Module 2 - Solved Problems

Topic 1 - Introduction, AC terminology, values (RMS Values, Average

value, Form factor) of different signals/sinusoidal signal

AC Analysis

1. Find the amplitude, phase, period, and frequency of the sinusoid

v ( t )=12 cos (50t +10 °) V

Solution:

2. The waveform shown in Fig. below is a half-wave rectified sine wave.

Find the rms value and the amount of average power dissipated in a 10 Ω
resistor.

Solution: The period of the waveform is 2π. Thus, angular frequency

 2π
ω=2 πf = =1 rad /sec
T

3. An alternating current of sinusoidal waveform has an RMS value of 10.0

A. What is the peak-to-peak value of this current?

Solution: I RMS=0.707 I m

10
I m= =14.14 A
0.707

Thus, peak-to-peak value is 14.14 – (-14.14) = 28.28 A

4. An alternating voltage has the equation v = 141.4 sin 377t, what are the
values of (a) RMS voltage (b) frequency (c) the instantaneous voltage
when t = 3 ms

5. A current has the following steady values in amperes for equal intervals
of time changing instantaneously from one value to the next (see Fig.):
0, 10, 20, 30, 20, 10, 0, −10, −20, −30, −20, −10, 0, etc.
Calculate the RMS value of the current and its form factor.
Form factor is ratio of I RMS and I avg
Topic 2 - Concept of j-operator, impedance and admittance, series in AC
circuits. Series, and parallel connection; simplification of AC circuit

1. Evaluate the following complex numbers

Sol:

2. A linear network has a current input 4cos(ω t + 20º)A and a voltage

output 10 cos(ωt +110º) V. Determine the associated impedance.
Sol:

3. Determine the admittance Y for the circuit

Sol:

4.

Sol:

5. A series RL circuit is connected to a 110-V ac source. If the voltage

across the resistor is 85 V, find the voltage across the inductor.
Sol:

6. A series RLC circuit has R = 80 Ω , L = 240 mH, and C = 5 mF. If the

input voltage is v(t) = 10 cos 2t find the currrent flowing through the
circuit.
Sol:
7. A parallel RLC circuit has the following values: R = 60 Ω , L = 1 mH, and C = 50 µ F.
Find the quality factor, the resonant frequency, and the bandwidth of the RLC circuit.
Sol:
Topic 3 - Implementation of KVL and KCL in AC Circuits

Ex.1. Find the power output of the voltage source in the given circuit . Prove
that this power equals the power in the circuit resistors.

Solution.
Starting from point A in the clockwise direction and applying KVL to the mesh
ABEFA, we get.

Ex.2. Using Maxwell’s loop current method, find the value of current in each
branch of the network shown below.
Solution. Let the currents in the two loops be I1 and I2 flowing in the clockwise
direction as shown in Fig. Applying KVL to the two loops, we get

Ex.3. Write the three mesh current quations for network shown in below.
Solution.
While moving along I1, if we apply KVL, we get
-(-j10) I1 -10(I1 -I2)-5 (I1 -I3) = 0 or I1 (15 -j10) -10 I2 -5I3 = 0 ...(i)
In the second loop, current through the a.c. source is flowing upwards indicating
that its upper end is positive and lower is negative. As we move along I2, we go
from the positive terminal of the voltage source to its negative terminal.

-j5 I2 -10 ∠30º -8(I2 -I3) -10 (I2 -I1) = 0

Or, 10 I1 -I2 (18 + j5) + 8 I3 = 10 ∠ 30º…..(ii)

-20 ∠0º -5(I3 -I1) -8 (I3 -I2) -I3 (3 + j4) = 0

Similarly, from third loop, we get

Or, 5 I1 + 8 I2 -I3 (16 + j4) = 20 ∠0º………(iii)

The values of the three currents may be calculated with the
help of Cramer’s rule. However, the same values may be found
with the help of mesh impedance [Zm] whose different items
are as under:
Ex.4. Given the circuit in the Fig. using KVL/KCL find the average power
absorbed by the 10-Ω resistor,

Solution:
Applying KVL to the left-hand side of the circuit,
Topic 4 - Power analysis Apparent power and power factor,Complex power

1) A series connected load draws a current

i(t )=4 cos(100 πt+100 ) A

When the applied voltage is

v (t )=120 cos(100 πt−200 ) V

Find the apparent power and power factor of the load

Answer:
i(t )=4 cos(100 πt+100 )
v (t )=120 cos(100 πt−200 )
Apparent power is,
S=V rms I rms
120 4
S= =240
√2 √ 2 VA

Power Factor = pf = cos(θv −θi )

=cos(−20−10 )=0 . 866 (leading)

 2) The voltage across a load is
v (t )=60 cos(ωt−100 ) V
and the current through the element in the direction of the voltage drop is
i(t )=1 .5 cos(ωt +500 ) A
a) Find the complex and apparent power
b) The real and reactive power
c) The power factor of the load impedance
Answer:
60
V rms = ∠−10 0
a) √2
1 .5
I rms= ∠500
√2

The complex power is

¿
rms
S=V rms I

S=
(60√ 2 ∠−10 )( 1.√25 ∠−50 )
0 0

S=45 ∠−450
The apparent power is
S=|S|=45 VA

0 0 0
b) S=45 ∠−60 =45 [cos(−65 )+ j sin(60 )]=22. 5− j38 . 97

Real power = P=22 . 5 W

Reactive power = Q=−38. 97 VAR

c) Power factor (pf)

0
Pf = cos(−60 )=0 . 5 (Leading)

V 60∠−100
Z= = 0
=40 ∠−600
I 1 . 5∠50 Ω

Topic5 - Balanced and unbalanced Star Connection of loads,Delta

connection of load

PROBLEM 1: Three inductive coils each with a 15 ohms resistance and 0.03 H
of inductance are connected in Star to a 3-phase 400 V, 50 Hz Supply.
Calculate for each of the case
a) Phase and Line Currents
b) Total Power Absorbed

Solution: Firstly, it is required to calculate the impedance Z PH . Since, the value

of inductance is given as 0.03 H, we need to the take into account the value of
impedance as follows
Z PH =R+ j X PH (1)

Also, we know the value of the reactance of the inductor as

X PH =2 πfL Ohms (2)

Therefore, substituting the values of frequency and inductance into equation (2),
we get the value of reactance of the inductor as follows:
X PH =2∗3.14∗50∗0.03 Ohms (3)

Hence, the value of the reactance of the Inductor is

X PH =9.4248 Ohms
 Therefore, the value of impedance can be expressed as
Z PH =¿15+j 9.4248 Ohms

The value of the impedance in the polar form is

0
Z PH =17.7151 ∠ 32.14

Now, the major task is to determine both the line currents and phase currents in
both star connected load
a) PHASE AND LINE CURRENTS IN STAR CONNECTED LOAD:
Given data: The line voltage is given as V L=400 Volts

Also, it is known that in case of Star, the relationship between line

voltage and phase voltage is
V L= √ 3 V PH

Therefore, the value of the phase voltage is given as

V L 400
V PH = = =230.9401 Volts
√3 √3

The value of the phasor current is given as

V PH 230.9401
I PH = = =13.0363 Amperes
Z PH 17.7151

In a star connected load, we know that line current is equal to the phase
current
I L =I PH =13.0363 Amperes

b) The total power absorbed is given by

P=3 V PH I PH cos ∅

Here, the impedance angle is nothing but ∅

 Therefore, the total power which is absorbed in case of a start connected
load is given by

P=3∗230.9401∗13.0363∗cos(32.14 ¿ )¿
0

Hence, the total power absorbed is

P=7.6477 KW
PROBLEM 2: Three inductive coils each with a 15 ohms resistance and 0.03 H
of inductance are connected in Delta to a 3-phase 400 V, 50 Hz Supply.
Calculate for each of the case
a) Phase and Line Currents
b) Total Power Absorbed

Solution:
Firstly, it is required to calculate the impedance Z PH . Since, the value of
inductance is given as 0.03 H, we need to the take into account the value of
impedance as follows
Z PH =R+ j X PH (1)

Also, we know the value of the reactance of the inductor as

X PH =2 πfL Ohms (2)

Therefore, substituting the values of frequency and inductance into equation (2),
we get the value of reactance of the inductor as follows:
X PH =2∗3.14∗50∗0.03 Ohms (3)

Hence, the value of the reactance of the Inductor is

X PH =9.4248 Ohms

Therefore, the value of impedance can be expressed as

Z PH =¿15+j 9.4248 Ohms

The value of the impedance in the polar form is

 0
Z PH =17.7151 ∠ 32.14

Now, the major task is to determine both the line currents and phase currents in
delta connected load

a) PHASE AND LINE CURRENTS IN DELTA CONNECTED LOAD:

It is known that in case of a delta connected load, the line voltage is

equal to the phase voltage and is given as
V L=V PH
Since, the value of the line voltage is 400 Volts, therefore, the value of
phase voltage will also be 400 Volts

Therefore, V PH =400 Volts

The value of the phasor current is given as

V PH 400
I PH = = =22.5796 Amperes
Z PH 17.7151
Hence, the value of the phase current is
I PH =22.5796 Amperes
In case of a delta connected load:
The value of line current is given by

I L =√ 3 I PH

Therefore, the value of the phase current is

I L =√ 3∗22.5796

b) The power absorbed in case of a delta connected load is given as

0
P=3 V PH I PH cos ∅ =3∗400∗22.5796∗cos ⁡(32.14 )

The power absorbed in case of a delta connected load is given by

P= 22.9432 KW
PROBLEM 3:
The unbalanced Y-load has balanced voltages of 100 V and the a c b sequence.
Calculate the line currents and the neutral current. Take ZA =15 Ω, ZB=10 +j5
Ω, ZC=6+j8 Ω.
Solution:

PROBLEM 4: A Three phase 240 Volt ABC System has a delta connected load
with Z AB =10 ∠ 00, Z BC =10 ∠ 300 , ZCA =15∠−30 0. Obtain the three-line currents
Solution:
Topic 6- Calculation of three-phase voltage, current, power Methods for
measuring three-phase power

Q1: A 400 V, three-phase, 50 Hz power supply is applied across the three

terminals of a delta connected three-phase load. The resistance and reactance of
each phase is 6 Ω and 8 Ω, respectively. Calculate the line current, phase
current, active power, reactive power, and apparent power of the circuit.
Sol: The load is delta connected.
Hence VPh = VL = 400 V
−1 8
Impedance, Z Ph=R+ jX =6+ j8=√ 6 +8 ∠ tan 6 =10 ∠ 53 °
2 2

V
Ph 400 ∠ 0 °
Phase Current, I Ph= Z = 10 ∠ 53 ° =40 ∠−53 °
Ph

Line Current, I L =√ 3 I Ph=√ 3× 40=69.28

R −1
Power factor, cos ϕ= Z =0.6 lagging ⇒ ϕ=cos 0.6=53 °

Active power = √ 3 V L I L cos ϕ= √3 × 400 ×69.28 ×0.6=28.798 kW

Reactive power = √ 3 V L I L sin ϕ=√ 3× 400 × 69.28× 0.8=38.397 kVAR
Apparent Power = √ 3 V L I L =√ 3 × 400× 69.28=47.997 kVA
or
Apparent Power = √ (Active Power ¿2 +(Reactive Power) 2 ¿
¿ √ (28.8 ¿2 +(38.4)2 ¿=48 kVA

Power triangle,

Q2: A balanced star-connected load of (8 + j6) Ω per phase is connected to a

balanced three-phase, 400 V supply. Find the line current, power factor, power,
and total volt-amperes.
Line voltage, V L 400
Sol: Phase Voltage, V Ph= = =231 V
√3 √3
Impedance per phase, Z Ph=√ R2 + X 2= √8 2+6 2=10 Ω
VPh 231
Phase Current, I Ph= Z = 10 =23.1 A
Ph

In star connection, Line current is equal to Phase current.

R −1
Power factor, cos ϕ= Z =0.8 lagging ⇒ ϕ=cos 0.8=36.8 °

Total Power = √ 3 V L I L cos ϕ= √3 × 400 ×23.1 ×0.8=12.8 kW

Total Volt-Amperes = √ 3 V L I L =√ 3 × 400× 23.1=16 kVA

Q3: A three-phase four-wire supply system has a line voltage of 400 V. Three
non-inductive loads of 16 kW, 8 kW, and 12 kW are connected between R, Y,
and B phases and the neutral, respectively. Calculate the current flowing
through the neutral wire.
Sol: Loads connected between the different phases and the neutral are of 16
kW, 8 kW, and 12 kW, respectively.
The current through the neutral wire line is the phasor sum of all the line
currents.

Line voltage, V L 400

For star connection, V Ph= = =231 V
√3 √3
For the balanced supply, three-phase voltages are equal but have a phase
difference of 120° between them
⇒ V R=231 ∠ 0 ° ,V Y =231∠−120 ° ,and V B =231∠−240 °
 231 ∠ 0 °
∴ I R= =0.014 ∠ 0 °
16000
231 ∠−120°
IY= =0.028∠−120 °
8000
231 ∠−240°
I B= =0.019 ∠−240 °
12000

Current through the neutral wire, IN is

I N =I R + I Y + I B=0.014 ∠ 0° +0.028 ∠−120 ° +0.019 ∠−240°

I N =0.014+ (−0.014− j 0.024 )+(−0.009+ j 0.016)

I N =−0.009− j 0.008=0.012∠−138.36 °

Q4: A three-phase star-connected load consumes a total of 12 kW at a power

factor of 0.8 lagging when connected to a 400 V, three-phase, 50 Hz power
supply. Calculate the resistance and inductance of load per phase.
Sol: Total power consumed = 12 kW => Power per phase = 4 kW.
∵ V Ph I Ph cos ϕ=4000W

400
⇒ I Ph= =21.6 A
(400 / √ 3)× 0.8
V Ph (400/ √ 3)
Z Ph= = =10.7 Ω
I Ph 21.6

Power factor, cos ϕ=0.8 ⇒ ϕ =cos−1 0.8=36.86 °⇒ sin ϕ=0.6

R=Z Ph cos ϕ=10.7 ×0.8=8.56 Ω

X =Z Ph sin ϕ=10.7× 0.6=6.42 Ω

6.42
X =2 πfL=6.42 ⇒ L= =20.4 mH
2 π ×50

Q5: In the measurement of three-phase power by the two-wattmeter method, for

a certain load, one of the wattmeters reads 20 kW and the other 5 kW after the
current coil connection of one of the wattmeters has been reversed. Calculate
the power and power factor of the load.
Sol: W1 = 20 kW, W2 = -5 kW => P = W1 + W2 = 20 – 5 = 15 k W
 W 1 −W 2
Power factor of load, cosϕ=cos tan W +W √ 3
−1

1 2

20−(−5)
¿ cos tan−1 √3 = 0.3273 lagging
20+(−5)

Q6: Draw the connection diagram for measurement of power in a three-phase

star-connected load using the two-wattmeter method. In one such a
measurement the load connected was 30 kW at 0.7 pf lagging. Find the reading
of each wattmeter.
Sol:

The connection diagram for measurement of power in a three-phase Y-

connected load using the two wattmeter method has been shown in Figure.
We know that the reading of two wattmeters will be √ 3 V Ph I ph cos ⁡(30−ϕ) and
√ 3 V Ph I ph cos ( 30+ϕ ) respectively.
Given, Total load = 30 kW, cosϕ=0.7 lagging ⇒ ϕ=cos−1 0.7=45.57°
Total power 30,000
Total power = √ 3 V L I L cos ϕ ⇒ V L I L= = =24743.6 VA
√3 cosϕ √3 × 0.7
⇒ W 1=√ 3V Ph I ph cos ( 30−ϕ ) =V L I L cos ⁡(30−ϕ)

W 1=24743.6 cos ( 30−45.57 ° )=23.835 kW

⇒ W 2=√ 3V Ph I ph cos ( 30+ϕ )=V L I L cos ⁡(30+ ϕ)

W 2 =24743.6 cos ( 30+ 45.57 ° )=6.615 kW

Q7: A three-phase balanced load connected across a 3 ϕ , 400 V ac supply draws
a line current of 10 A. Two wattmeters are used to measure input power. The
ratio of two wattmeter readings is 2:1. Find the readings of the two wattmeters.
W2
Sol: Let the ratio of wattmeters be X, i.e., W =X
1

(
W 1−W 2
2 2
) (
1−W 2 /W 1
1
1−X
and tan ϕ=√ 3 W +W =√ 3 1+W /W =√ 3 1+ X
1
) ( )
1 1 1
power factor, cos ϕ= sec ϕ = 1+ tan2 ϕ =
√ √ 1+3 ((1−X )/(1+ X ))2
W2 1
Substituting, W =X= 2 =0.5
1

1
⇒cos ϕ= =0.866
√ 2
1+3 [ (1−0.5)/(1+ 0.5) ]
−1
⇒ ϕ=cos 0.866=30 °
⇒ W 1=V L I L cos ( 30−ϕ )=400× 10 cos ( 30 °−30 ° )=4000W

⇒ W 2=V L I L cos ( 30+ ϕ ) =400 ×10 cos ( 30° +30 ° )=1000 W