UNIT1:

COMPLEX NUMBERS

Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you are expected to:

 define a complex number in algebraic form, polar form and exponential form
 determine the real and imaginary parts of a complex number
 determine the conjugate and modulus of complex numbers
 carry out operations on complex numbers in algebraic form, polar form and
exponential form
 represent a complex number on the Argand diagram
 calculate a square root of a complex number
 solve quadratic equations in C
 change a complex number from one form to another
 determine the nth roots of a complex number

Contents

1.1. Concepts of complex numbers

1.2. Algebraic form of Complex numbers
1.3. Geometric representation of a complex number
1.4. Trigonometric forms of complex numbers
1.5. The nth root of a complex number
1.6. Application of complex numbers

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[Link] OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Task: Solve in :
(a) (b) (c) .
Sln:

(a) (b)
,√
x
x
(b)

Impossible in since square roots

of negative numbers do exist.

Complex numbers were introduced in order to find the roots of quadratic

equations in case where the discriminant .

Definition: A complex number is a number of the form z where

with the property that .

The set of complex numbers is denoted by

* : and +

1.2. ALGEBRAIC FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.2.1. Definition and properties of i

An algebraic (rectangular or standard) form of a complex number is an expression

of the form z where with the property that .
In this notation;

The real number is called the real part of the complex number and
we write .
The real number is called the imaginary part of the complex number
and we write .

Consequences
1. If the complex number z is called pure imaginary
2. If the complex number z is real:.
3. The set of real numbers can be viewed as a subset of the set of complex
numbers whose imaginary part is zero, therefore

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 Powers of
The successive powers of are
, , ,
, ,
In general if n is a positive integer we have
n n n n
, , ,,

1.2.2. Operations in

(a) Equality of 2 complex numbers

Let z ,z , then
z z 2
Ex: Find the real numbers x and y such that

a. x y xy
b. x y
Sln:

a. b.
Equating real and imaginary parts: Equating real and imaginary parts:
{ { ‖
From (1): *( )+
Replace x by in (2)

or
For ,
For ,
*( ) ( )+

(b) Addition in and its properties

The sum and difference of two complex numbers are defined by
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Example:

 ( ) ( )
 ( ) ( )

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 Properties
z z z :

1. z z
2. z z z z
3. (z z ) z z (z z )
4. z z, for all z
5. z z z z

( ) is an abelian group

(c) Multiplication in , and its properties

The product of two complex numbers is defined so that the usual commutative
and distributive laws hold:

( )( ) ( ) ( )

( ) since

Ex: ( )( ) ( ) ( )

Properties

z z z :

1. z z
2. z z z z
3. (z z ) z z (z z )
4. z (z z ) z z z z )
5. z z, for all z
6. z z z z ,z
z
7. z z z or z

( ) is an abelian group

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Exercise 1.2

1. Work out:
a. ( ) ( ) d. ( )
b. – e. ( ) ( )
c.
2. Calculate the value of ( when and .
3. Explain why the following calculation is false and hence find the correct answer.
√ √ √( ) √
4. Evaluate and write the result in the form , the complex number.

5. Find the real numbers x and y such that

a.
b.
c.
d. .
e.

(d) The conjugate and division of complex number

∗
The conjugate of the complex number , written as ̅ or
is defined by:
̅

Ex: If z then z̅
If z then z̅
Properties
1. ̿
̅ ̅
2. () and ()
3. is real iff ̅
4. is pure imaginary iff ̅
5. The product zz̅ is a positive real
6. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ and ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅
̅̅̅̅
7. . / , ( )
̅

Proofs: Let us use direct proof

1. Let z z̅ z̿ z as wished.

z
2. 2
z̅
: z z̅
z z̅

: z z̅
z z̅

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 3. z is real if z z̅ z

4. z is pure imaginary if z z̅ z

5. zz̅ ( )( ) i

6. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z z ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) ( ) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
z̅ z̅

7. ̅̅̅̅̅̅
z z ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) ( ) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )
( ) (1)
z̅ z̅ ( )( )
( ) (2)
Comparing and ; ̅̅̅̅̅̅ z z z̅ z̅ .

8. Using part (7) and the fact that z (z ), then

z
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
( z) ̅ ( ) z̅ ( )
z z z z̅

Application of conjugate

To find the quotient of two complex numbers we multiply both

numerator and denominator by the conjugate of denominator.

Ex: Express the following complex numbers

(a) z (b) z
in the form x y
Sln:
( )( )
(a) z ( )( )

( )( )
(b) z ( )( )

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Exercise 1.3

1. Determine the complex conjugate of each of the following:

(a) (d)
(b) (e) ( )( )
(c) √
2. Simplify ( )(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)
3. By putting , find the complex number z which satisfies the equation
̅
where ̅ denotes the complex conjugate of z.
4. The complex number z satisfies the equation
̅ ̅
where ̅ denotes the complex conjugate of z. Find the two possible values of z, giving
your answer in the form .
5. Given that where , show that

1.2.3. Modulus of complex numbers

a. Definition

The modulus or absolute value of the complex number ,

denoted by | | or r, is its distance from the origin
|| r √

Geometric interpretation

Note that
̅ ( )( )
|| ̅
Consequences
1. If z is real ⟹ || √ | |
2. If z is pure imaginary , then
|| √ | |

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Ex: Find the modulus of each of the following complex numbers:
(a) z (c) z √
(b) z (d) z s si
Sln:
(a) z ⟹ |z| √ √
(b) z ⟹ r √ √

(c) z √ ⟹ |z| √√ √ √
(d) z s si ⟹ |z| √ s si √

b. Properties
1. |z| zz̅
2. |z| |z̅| | z|
3. |z| z
4. |z z | |z ||z |
z |z |
5. |z | |z |
(z )

Exercise 1.4

1. Find the modulus of each of the following the complex numbers:

(a) (d) ( )(√ )
(b) (e)
√
(c) √
2. If , , , calculate
(a) | | (d) | | | |
(b) | ̅ ̅| (e) ) and )
(c) | |
3. What is the locus of a point on the complex plane which moves so that its modulus is
always 1unit?

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 1.2.4. Square root of a complex number

Equation of the form where

 Particular cases
1) The roots of the equation z are real numbers
z and z
2) In , the equation z has two complex solutions
z and z
3) Roots of z ,
If , then z √ and z √
If , then z √| | and z √| |
 General case
To solve in in , the equation z where , we let
z x y then the equation becomes:
(x iy) x y xy
Equating real and imaginary parts:
x y
{
xy

As z , |z | | |
|z| | | x y √ (3)
z x y is a square root of iff:
x y
{x y √
xy
: x √ x √ . √ /

: y √ y √ . √ /

Discussion
If then x and y have the same signs.
Hence z and z
If then x and y have opposite signs.
Thus z and z

Ex: Determine the square roots of .

Sln: ,
is a square root of iff

√ {
{
:
:
From (3): , x and y have the same sign
and are square roots of .

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Exercise 1.6

Extract the square roots of each of the following complex numbers

(a) (d)
(b) (e)
(c)

1.2.5. Quadratic equations in

A quadratic equation in is any equation of the form z z
where , b and c are real or complex numbers.
Derivation of the quadratic formula
z z Begin with a quadratic in standard form
z z Divide by the leading coefficient
z z Isolate the terms containing z

z z . / . / Completing the squares

.z /

.z /

.z / Putting
√
z Applying properties of square roots
√
z Subtracting from both sides
√
z Combining fractions

Discussion
 If , the equation z z has two distinct real roots
√ √
z and z
 If , the equation z z has z z
 If , the equation z z has two complex roots
√ √
z and z

Properties
(Sum of roots)
(Product of roots)
(Factorization)

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 Ex: Solve in the following equations
(a) (c) (
(b)
Sln
(a)

√ √ √
√ √ √ √
̅
√ √
2 3
(b)
n n
√ √ n n
n n
n n ̅
* n n +
(c) (
( (
Square roots of
is a square root of iff
√
{
{
:
:
From (3): , x and y have opposite signs
and are square roots of .

* +
Theorem: If a quadratic equation with real coefficient has the complex number as a
solution then it has also the complex conjugate ̅ as a solution. ( ).

Proof
If z is a solution of the equation z z , then
z z
Taking conjugates on both sides one has
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z z ̅
̅̅̅̅
z ̅̅̅̅̅
z ̅
̅z̅ ̅ z̅
z̅ z̅ (since a, b and c are real)
z̅ is a solution of z z .
th
We can generalize this property to an n -degree polynomial equations with
real coefficients and complex variable.

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Exercise 1.7

Solve in each of following equations

(a) (d)
(b) (e) ( )
(c)

Miscellaneous Exercise 1.8

1. Find the real x and y such that
(a) x ( x y) y
(b) x y (x ,y )
2. Find the real and imaginary parts of each of the following complex numbers
(a) ( )( ) (b)
3. Extract the square root of each of the following complex numbers
(a) (c)
(b) (d)
4. Find the complex number z such that z z̅
5. Solve each of the following equation in
(a) z (b) z̅ ( )z
6. Solve in the following equations
(a) z z (b) z ( )z
7. Solve in the following simultaneous equations:
z z ( )z z
(a) { (c){
( )z z i ( )z z
( )z ( i)z
(b) {
( )z z
8. Show that
x
9. z , let z x
(a) show that |z|
x x
(b) show that z x x
(c) find the value of x such that z I z
√ √
(d) Deduce the value of x such that z
s si
10. Show that s si
s si

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1.2.6. Polynomials in
An nth degree polynomial in is an expression of the form:
n n
z nz n z z
where z, , , , n are complex numbers and n .

1st Property: D’Alembert’s theorem

If z is an nth degree polynomial with complex coefficients, then it has exactly
n zeros (roots).

Consequence:
n n
z nz n z z can be written in factored form as:
n n
z n z z z z z z n
with n n n n

2nd Property

If any equation z with real coefficient has the complex number z

as a root, then its conjugate ̅ is also as a root of the equation.
Ex1: Determine all zeros of the polynomial:
z z z z z z z
Indicate the multiplicity (order) of each
Sln: z z z z z z z
iv * +

z is a factor of z

z z z z z z

z z z z z z z
z z z z z z

z is a factor of z

z z z z z

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 z z z z z

z is a factor of z

z z z z

z z z z z
z z z z

z is a factor of z

z z z

z z z z
z z z

√ √ √ √
z , z

√ √
z z z
The complete factorization of z is
√ √
z z z
√ √
z has 4 roots: , , and

 is a double root (multiplicity 2)

 is a double root (multiplicity 2)
√
 is a simple root (multiplicity 1)
√
 is a simple root (multiplicity 1)

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 Ex2: If is a zero of the polynomial z z z z ,
find its all zeros.

Sln: z z z z z
z and z are zeros of z .
z z z z
z
z z
z z
z z z z z
z z z

z
z z z z z
z z z
z z
z z

z z √ √
The complete factorization of z is:
z √ √
The zeros are: , ,√ , √ .
Ex3: Let f be a function with complex variable defined by
z z z ( i )z ( )
a) Show that the equation z has a real root z
b) Find a quadratic polynomial z with complex coefficients such that
z , z z z
(1) Show that z has a pure complex root z
(2) Solve in the equation z
(z will represent a solution different from z and z )
Sln: (a) z z z ( i )z ( )
Let z x (x )
x is a root of z iff x
x x ( i )x
x x ix x
x x ( x x )
By identification:
{x x {x x
x x x x

x x , , √
x
x
Substitute x in (1):

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 ) )
Substitute x in (1):
) )
The solution of the system is x and z

Exercise 1.19
1. Let z z ( )z ( )z
By usi g sy th ti ivisi H r r’s th t r i :
, , , , ,
(b) Find the zeros of z and write z as a product of linear
factors in z.
2. One of the zeros of the polynomial z z z is .
Use the property of complex roots to find the remaining roots of z .

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1.2. Geometric representation of a complex number

Any complex number z can be represented as a point ( or a vector in

the plane .

The x-axis is called Real axis

The y-axis is called imaginary axis
Point P(a, b) is the image of the complex
number
is called the affix of the point P.
The plane which represents the set of
complex numbers is called complex plane
or Argand diagram.

Ex1: Given that and

Represent graphically the complex numbers , ̅ and on the same graph.
Sln:
( , ̅ (
( ,

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 P1 and P2 are symmetric
with respect to the real axis,
thus the conjugate of any
complex number represents
its symmetry in the real axis

Ex2: On the Argand diagram, draw the points A, B and C whose respective affixes are:
, and .
(a) Determine the affixes of the vectors AB, AC, AB AC, and AB AC.
(b) Calculate the affix of the center of gravity of triangle ABC.
(c) Calculate the affix of the point D such that ABCD is a parallelogram.
Sln: zA , zB , zB ,
(a) zAB zB zA ( ) ( )
zAC zC zA ( ) ( )
z(AB AC) zAB zAC ( ) ( )

z( AB AC) zAB zAC

( ) ( )

(b) zG (zA zB zC )
,( ) ( ) ( )-
(c) ABCD is a parallelogram iff AB DC.
AB CD zB zA zC zD zD zA zC zB
Exercise 1.5 zD ( ) ( ) ( )

On the complex plane, represent the following complex numbers

(a) √ (d) ( ) ( )
(b) (e)
(c)

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 1.3

1.4. TRIGONOMETRIC FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.4.1. Modulus and Argument of a complex number

Any point P(a, b) in a plane can be represented by polar

coordinates (r θ) with r

θ r θ
r
nθ r nθ
r
tanθ

Substituting these relations in the algebraic form of a

complex number, we obtain
r θ r nθ r θ nθ
r θ nθ

This notation is called the polar or trigonometric form of a

complex number.

 r || √ is the modulus of
 The angle θ is called the argument of
and we write, 𝜃 Arg . The argument
is multi-valued i.e. Arg 𝜃 𝜃 kπ, k .
 Notation: A complex number of modulus r and
argument 𝜃 is denoted by z r,𝜃 .
In some books the polar form of a complex number
r θ nθ is written as r θ
r dulu , n , ag nary
n , θ argu nt

Ex1: Express the complex number in polar form

Sln: let
, r √ √
√
θ π
r √
θ kπ, k
√
nθ r √
π
we take θ
π π
√ . n /
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In practice, the graphical representation of complex numbers allows us
to find the exact argument of a given complex number.

Ex2: Write the complex number √ in polar form

Sln: √
, √

r √ √ √
θ π
r
√
θ kπ, k
nθ r
π
we take θ
π π π π
0 . / n. /1 . n /

1.4.2. Trigonometric form of product, and quotient of two Complex

numbers
Given two complex numbers z r s si and z r s si
Then
1. Product
z z ,r s si -,r s si -
r r , s s si si ( s si si s )-
r r , s( ) si ( )- (By addition formulas of cosine and
sine functions)
r r , (θ θ) n(θ θ )-
Statement:
The modulus of a product of two complex numbers is the product of their moduli,
and the argument of a product is the sum of their arguments.

2. Quotient
z r s si r s si s si
0 1
z r s si r s si s si

r s s si si (si s s si
0 1
r s si

r
, s( ) si ( )- (By difference formulas of cosine and
r
sine functions)

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 r
, (θ θ) n(θ θ )-
r
Statement
The modulus of a quotient of two complex numbers is the quotient of their
moduli, and the argument of the quotient is the difference of their arguments.

Ex: Given two complex numbers and √

write the following complex numbers in polar form. and
Sln: , , r √
√
θ r √ π
θ kπ, k
√
nθ r √

√ , √ r
θ r π
√
θ kπ, k
nθ r
r r , (θ θ) n(θ θ )-
π π π π
√ 0 . / n. /1
π π
√ . n /
r
, (θ θ) n(θ θ )-
r
√
, (θ θ) n(θ θ )-
π π 𝜋 π
√ 0 . / n. 4
/1
π π
√ 0 . / n. /1
π π
√ . n /

1.4.3. Operations on complex numbers in polar form

a) Equality
Let z r s si and z r s si , then
z z r sθ si θ r sθ si θ
r r
2θ θ kπ,
b) Conjugate
z r sθ si θ ⟹ z̅ r sθ si θ r, s θ si θ-

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 c) The negative
z r sθ si θ ⟹ z r sθ si θ
r sθ si θ
r, s θ π) si θ π)-
Ex1: The product of three complex numbers z , z and z is √ .
Their respective arguments , and are consecutive terms of
an arithmetic progression with common difference and their
respective moduli , and are consecutive terms of a geometric
progression with common ratio 2.
Given that 0 0, determine z , z and z
Sln: let z s si ,z s si
z s si
 , , are in A.P. with ⟹ ,
 , , are in G.P. with r ⟹ ,
z s si ,
z s si 0 s si 1
z s si 0 s si 1
let z √ , r √
s
√
√
,
si
√
z r s si √ . s si /
z z z z
0 s. / si . /1 √ . s si /
, s( ) si ( )- √ . s si /
√ √
√
{ { {

 For , to be rejected since 0 0

 For ,
 For , to be rejected since 0 0
√ √
z s si
z √ 0 s si 1 √ s si
√ √
√
z √ 0 s si 1 √ s si
√
√ √

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 Ex2: If z , write the complex numbers z and z̅ in polar form.
Sln: z , r √
√
s
√
,
√
si
√
z √ . s si /
z √ . s si / √ 0 s si 1
√ . s si /
z̅ √ . s si /

Exercise 1.9

1. Given two complex numbers and , without calculating the

algebraic form of the complex number determine its polar form.
2. Write the following complex numbers in polar form
(a) √ (d)
(b) (e)
√

(c)
√
3. Find the modulus and argument of each of the following complex numbers:
(a) (b) (c) .
4. Determine, in terms of θ, the argument and modulus of:
(a) nθ( nθ θ) with π θ π
(b) n θ n θ with θ 2π
Give your answers for Arg(z) in radians to two decimal places.
π π π π
5. (a) Find if . n / and . n /
(b) What can you say about the modulus and argument of ?
π π
6. Given that n , calculate the modulus and argument of
(a) (b)
[Hint: use double angle formulas s x s x si x, si x si x sx ]

√ √
7. Given the complex numbers z and z
z
(a) Write the complex numbers z , z and z in polar form
z
π √ √ π √ √
(b) Hence show that s and si
8. Given two complex numbers and √
(a) Calculate the modulus and argument of and
(b) Write the complex number in polar form and then
in standard form
π π
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9. Write the following complex numbers in trigonometric form
(a) √ ( n )
1.4.4. Power of complex number in trigonometric form
Consider two complex numbers z and z . We have seen that
|zz | |z| |z | and
Arg(zz ) Arg(z) Arg(z )
If z z , then
|z | |z| and
Arg(z ) Arg(z)
By generalization, we have
|zn | |z|n
n {
Arg(zn ) n Arg(z)

n
If r θ nθ , then rn nθ nnθ

1.4.5. De Moivre’s theorem.

In particular if z s si i.e. r then zn sn si n
( θ nθ )n nθ nnθ
This formula is called De Mo vre’s theorem or De Mo vre’s ormul .

Ex1
√
If z , evaluate z

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 Solution
√
, , r √

s r
√
, .
si r

z r s si

s si

z . s si / s si

s. / si . /
s. / si . /

s. /si . /
s( ) s
s si (Since {
si ( ) si
√

z z
n
n n
Ex2: Show that ( )n . s si /
Sln: let z , r √ √
√
s r √
, .
√
si r √

z √ . s si /
n n n n
zn 0√ . s si /1 (√ ) . s si /
n
n n
. s si / which is the desired result

Ex3: Let z √ be a complex number. How can you choose the positive
integer number n so that zn is pure imaginary?
Sln: z √ ; r √
√
s
,
si
z . s si /

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 n n n
n
zn 0 . s si /1 . s si /
n n
z is pure imaginary if (z )
n n n n
(zn ) s s
n
n
z is pure imaginary if n is a multiple of 6 plus 3.

1.4.5. Changing a complex number from a trigonometric form to

an algebraic form and vice versa
The following diagram gives the rules of changing a complex number from
trigonometric form to an algebraic form and vice-versa.

r √
sθ /r, si θ /r

Algebraic form Polar form

z z r sθ si θ

r sθ, rsi θ

Ex: Convert the complex number z . s si / in standard form.

√
Sln: z . s si / . / √

Exercise 1.10

√
1. Evaluate if
2. Work out and write the results in the form
(√ ) ( )
(a) . / (b) (√ ) (c)
π π π π
(d) ( √ ) (e) 0 . n / . n /1
3. Write the following complex numbers in trigonometric form
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(a) z √
E-mail: Jeyipi90@[Link] (b) z (c) z z 26
z z
(b) z (e) . z /
1.4.6. Exponential form of a complex number
a) Definition
Let z be any complex number of modulus r and argument . The exponential form of
the complex number z r s si is defined by z re

re θ r θ nθ

b) Properties

Let r e θ and r e θ , then

1. Product: r r 2 e (θ θ )
r
2. Quotient: e (θ θ )
r
3. Conjugate:
If r θ nθ re θ , then
( θ) θ
̅ r θ nθ r, n( θ)- re
n n nθ
4. Power: r e
5. De Mo vre’s theorem: ( θ nθ )n e nθ

c) Euler’s formulas
s si e (1)
s si e (2)
: s e e s (e e )

: si e e si (e e )

θ (e θ e θ
) ; nθ (e θ e θ
)

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 These formulas are called Euler’s ormul s
In general, we have

nθ (e nθ e nθ
) ; nnθ (e nθ e nθ
)

Ex1: Show that e

Sln: e s si which is the desired result.
Ex2: Find the value of e and e
Sln:
e s si
e s si
Ex3: Write the complex number ( )( √ ) in exponential form.
Sln: Let z , z √
z , , , r √
√
s
√
,
√
si
√

z √ , √ , r
s
√
,
si

. /
z z r r e( )
√ e √ e

Ex4: Determine the modulus, argument, real and imaginary parts of the
complex number:
e
z
e

e e e e e e (e e ) e e
Sln: z
e e e e e e (e e ) e e
. s si / . s si / si
t
. s si / . s si / s

t 0 s si 1
|z|
Exercise 1.11 t , Arg(z) , (z) , I (z) t

1. Write the following complex numbers in exponential form

(a) z √ , (c) z
(a) z
2. Write each of the following complex number in algebraic form
π π π
(a) z e (d) z e e
2π 2π 2π
(b z e (e) z e e
π
(c) z e
3. Determine
Prepared by Jeanthe modulus,
Paul argument, real and imaginary parts of each of the
RUBAYIZA
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following complex numbers: 28
π π 2π
e e √ e
(a) z π π (b) z π (c) z
1.5. THE nth ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

1.5.1. The nth roots of the unit number

The n roots of the equation zn are called nth roots of the unit number.
Let z r s si , then
zn ,r s si -n os si ( s si )
n
r sn si n os si
r n r
2 {
n n
Taking successively n we obtain n distinct arguments. Therefore
the nth roots of the unit are given by:
kπ kπ
uk n where k * n +
n n

Ex1: Determine the 4th roots of the unit number and represent them on the Argand
diagram
Sln: The 4th roots of the unit number are given by
u sn si sn si ,
where * +
For , u s si

For , u s si

For , u s si

For , u s si

Note that u u u u
On the Argand diagram, u , u , u and u are
vertices of a square inscribed in the unit
circle.

Ex2: Cubic roots of the unit number.

The cubic roots of 1 are given by
u sn si ,
where * +
For , u s si
√
For , u s si

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 √
For , u s si

Note that u u u
On the Argand diagram, u , u and u are
vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed
in the unit circle.

Observation

The nth roots of the unit number are vertices of a regular polygon of n sides
inscribed in the unit circle on the Argand diagram.

Exercise 1.12

(a) Determine the sixth roots of the unit number and represent them
graphically.
(b) What should you notice in this case?

1.5.2. The nth roots of a complex number

The nth roots of any complex number are solution of the equation
zn ,
z s si is an nth root of r s si iff
, s si -n r s si
n
sn si n r s si
n
n
r √r
{ {
n
n
The nth roots of the complex number r s si
are given by the formula
n θ kπ θ kπ
k √r n , k * n +
n n

Ex1: Find the cubic roots of 8i and represent them graphically.

Sln: The cubic roots of 8i are roots of the equation
z
Let z s si be a cubic root of
, r √
s
,
si

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 r s si s si
z , s si - s si
s si s si
√
{ { {

z 0 s. / si . /1, * +
√
For , z . s si / . / √
For , z 0 s. / si . /1 . s si /

√
. / √

For , z 0 s. / si . /1 . s si /

. s si / ( )

On the complex plane, , and are

vertices of an equilateral triangle
inscribed in the circle with center at the
origin and radius 2
Note that:

Theorem:

The n nth roots of a complex number are obtained by multiplying

successively one of them by the nth roots of the unit number.

Ex2: Find the fourth roots of

Sln: is one of the 4th roots of

Exercise
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Jean Paul
E-mail: Jeyipi90@[Link] 31
1. Determine the cubic roots of:
(a) (b) (c)
 The fourth roots of are
The 4th roots of are

1.6. APPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.6.1. Application to the trigonometry

De M vr ’ f r ula and B n al theorem are important tools to derive

trigonometric identities for n nn in terms of and n , tann in
terms of tan as well as, tn in terms of t

1. Case where
By D M ivr ’s f r ul :
( sx si x) s x si x (1)
By the binomial theorem:
( sx ∑ ( sx) ( si x)
2
si x) C k

s x sxsi x si x
s x si x sxsi x (2)
Comparing (1) and (2):
s x si x s x si x sxsi x
Equating real and imaginary parts:

n , n n

si x sxsi x
t x if x x ,
s x s x si x
sxsi x
s x t x
s x si x t x
s x s x
s x s x si x
t x si x sxsi x
s x si x
si x si x t x
sxsi x
tx
x

tan t
tan ; t
tan t

2. Case where

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 By one hand:
( sx si x) s x si x (1)
On the other hand
( sx ∑ ( sx) ( si x)
3
si x) C k
3 3 3 3
C 0
s x C 1
s x si x C 2
sx si x C 3
si x
s x s xsi x sxsi x si x
s x sxsi x ( s xsi x si x) (2)
Comparing (1) and (2):
s x si x s x sxsi x ( s xsi x si x)
Equating real and imaginary parts:

n ; n n n

si x s xsi x si x
t x if x x ,
s x s x sxsi x
s xsi x si x
s x si x t x t x
s x sxsi x t x
s x s x
s x s x sxsi x
t x si x s xsi x si x
s x sxsi x
si x si x t x tx
s xsi x si x t x
si x si x

tan tan t t
tan ; t
tan t

Exercise 1.14

1. (a) Show that n n and

n n n .
(b) Hence obtain the trigonometric identities for tan in terms of tan What
are the restrictions (conditions) on ?
2. (a) Derive trigonometric identities for , n in terms of and n .
(b) Hence deduct trigonometric identities for tan in terms of tan and t
in terms of t

1.6.2. Linearization of trigonometric polynomials

To linearize a given trigonometric polynomial sx si x is towrite it in the
form ∑( s x si x) where .Therefore linearization is the reverse
process of deriving trigonometric identities of snx and si nx in terms of sx
and si x
snx si nx e nx (1)
nx
snx si nx e (2)
n
: snx e e n snx (e nx e nx )

(e n
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E-mail: Jeyipi90@[Link] 33
 : si nx en e n
si nx (e nx e nx )

In particular case

(e e ) ; n (e e )

with e e

Ex1: Linearize:
(a) s x (b) si x
Sln
(a) sx (e x e x)

s x 0 (e x e x )1 (e x
e xe x
e x)

, (e x x )- (
e s x)
s x

(b) si x (e x e x)

si x 0 (e x e x )1 (e x
e xe x
e x)

,(e x x) - ( )
e s x
s x

These two trigonometric identities are well known in the elementary trigonometry.

Ex2: Linearize each of the following trigonometric polynomials

(a) sxsi x (c) s x
(b) si x (d) s xsi x
Sln
(a) sx (e x e x ), si x (e x e x )

sxsi x 0 (e x e x )1
0 (e x e x )1

(e x e x )(e x
e xe x
e xe x
e xe x
e x)

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 (e x e x )(e x
e x
e x
e x)

x x
(e e ex e x
e x
e x
e x)
e x e x
e x
x x
(e e ex e x
e x
e x)

,(e x x )e x (e x x) (e x x )-
e e e
( s x s x sx)
( s x s x sx)

(b) si x (e x e x)

si x 0 (e x e x )1 (e x
e xe x
e xe x
e x)

x
(e ex e x
e x)

,(e x x) (e x x )-
e e
( si x si x)
( si x si x)

n ( n n )

(e x x)
(c) s x e
x x )1 x
s x 0 (e e (e e xe x
e x)

, (e x x )- (
e s x)
s x

(d) sx (e x e x ),
si x (e x e x)

s xsi x 0 (e x e x )1
0 (e x e x )1

, (e x e x )(e x
e x )-

(e x x)
e
x
(e e xe x
e xe x
e x)

(e x x x x)
e e e
,(e x x )e x (e x x )-
e e

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n ( n n )
 ( si x si x)
( si x si x)

Exercise 1.15

Linearize each of the following trigonometric polynomials

(a) (d) n
(b) n (e) n
(c)

1.6.3. Solution of simple trigonometric equations and inequalities

1.6.1. Simple trigonometric equations

Si ps ’s f r ul s b us t s lv si pl trig tri qu ti s
p q p q
si p si q si s
p q p q
si p si q si s
p q p q
sp sq s s
p q p q
sp si q si si

Ex1: Solve the equation s x s x

p q p q
Sln: s p sq s s

x x x x x x
sx s x s s s s

x x
s x
{ x {x {
s x
π kπ
{ π kπ; k

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 Ex2: Solve the equation si x s x

Sln: si x s x
p q p q
si p si q si s
x x
si x s x si x si . x/ si s
x
x x
si . /
si . / s. / { x
s. /
x x

{ x { x

x x
{ {
x . / x

π π kπ
{ kπ ; k

Exercise1.16
Solve in the following trigonometric equations
1. si x si x
2. si x si x si x si x
3. s x s x
[Hint: Express s x in terms of s x]
4. sx s x s x
5. si x si x si x

Resolution of the equation os sin where

(a) Transformation of os sin

In , let z sx si x x and z z r
(1) z z̅ ( sx si x)( )
sx si x ( si x sx) (Algebraic form)

(2) z z̅ ( sx si x),r( s si )-
r, s(x ) isi (x )- (Polar form)

sx si x z ̅
z

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 r s(x )
√ s(x )

sx si x √ s(x θ)

(b) Resolution of the equation os sin

sx si x √ s(x )
s(x )
√
Discussion
 If | | , the equation has no solution
√

 If | | , the equation has an infinity of solutions in

√

Ex1: Solve the equation sx si x √

Sln: , , r √ √
sx si x √ s(x ) where is the argument of the complex
√
s r
√
si r
sx si x √ √ s .x / √
s .x /
x
x
π
S 2 π; 3

√
Ex2: Solve the inequality sx si x
Sln: , , r √ √
sx si x r s(x ) where is the argument of the complex
√
s r
√
si r
√
sx si x
√
√ s .x /

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 s .x /
x
x
x
π 7π
S { π x π;

Ex2: Solve the inequality sx √ si x √

Sln: , , r √ √
sx si x r s(x ) where is the argument of the complex
s r
√
si r
sx √ si x √
s .x / √
√
s .x /
x
x
x

π 7π
S { π x π;

Exercise 1.17
1. Solve the following equations using:
(a) sx √ si x √ (d) √ si x sx √
(b) √ s x si x (e) s x √ si x
(c) sx √ si x √
2. Solve the inequalities:
(a) sx √ si x
(b) √ sx si x

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1.6.4. Geometry and complex numbers
Given three points A, B and C with respective affixes zA , zB and zC , then
(1) Points A, B and C are collinear (or aligned) iff
zC zA
is a real number.
z z
B A
(2) ABC is a right-angled triangle iff
zC zA
is a pure imaginary number.
z z B A
(3) ABC is an equilateral triangle iff
zC zA
e i.e. (AB AC) and AB AC
zB zA

Ex: Given three points A, B and C whose respective affixes are

, , and √
(a) Find the affix u of the vector AC and u of the vector AB
u
(b) Write u in polar form
(c) Hence deduct the nature of the triangle ABC.
Sln:
(a) u zC zA √ √
u zB zA
(b) u √ , r √
s
√ √
si
u , r √
s
si
u r
, ( ) n( )-
u r
0 . / n. /1
n
(c) ABC is an equilateral triangle

Exercise 1.18
Given three points A, B and C whose respective affixes are
, , and
(a) Find the affixes of the vectors AC and AB
(b) Write in polar form
(c) Hence determine the nature of the ABC

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Miscellaneous Exercise 1.20
1. Write the following complex number z in the form
√
z . / . /
√
2. Solve in the following equations
(a) z ( i )z (d) z |z | ⁄
(b) z ( )z ( ) (e) z z
s s
(c)
[Hint: Use the 4th degree reciprocal equation]
3. Given the equation z ( )z ( )z ( ) (1)
(a) Show that the equation a pure complex solution to be found
(b) Hence, solve the equation in .
4. Prove the following trigonometric identities:
(a) s x si x ( s x)
(b) si x ( s x s x s x)
5. Linearize:
(a) s xsi x (b) si x s x
6. Find the real and imaginary parts of ( )n . Hence, show that
n
n 2 4 6
(a) s C n C n C n
n
n 1 3 5 7
(b) si C n C n C n C n

7. Consider the complex numbers:

z
z √ , u √ and w u
a) Calculate the modulus and argument of z and u
b) Write w in algebraic form, then in polar form
c) Calculate: w , w , w and w w
write each result in algebraic form.
√ √
8. Given the complex numbers z and z
z
(a) Write the complex numbers z , z and z in polar form
z
√ √ √ √
(b) Hence show that s and si
(c) Consider the equation with real unknown
(√ √ ) sx (√ √ )si x
(i) Solve this equation in
(ii) Mark the image-points on the unit circle
9. Show that
n n n
. / . / n si
√ √ (√ )
√
10. Calculate the modulus and argument of the complex number z ,
√
hence work out the value of z and write the result in standard from.
11. Solve in the equation
z z
(a) .z / .z /

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 z
[Hint: let z t]
z z z
(b) . z / .z / .z /
12. Solve the following equations
√
(a) si . x / si x
(b) s x s x si x si x
13. Given that is a zero of the 4th degree polynomial
x x x x x , find the other zeros of x .
14. Calculate and write the results in standard form:
√
(a) (√ ) (b) . / (c) . /
√
15. Exact value of s
(a) Show that s s s and s s s
th
(b) Hence, by considering the 5 roots of the unit number, calculate the
exact value of s .
16. If u is a complex root of the unit number, without expanding the determinant,
show that
u u
|u u|
u u

17. Let z z ( )z z ( )z
(a) Show that the equation z has a real root z and a pure complex root z
to be found.
(b) Calculate two complex numbers a and b such that:
z z z z z z
(c) Solve the equation z
[Hint: use the fact that ( ) ]
t t
18. (a) By using complex numbers, show that t x where t t x
t
(b) Hence solve the equation t t t . Give your answer correct
to 3 significant figures
(c) Verify these results by an algebraic method.
19. What locus (equation) a point which moves in the complex plane such that:
(a) |z | (d) z z̅ z z̅
(b) ( )z ( )z (e) |z | |z |
(c) z z̅
√
20. Consider the complex number z
Show that the set of complex numbers G * z z z z z + is closed
under the multiplication in and write the multiplication table.

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Prepared by Jean Paul RUBAYIZA
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