Module – II

Complex Stress States

Dr. P. Seenuvasaperumal
SMEC, VIT Vellore
Module 2: Complex Stress States and Failure
Theories
Axial and inclined plane stresses; Compound and biaxial stresses; Simple shear and
normal stress combinations; Mohr’s circle (stress and strain), strain rosette; Principal
Stresses and strains: analytical and graphical solutions;Theories of failures.
 Biaxial state of stress

The more general stress condition in which the stresses on an

element acts in both x and y directions and all stress components
in z- direction vanish is known as biaxial stress system.
 Stress transformation

Stress transformation is a method of rotating the normal stresses

and shear on a cross-section element to a new coordinate system.
 Principal stresses

The plane which have no shear stress are known as principal plane.
The normal stresses acting on the plane are known as principal
stresses. It can be determined by two methods,
➢ Analytical method.
➢ Graphical method (Mohr’s circle)
(i). Analytical method:
The analytical method is approached for considering two cases,
➢ A member subjected to a direct stress in one plane
➢ The member is subjected to like direct stresses in two mutually
perpendicular directions.
 Stresses in uniaxial loading

𝐏
𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐞 𝐀𝐁, 𝛔=
𝐀𝐁
𝐏𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐞 𝐀𝐂, 𝛔=
𝐀𝐂
𝐏. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽
𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐞 𝐀𝐂, 𝛔 = = 𝝈. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽
𝐀𝐁

𝐀𝐭 𝛉 = 𝟎° → 𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝛔 = 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦

 𝐏𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐞 𝐀𝐂, 𝛕 =
𝐀𝐂

𝐏𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉. 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
𝛕=
𝐀𝑩

𝐏𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛉
𝛕=
𝟐. 𝐀𝑩

𝛔
𝛕= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛉
𝟐

𝐀𝐭 𝛉 = 𝟒𝟓° → 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝛕 = 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦

Ductile materials are weak in shear. Brittle materials are weak in

tension [normal] loading.
 Failure under uniaxial loading

Ductile fracture of Aluminum alloy Brittle fracture of Cast Iron

Image Source: [Link]
Q. Two wooden members of uniform rectangular cross section are
joined by the simple glued scarf splice shown. Knowing that the
maximum allowable shearing stress in the glued splice is 620 kPa,
determine (a) the largest load P that can be safely applied, (b) the
corresponding tensile stress in the splice.
 𝛔 𝑷
𝛕 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛉 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛉
𝟐 𝟐𝐀

𝟑
𝑷
𝟔𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟗𝟎
𝟐[𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓]

𝐀𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 [𝐏] = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟓 𝐤𝐍

𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 @𝟒𝟓° 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 [𝛔] = 𝛔. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉

𝐏
𝛔= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉 = 𝟔𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐚
𝐀

The plane used for joining two wooden members is the plane
of maximum shear stress.
Stresses in biaxial loading
Q. The stresses at the point of a machine component are 150 MPa
and 50 MPa, both tensile. Find the intensities of normal, shear, and
resultant stresses on a plane inclined at an angle of 55° with the
axis of major tensile stress. Also, find the magnitude of the
maximum shear stress in the component.
Q. The stresses at a point in a component are 100 MPa (tensile) and
50 MPa (compressive). Determine the magnitude of the normal and
shear stresses on a plane inclined at an angle of 25° with tensile
stress. Also, determine the direction of the resultant stress and the
magnitude of the maximum intensity of shear stress.
Q. At a point in a strained material, the principal tensile stresses
across two mutually perpendicular planes are 80 N/mm2 and 40
N/mm2. Determine the normal stress, shear stress, and the
resultant stress on a plane inclined at 20 ° with the major principal
plane. Determine also the obliquity. What will be the intensity of
stress, which, acting alone, will produce the same maximum strain
if Poisson’s ratio is 0.25?
Stresses in pure shear loading
Biaxial with shear stresses
Q. A plane element in a boiler is subjected to tensile stresses of 500
MPa on one plane and 210 MPa on the other at right angles to the
former. Each of the above stresses is accompanied by a shear stress
of 120 MPa, such that when associated with the minor tensile stress
tends to rotate the element in an anticlockwise direction. Find
(i) Principal stresses and their directions.
(ii) Maximum shearing stresses and the directions of the plane on
which they act.
Q. The intensity of resultant stress on a plane AB at a point in a
material under stress is 700N/cm2 and it is inclined at 45 ° to the
normal to the plane. The normal component of stress on another
plane BC at right angle to plane AB is 400 N/cm2. Determine the
following:
(i). The resultant stress on the plane BC,
(ii). The principal stresses and their directions,
(iii). The maximum shear stresses and their planes.
Q. A mild steel plate with a circular hole is stressed, as shown in the
figure. If the diameter of the hole is 40mm, find the lengths of the
major and minor axes of an ellipse formed as a result of the
deformation of the circular hole. Take, E=2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and
Poisson’s ratio 0.2.
Q. For the state of plane stress shown in Fig., determine (a) the
principal planes, (b) the principal stresses, (c) the maximum
shearing stress and the corresponding normal stress.
 Mohr's circle for principal stresses
stresses

35
Cont…

36
 A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular
principal tensile stresses of unequal intensities

𝜎1 − 𝜎2
From the Mohr’s circle, ′
⸪ Radius of Mohr s circle =
AD – Normal stress and 2
Angle ϕ = obliquity
ED – Tangential stress.
IIIly ED = OE sin 2𝜃
AD = AO + OD
𝜎1 − 𝜎2
ED

𝜎1 + 𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2
AD

AD = + cos 2𝜃 , ED = sin 2𝜃
2 2 2 37
 How to draw Mohr’s circle
From the given data,
take
σ1– Major principal tensile stress,
σ2– Minor principal tensile stress
Θ – Angle made by the oblique plane with the axis of minor tensile
stress.

Step-1

38
 Step-2 Step-3

Step-4

From Mohr’s circle,

AD – Normal stress
ED – Tangential stress
AE – Resultant stress
39
Proof.
From the Mohr’s circle,
𝜎1 − 𝜎2
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜ℎ𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
2
And AD = AO + OD,
𝜎1 + 𝜎2
AO = AC + CO = ,
2
𝜎1 − 𝜎2
OD = OE cos 2𝜃 = cos 2𝜃,
2
𝜎1 + 𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2
⸫ AD = + cos 2𝜃 ,
2 2
IIIly
ED = OE sin 2𝜃

𝜎1 − 𝜎2
= sin 2𝜃
2
40
 A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular
principal stresses of unequal and unlike

′
𝜎1 + 𝜎2
⸪ Radius of Mohr s circle = 𝐶𝑂 𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝐵 =
2
Angle ϕ = obliquity

From the Mohr’s circle,

AD – Normal stress and
ED – Tangential stress.
AD = AO + OD
𝜎1 − 𝜎2 𝜎1 + 𝜎2
AD

AD = + cos 2𝜃 ,
2 2

IIIly ED = OE sin 2𝜃
𝜎1 + 𝜎2
ED

41
ED = sin 2𝜃
2
 How to draw Mohr’s circle
From the given data,
take
σ1– Major principal tensile stress,
σ2– Minor principal compressive stress
Θ – Angle made by the oblique plane with the axis of minor tensile stress.
Step-1

42
Step-2 Step-3 Step-4

From the Mohr’s circle,

AD – Normal stress on oblique plane,
ED – Tangential stress on oblique plane
AE – Resultant stress on oblique plane.
43
Proof.
𝜎1 + 𝜎2
Radius of Mohr ′ s
circle = 𝐶𝑂 𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝐵 =
2
Angle ϕ = obliquity
AD = AO + OD,
𝜎 −𝜎
and AO = OC – AC = 1 2,
2
𝜎1 + 𝜎2
OD = OE cos 2𝜃 = cos 2𝜃
2
𝜎1 − 𝜎2 𝜎1 + 𝜎2
AD

AD = + cos 2𝜃 ,
2 2

IIIly ED = OE sin 2𝜃
𝜎1 + 𝜎2
ED

ED = sin 2𝜃
2
44
 A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular
principal tensile stresses accompanied by a simple
shear stress

𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
⸪ Radius of Mohr ′ s circle = 𝑂𝐿 = 𝑂𝑀 = 𝑂𝐸 = 𝑂𝐹 = 𝑂𝐺 = + 𝜏2
2
Angle ϕ = obliquity

From the Mohr’s circle,

45
AD – Normal stress and ED – Tangential stress.
Cont…
⸫ AD = AO + OD IIIly ED = OE sin 2𝜃
𝜎 +𝜎 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2
AD
ED

AD = 1 2 + cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏 sin 2𝜃 ED =
2
sin 2𝜃 _ 𝜏 cos 2𝜃
2 2

Max. and Min value of normal stress, Max. value of shear stress,
𝜎𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = AM = AO + OM 𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = AM = AO + OM
𝜎1 +𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
⸫ 𝜎𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥
m a. x

= + + 𝜏2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
2 2 ⸫ 𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥
m a. x

= + 𝜏2
2
IIIly 𝜎𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = AL = AO - LO

𝜎1 +𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
⸫ 𝜎𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
m i. n

= - + 𝜏2
2 2

46
 How to draw Mohr’s circle
From the given data,
take
σ1– Major principal tensile stress,
σ2– Minor principal tensile stress,
τ – Shear stress across faces
Θ – Angle made by the oblique plane with the axis of major tensile stress.

Step-1

47
 Step-2 Step-3

Step-4 Step-5

48
 Proof.
From the Mohr’s circle,
AD – Normal stress on oblique plane,
ED – Tangential stress on oblique plane
AE – Resultant stress on oblique plane.
Radius of Mohr ′ s circle = 𝑂𝐿 = 𝑂𝑀 = 𝑂𝐸 = 𝑂𝐹 = 𝑂𝐺
𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
= + 𝜏2
2
𝜎1 − 𝜎2
⸪ OF = 𝑂𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐹 2 , OB = and BF = τ.
2
⸫ AD = AO + OD
𝜎1 +𝜎2
AO = AC + CO = ,
2 IIIly ED = OE sin(2𝜃 − α)
OD = OE cos(2𝜃 - α)
𝜎1 − 𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2
= cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏 sin 2𝜃 = sin 2𝜃 _ 𝜏 cos 2𝜃
2 2
𝜎1 +𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 49
AD
ED

AD = + cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏 sin 2𝜃 ED = sin 2𝜃 _ 𝜏 cos 2𝜃

2 2 2
Cont…

Max. and Min value of normal stress, Max. value of shear stress,
𝜎𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = AM = AO + OM 𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = OF
𝜎1 +𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
⸫ 𝜎𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥
m a. x

= + + 𝜏2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
2 2 ⸫ 𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥
m a. x

= + 𝜏2
2
IIIly 𝜎𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = AL = AO - LO

𝜎1 +𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
⸫ 𝜎𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
m i. n

= - + 𝜏2
2 2

50
A point in a strained material is subjected to stresses
shown in the figure. Using Mohr’s circle method,
determine the normal and tangential stresses across
the oblique plane. Check the answer analytically.
Given data:
Major principal stress σ1 = 65 N/mm2
Minor principal stress σ2 = 35 N/mm2
Shear stress τ1 = 25 N/mm2
Angle of oblique plane θ = 45 °
To find:
1) Normal stress σn =?
2) Tangential stress σt =?
51

Also, check with the analytical method

 Graphical method
Take:
σ1 = 65 N/mm2 = 65 mm, σ2 = 35 N/mm2 = 35 mm, τ1 = 25 N/mm2 = 25 mm

52
Analytical method
Radius of Mohr ′ s circle = 𝑂𝐿 = 𝑂𝑀 = 𝑂𝐸 = 𝑂𝐹
𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
= 𝑂𝐺 = + 𝜏2
2
65−35 2
= + 252 = 225 + 625 =29.15 N/mm2.
2

𝜎1 +𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2
σn = AD = + cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏 sin 2𝜃
2 2
65+35 65−35
= + cos 90 + 25 sin 90
2 2
= 50 + 0 + 25 = 75 N/mm2

𝜎1 − 𝜎2
σt = ED = sin 2𝜃 _ 𝜏 cos 2𝜃
2
65−35
= sin 90 _ 25cos 90
2
=15 N/mm2 53
Cont…
𝜎1 +𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
𝐴𝑀 = 𝜎𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +m a. x

+ 𝜏2
2 2
65+35 65−35 2
= + + 252
2 2
= 50 + 225 + 625 = 50 + 29.1
Max. value of shear stress,
= 79 N/mm2 𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = OF

𝜎1 +𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
𝜎𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
m i. n

- + 𝜏2 𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
m a. x

+ 𝜏2
2 2 2

65+35 65−35 2 65−35 2

⸫ 𝜎𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = m i. n

- + 252 ⸫ = + 252
2 2 2
= 50 – 29.1 = 21 N/mm2 = 225 + 625
=29.15 N/mm2.
54
Thank you