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Organic Map + Tips

The document provides a quick reference guide for organic conversions relevant to Class XII chemistry, detailing reagents for carbon chain expansion and reduction, oxidation-reduction processes, substitution and elimination reactions, and special named reagents. It includes specific reactions and their outcomes, such as the use of Grignard reagents for alcohol formation and the Hofmann bromamide reaction for carbon chain reduction. Additionally, it offers strategic tips for approaching organic conversion problems in exams.

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5 views3 pages

Organic Map + Tips

The document provides a quick reference guide for organic conversions relevant to Class XII chemistry, detailing reagents for carbon chain expansion and reduction, oxidation-reduction processes, substitution and elimination reactions, and special named reagents. It includes specific reactions and their outcomes, such as the use of Grignard reagents for alcohol formation and the Hofmann bromamide reaction for carbon chain reduction. Additionally, it offers strategic tips for approaching organic conversion problems in exams.

Uploaded by

nikkildcruz
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Organic Reagent Map – Class XII

(Quick reference for organic conversions)

1. Carbon Chain Expansion and Reduction Reagents


(A) Reagents for Increasing Carbon Chain Length
• Alcoholic KCN
Alkyl halide → Nitrile
Carbon chain increases by one carbon
R–X → R–C≡N
• Grignard Reagent (RMgX)
Adds an alkyl group (R) to aldehydes and ketones
HCHO + RMgX → 1° alcohol
R′CHO + RMgX → 2° alcohol
R′COR″ + RMgX → 3° alcohol
• Wurtz Reaction (Na / dry ether)
Coupling of alkyl halides
Forms symmetrical alkanes
2R–X → R–R

(B) Reagents for Decreasing Carbon Chain Length


• Hofmann Bromamide Reaction (Br₂ + KOH)
Amide → Amine (loss of one carbon)
R–CONH₂ → R–NH₂
• Decarboxylation (Soda lime: NaOH + CaO)
Carboxylic acid → Alkane
R–COONa → R–H + CO₂

2. Oxidation–Reduction Reagents
Reagent Nature Conversion

KMnO₄ / Strong oxidising


Alcohol → Carboxylic acid
K₂Cr₂O₇ agent

PCC Mild oxidising 1° alcohol → Aldehyde


Reagent Nature Conversion

agent

CrO₃
Oxidising agent 2° alcohol → Ketone
(anhydrous)

Strong reducing Acid / Ester / Nitrile → Alcohol /


LiAlH₄
agent Amine

Mild reducing
NaBH₄ Aldehyde / Ketone → Alcohol
agent

3. Substitution and Elimination Reagents


(A) Conversion to Alkyl Halides
• SOCl₂ (Thionyl chloride)
Alcohol → Alkyl chloride
• PCl₅ / PCl₃
Alcohol or acid → Chloride

(B) Formation of Alkenes


• Alcoholic KOH
Alkyl halide → Alkene (β-elimination)
• Conc. H₂SO₄ at 443 K
Alcohol → Alkene (dehydration)

(C) Regeneration of Alcohols


• Aqueous KOH
Alkyl halide → Alcohol

4. Important Special / Named Reagents


• DIBAL-H
Selective reduction of:
Nitrile → Aldehyde
Ester → Aldehyde
• Anhydrous AlCl₃
Catalyst for Friedel–Crafts alkylation and acylation
• NaNO₂ + HCl (0–5 °C)
Aniline → Benzene diazonium chloride
• Sn + HCl or Fe + HCl
Nitrobenzene (–NO₂) → Aniline (–NH₂)

5. Key Nitrile Conversions


• Complete hydrolysis:
R–C≡N → R–COOH
• Partial hydrolysis:
R–C≡N → R–CONH₂
• Reduction:
R–C≡N → R–CH₂NH₂ (1° amine)

6. Exam Strategy for Organic Conversions


• If carbon chain increases, use KCN or RMgX
• If oxidation level increases, use KMnO₄ / K₂Cr₂O₇
• If aromatic conversions are involved, first prepare diazonium salt
• Always track:
– Carbon count
– Functional group change
– Oxidation level

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