MODULE 11

According to Cumming (1985) “Too many visitors are

bad for the fabric of our buildings, and our displays and
push up maintenance bills, too few visitors and we scent
failure and we rush off to commission visitor surveys”.
Managing Visitors
• Visitors and heritage have symbiotic relationship.
People need heritage to add perspective and meaning to
their live.
•Visitor management is the practice of ensuring visitors
achieve a quality sustainable experience, while assisting
the achievement of the area’s overall management
objectives.
Visitors Management Procedures and Framework
ROS: Recreation Opportunity Spectrum
TOS: Tourism Opportunity Spectrum
ECOS: Ecotourism Opportunity Spectrum
IPCOST: Indigenous People’s Cultural Opportunity
Spectrum
UTOS: Urban Tourism Opportunity Spectrum
1. ROS (Recreation Opportunity Spectrum) ROS
incorporated relationship between setting, activities,
user expectations and the role of management.
2. TOS (Tourism Opportunity Spectrum) Framework,
which consider the activities that should be allowed or
 prohibited, the kind of facilities that should be
developed.
3. ECOS (Ecotourism Opportunity Spectrum)
a) ACCESS( Difficulty, Access system, Means of
conveyance transportation )
b) OTHER RESOURCES-RELATED ACTIVITIES
(Relationship)
c) ATTRACTIONS OFFERED
d) EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE
(Extent ,Visibility ,Complexity, Facilities )
e) SOCIAL INTERACTION (Other ecotourist)
f) LEVEL OF SKILL AND KNOWLEDGE
g) ACCEPTANCE OF VISITOR IMPACTS (Degree of
impact, Level of control, Facilities ,Prevalence of impact
)
The most relevance to heritage tourism. This
framework has 3 phases:
4. IPCOST (Indigenous People’ Cultural Opportunity
Spectrum) •Identities characteristics of indigenous
communities around the themes of community,
resources and business.
• Levels of contact with tourist and degree of access by
visitors to cultural elements Permitted.
•Uses a range of tourism models and variables such as
carrying capacity, accessibility and employment.
5. UTOS (Urban Tourism Opportunity Spectrum)
Six specific factors play a role in the development:
•Accessibility to and within the area.
•Combination of activities within a specific time-space
budget. •Range of activities available.
 •The spatial arrangement of interesting places.
•Functional synergy between urban facilities.
•The interaction between activities.
• Specific Visitors Management Tools and Technique
Specific Visitors Management Tools and
Technique
• Controlling traffic, visitors flows and
congestion
-Seasonal closures help the place to recover and
leave the hosts with some peaceful time alone.
• Limiting contact between visitors and artifacts
-Physical limitation. Le ropes, chains, glass chasing
etc.
• Fees and pricing
-Can control demand.
• Providing high-quality experience
- Quality of experience is equitably important as
conservation as it lead to more respect for the
resources.

Marketing and promotion - The best thing that

marketing and promotion can do is to shift the demand
from peak season to off seasons.
Hardening the resources- To reduce negative
ecological impacts of heritage tourism.
Interpretation - is an education-based activity that
reveals meanings behind historic sites, their people and
their stories.
Creating mindful visitors- Mindful visitors are those
who understand, appreciate, receptive to learning and
more sensitive to issues.

MODULE 12
What is heritage?
The Oxford English Dictionary defines heritage’ as
property that is or may be inherited; an inheritance,
valued things such as historic buildings that have been
passed down from previous generations, and relating to
things of historic or cultural value that are worthy of
preservation.
LIST OF TYPES OF CULTURE HERITAGE
 Cultural heritage sites (including archaeological
sites, ruins, historic buildings)
 historic cities (urban landscapes and their
constituent parts as well as ruined cities)
 cultural landscapes (including parks, gardens and
other ‘modified’ landscapes such as pastoral lands
and farms)
 natural sacred sites (places that people revere or
hold important but that have no evidence of human
modification, for example sacred mountains)
 underwater cultural heritage (for example
shipwrecks)
  museums (including cultural museums, art galleries
and house museums)
 movable cultural heritage (objects as diverse as
paintings, tractors, stone tools and cameras- this
category covers any form of object that is movable
and that is outside of an archaeological. Context)
 Handicraft
 handicrafts documentary and digital heritage
(the archives and objects deposited in libraries,
including digital archives cinematographic
heritage (movies and the ideas they convey)
 oral traditions (stories, histories and traditions that
are not written but passed from generation to
generation)
 festive events (festivals and carnivals and the
traditions they embody)
 Languages rites and beliefs (rituals, traditions
and religious beliefs)
 music and song the performing arts (theatre,
drama, dance and music)
 traditional medicine
 literature
 culinary traditions
 traditional sports and games.
What is Culture?
Culture is considered as the way of life. It refers to the
customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social
organization of a particular country or group.
Manifestations of Culture Cultural differences manifest
themselves in different ways and differing levels of depth.
Symbols represent the most superficial and values the
deepest manifestations of culture, with heroes and rituals
in between. Symbols are words, gestures, pictures, or
objects that carry a particular meaning which is only
recognized by those who share a particular culture. New
symbols easily develop, old ones disappear. Symbols from
one particular group are regularly copied by others. This
is why symbols represent the outermost layer of a
culture. Heroes are persons, past or present, real or
fictitious, who possess characteristics that are highly
prized in a culture. They also serve as models for
behavior.
Rituals are collective activities, sometimes superfluous
in reaching desired objectives, but are considered as
socially essential. They are therefore carried out most of
the times for their own sake (ways of greetings, paying
respect to others, religious and social ceremonies, etc.).
Cultural Heritage Tourism is a branch of tourism
oriented towards the cultural heritage of the location
where tourism is occurring.
Conceptualizing Cultural Tourism
Cultural tourism involves four elements:
1. Tourism
2. Use of cultural heritage assets
3. Consumption of experiences and products
4. The tourist
1. Tourism - To state that cultural tourism is a form of
tourism may seem self-evident and rather reiterative.
But, it is important to appreciate that “tourism” is a noun
and “cultural” is an adjective used to modify it.
2. Use of cultural heritage assets - Having stated the
above, however, cultural tourism’s principal building
blocks are a community or a nation’s cultural heritage
assets. The International Council on Monuments and Sites
(ICOMOS), defines heritage as a broad concept that
includes tangible assets, such as natural and cultural
environments, encompassing landscapes, historic places,
sites, and built environments, as well as intangible assets,
such as collections, past and continuing cultural
practices, knowledge, and living experiences (ICOMOS
1999).
3. Consumption of experiences and products - All
tourism involves the consumption of experiences and
products (Urry 1990, Richards 1996c), and cultural
tourism is no different.
4. The tourist Finally, cultural tourism must consider the
tourist. A number of the definitions suggest or imply
strongly that all cultural tourists are motivated to travel
for deep learning, experiential, or self-exploration
reasons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
1. Culture is the sum total of acquired traits which man
acquires by socialization process. Thus, culture
 comprises good behavior patterns of people in the
society.
2. Culture is transmitted from generation to
generation. Each generation is free to modify the
cultural heritage and then transmits it to the next
generation.
3. Culture is a social heritage of man. It represents
group’s expectations. Man cannot create it bereft of
group’s influence. Therefore, it has not its individual
connotation.
4. A culture which does not meet the recurring needs
and demands of mankind is obsolete and outmoded.
As such, a culture is good if it gratifies the social and
ethical needs of man.
5. Culture is not static but dynamic. It receives good
things from other cultures. Thus, there is a cultural
synthesis or integration. As a result, culture gets
refined and influences the life styles of Individuals. It
is subject to change and grow. 50, culture is
adaptative in nature. Culture changes as civilization
changes.
6. Culture has the quality of becoming integrated.
Various parts of culture are integrated with each.
Other. It welcomes new element to be incorporated
in it.
7. Culture Is the manifestation of individual’s mind in
different environments and circumstances. Man is
interwoven with cultural mainstreams and becomes
part and parcel of it.
 8. Culture is idealistic as it stands for ideals, norms and
patterns of behavior.
9. Culture is diffused among various groups. As a result,
there is seen how one group accepts another’s
culture in their styles of living.
10. Culture is modified and renewed in the light of
new experience

MODULE 14
Filipino Customs and Traditions
1. Mano Po. When children or young people greet or
say goodbye to their elders they typically do so by
taking the right hand of the elder with their right
hand and touch the back the elder’s hand lightly on
their forehead. It is a way of giving respect to the
elders and I believe that is also a way of receiving
blessing to the elders. Mano is a Spanish word for
“hand” while Po is used in the end of the sentence
when addressing elders or superiors.
2. Hospitality. Filipinos are one of the most hospitable
people you may find anywhere. Foreign visitors in the
country are treated with the utmost respect. This
trait is usually seen during fiestas and holidays where
many Filipinos are giving their best to entertain their
visitors well.
3. Having Close Family Ties is also one of their
unique traits. It is one of the outstanding cultural
values that Filipinos have. The family takes care of
 each other and are taught to be loyal to family and
elders by simply obeying their authorities. This is one
of the unique characteristics of Filipinos.
4. Bayanihan. It is the spirit of communal unity or
effort to achieve a particular objective. A famous
example of this is the neighbors carrying a hut or
house to a new location. People nowadays use it to
describe an outpouring of community spirit-as people
give their all to the common good, without expecting
recognition or personal gain.
5. Courtship. Filipinos are very romantic when it comes
to heart affairs. Serenading or Harana in Tagalog is
one of the most popular forms of courtship to show
that a man is very serious with his intentions to a
woman. A serenade would require the young man to
sing a love song in front of the young lady’s house.
6. Superstition. In the Philippines, superstitious beliefs
have grown throughout the country. These beliefs
have come from the different sayings and beliefs of
our ancestors that aim to prevent danger from
happening or to make a person refrain from doing
something in particular.
7. Marriage. In the country, marriage is a sacred union
of man and women after a period of courtship and
engagement. It is a sacrament between two people
who love each other. For many Filipinos, the eternal
quality of dedication to God pervades a truly sacred
marriage.
8. Christmas in the Philippines. Christmas in the
Philippines is considered as one of the biggest
 holidays in the archipelago. We earned the distinction
of celebrating the world’s longest Christmas season
with Christmas carols heard as early as September
and lasting until Epiphany, the feast of the Black
Nazarene on January 9 or the Feast of the Santo Niño
de Cebu on the third Sunday of January.
9. . Death in the Philippines is one of the most
important occasions in family life. For many Filipinos,
a death of relatives is an opportunity to strengthen
ties in the Family. To pay respect and honor the
relationship to the deceased, long lost relatives,
friends, and even relatives working abroad are
reunited.
[Link] with Hands (Kamayan) in addition to the
use of the fork and spoon, eating with your hands or
kamayan is another common Filipino tradition. For
many Filipinos, kamayan gives full taste to the food
instead of using utensils.

BASIC ETIQUETTE
1. Filipinos tend to dress modestly, especially when in
public.
2. It is expected that the elderly and those of a higher
social status are treated with respect.
3. Given large family sizes and typically small living
quarters, Filipinos are generally not demanding of
 privacy. Within one family, possessions are typically
thought to be communal and shared. Thus, It is
expected to be open about one’s possessions and
space.
4. Many Filipinos avoid blasphemy and cursing as it
may cause themselves to lose face.
5. Filipinos typically have a relaxed approach towards
timekeeping and punctuality. It is common for
Filipinos to arrive an hour or two hours after the
designated time. This is commonly referred to as
‘Filipino time.
Visiting
1. It is common practice to remove one’s shoes before
entering someone’s home. The host may offer you
slippers to wear inside the home.
2. Try to accept any refreshments offered. Refusing
them is considered impolite.
3. To display their hospitality, Filipinos will often use
their finest crockery and cutlery when they have a
visitor. It would be polite to comment on it out of
acknowledgement for their efforts.
4. If there is a visitor, Filipinos are reluctant to take the
last serving of any shared food served at a meal.
5. If someone is eating and someone walks past, many
Filipinos will offer the person passing by to stop and
eat.
Eating
1. Nearly all meals are served with rice. If a meal is not
served with rice, it is normally not considered a main
meal but rather a snack.
2. Many Filipinos eat with their hands or with a spoon and
fork. However, they will often try their best to
accommodate for their guests by finding suitable cutlery
for their guest.
3. It is considered rude to lean on one’s arms when
present at the dinner table.
4. Filipinos may allow food to go cold before eating it as
they wish to have all the dishes present on the table
before serving.
5. It is common to leave food at the table just in case
someone else arrives or is hungry later.
Gift Giving
1. Presentation is important, so Filipinos will take
considerable effort to make sure their gifts are well
presented and wrapped.
COMMUNICATION
Verbal
• Communication Style: Filipinos will try to express
their opinions and ideas diplomatically and with humility
to avoid appearing arrogant. The tone of voice varies
widely by language, dialect and region.
•Indirect Communication: Filipinos often communicate
indirectly in order to prevent a loss of face and evoking
hiya on either side of an exchange. Speech is often
ambiguous and Filipinos may speak in the passive voice
rather than the active to avoid being perceived as
speaking harshly.
• Refusals: Since many Filipinos try to save face and
avoid hiya in their interactions, many will be overly polite
and seldom give a flat ‘no’ or negative response. Listen to
what they say and also pay close attention to what they
don’t say.
•Respect: When speaking to those who are older or of
higher status, Filipinos tend to use the polite forms of
speech. At the end of phrases, sentences or questions,
they will say ‘po’ to demonstrate this respect for
hierarchy.
Non verbal
•Physical Contact: Among relatives or friends of the
same gender, it is common for Filipinos to walk hand in
hand or arm in arm. This is generally done so as a sign of
affection, friendship or if they are shy and would like
someone to accompany them.
•Personal Space: When interacting with people they are
familiar with, Filipinos tend to prefer standing at an arm’s
length from one another Around strangers this distance is
farther.
• Laughter: While Filipinos often laugh in conversations,
the meaning of laughter tends to depend on the situation.
At times, laughing may indicate happiness or pleasure,
while other times it may be used to relieve tension.
•Gestures: Putting one’s hands on their hips is a sign of
anger. •Beckoning: The common way to beckon
someone is by gesturing with the hand facing downwards
and waving fingers towards oneself, the same gesture
that would represent ‘shooing in Australia. If a Filipino
wants someone’s attention, it is common for them to
make a sound like ‘pssst”
DATE OF SIGNIFICANCE
 New Year’s Day (1st of January)
 EDSA Revolution Anniversary (25th of February)
 Bataan Day (9th of April)
 Easter (Varies each year)
 Labour Day (1st of May)
 Independence Day (12th of June)
 Ninoy Aquino Day (21st of August)
 National Heroes’ Day (last Monday of August)
 Anniversary of the National Declaration of Martial
Law (21st of September)
 All Saint’s Day (1st of November)
 Bonifacio Day (30th of November)
 Christmas Day (25th of December).
 Rizal Day (10th of December)