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The document discusses the properties of integers as a ring with respect to addition and multiplication, demonstrating the associative and distributive laws. It establishes that the integers form a commutative ring, with the number 1 as the unit element, and presents theorems regarding isomorphisms and endomorphisms. Additionally, it explores the implications of these properties on the behavior of positive and negative numbers within the ring of integers.

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ilath mas
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4 views3 pages

PPPP

The document discusses the properties of integers as a ring with respect to addition and multiplication, demonstrating the associative and distributive laws. It establishes that the integers form a commutative ring, with the number 1 as the unit element, and presents theorems regarding isomorphisms and endomorphisms. Additionally, it explores the implications of these properties on the behavior of positive and negative numbers within the ring of integers.

Uploaded by

ilath mas
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Thus the associative law and the two distributive laws*^ carry over to the

integers:

/(i)(^(i) h(i)) = fmig o hm) = (fo(go h))(i) = ((/o g) o h)(i)

= i(fogXl))h(l) = if(l)g(l))h(l),

(/(I) + g(l))h(l) = ((/+ ^)A))^A) = ((/+ g) o h)(l)

= (foh + goh)(l)

= (/o h)(l) + (^ o h)(l) = /(I) h(l) + ^A) h(l).

Thus the integers form a ring with respect to addition and multiplication.

Since by C9) the endomorphism / corresponds to the number 1, this

number 1 is the unit element of the ring of integers:

l/(l) = /(l)/(l) = (/o/)(l)=/(l).

/AI =/(l)/(l) = (/o/)(l)=/(l).

By an isomorphism we mean a one-to-one homomorphism with respect

to the operations in question (for a ring, addition and multiplication).

Since C9) was shown to be one-to-one, we have the theorem: the mapping

C9) is an isomorphism of the ring of endomorphisms of the module of

integers onto the ring of integers.

In order to prove the commutativity of multiplication, we must note

that by the second distributive law x ^^ xa is an endomorphism: for in

fact, the image (x + y)a = xa -\- ya of x ^ y is the sum of the images

of X and>'. Application of D0) to this endomorphism gives xa = (la)x = ax,

so that the ring of integers is a commutative ring.

In an arbitrary ring (for which we denote multiplication in the same

way as for the numbers) complete induction on n enables us to generalize

the distributive laws to

nn

(E «^) ^ = z «e^' «z ^i = i^bi.

1=1 i=l 2=1 i=l

from which we have

mnm,n

Z «i Z ^fc = Z («i Z ^fc) ^ Z Z ^i^k'


■ =1 fc=l i=l fc=l i=l fc=l

** Because of the commutative law (to be proved later) only the second of the two

distributive laws needs to be proved for the integers. In any case, the first distributive

law is a simple consequence of C0) and D0).

118

and thus by B1)

D1)

PART 6

PART 6 ARITHMETIC AND ALGEBRA

By complete induction we readily obtain*^ from D1)

TO Ui

D1') n z «e-^ = z n «e;^.;

2=1 fc=i l^k^fS,n^ j=l

(i=l....,TO)

where the index set for the summation on the right-hand side is the set of

m-tuples (^1, ..., km), with I ^ ki ^ ni(i = I, ..., m).

From the distributive law we further have

a(c — d)-\- ad = a((c — d) -\- d) = ac,

(a — b)c -\- be = ((a — ^) + b)c = ac

and thus,

D2) a(c — d) = ac — ad,

D2') (a — b)c = ac — be.

Replacing a by a — ^ in D2), we see from D2') that

(a - b)(c -d) = {a- b)c -{a- b)d = ac - be + {-{ad - bd)),

and therefore by C6) and C5)

D3) (a - b){c -d) = ac -bc^bd-ad = {ac + bd) - {ad + be).

Setting c = d and a = ^ in D2) and D2') respectively, we obtain

aO = 0 = Oc, so that D2), D2'), D3) give

D3') a{-d) = -ad, {-b)c = -be, {-b){-d) = bd.


In particular, we have —a = {—l)a = a{—l) if the ring has a unit

element, which for simplicity we have here denoted by 1.

Since the product of two natural numbers is always a natural number,

the equations D3'), when applied to the ring of integers, show that the

product of a positive with a negative number is a negative number and

that the product of two negative numbers is a positive number. But an

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