each of the following signals:
1
(a) x(t) + j 23 x
3 b(t)
(b) 3 x(t) + j 23 x
1
b(t) ej2πW t
2
(c) 3x(t) − j 13 x
b(t)
(d) 32 x(t) − j 13 x
b(t) ejπW t
(1.5 × 4 = 6)
4. Consider a Quadrature modulation scheme for carrying two message signals m1 (t) = 5 cos(8πt)
and m2 (t) = 8 sin(12πt) simultaneously as shown below:
s(t) = m1 (t) cos(2πfc t) + m2 (t) sin(2πfc t).
◦
At the receiver side, the local oscillator has a fixed phase error ϕ = 10 as shown below:
1
Determine the two demodulated message signals (i) g1 (t) and (ii) g2 (t). (2 × 2 = 4)
5. Consider the Costas receiver used to recover the message signal m(t) from the incoming
double-side band (DSB) signal as shown in the figure below:
where the VCO output varies (with input say g(t) being applied for t ≥ 0) as follows:
Z t
2 cos 2πfc t + ϕ + 2πkf g(τ )dτ
0
with the fixed parameter kf is chosen as “negative” (similar to the Lab 3 exercise). Notice
Rt
that 2πkf 0 g(τ )dτ is the phase introduced due to the Costas loop action in the hope that it
will nullify the initial phase error ϕ present.
Assume that the phase discriminator produces an output signal proportional to sin(2ϕ) which
goes as an input signal to the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). Sufficient time is given for
the Costas receiver to act on the phase error. Determine and justify the final value of ϕ given
that
2
(a) ϕ = 0.8π is the initial phase error
(b) ϕ = 0.4π is the initial phase error
(c) ϕ = 1.2π is the initial phase error
(d) ϕ = 1.6π is the initial phase error. (1 × 4 = 4)
6. Consider a transmitter that uses the sinusoid cos(40000πt) as unmodulated carrier signal.
Determine the maximum phase deviation and maximum frequency deviation for each of the
following transmitter outputs:
(a) cos[40000πt + 40 sin(5t2 )]
(b) cos[34000πt]
(c) cos[40000πt + 20 sin(3000πt)] (1 × 3 = 3)
7. Consider the five plots given below marked a, b, c, d, and e. One of them is the baseband
message signal m(t). One of them is the sinusoid cos(2πfc t) at the carrier frequency fc . The
message modulates the carrier signal A cos(2πfc t), producing the other three plots which are
the modulated signals xAM (t), xF M (t), and xP M (t).
Identify an appropriate signal name (m(t), cos(2πfc t), xAM (t), xF M (t), and xP M (t)) for each
plot (e.g., plot a: m(t), plot b: cos(2πfc t), etc). (0.5 × 5 = 2.5)
3
8. Consider a low-frequency message signal to be m(t) = B1 cos(ω1 t) + B2 cos(ω2 t), which fre-
quency modulates (FM) the high-frequency carrier signal Ac cos(ωc t). Give an expression for
the complex envelope of the bandpass FM signal. (2)
9. For the angle-modulated bandpass signal given below:
◦
10 cos[2π108 t + 15 sin(3000πt + 20 )],
determine the bandwidth. Comment whether it is narrowband or wideband. (2 + 0.5 = 2.5)
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