Fluid Power

• Fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under

an applied shear stress

• Fluid comprises both gases and liquid

• The technique or using liquid for power transmission is

called as hydraulics while which uses gases for power
transmission is called pneumatics

• In most hydraulic system mineral oils will be used while in

most pneumatic system atmospheric air will be used
 Advantages of using Fluid Power
The transmission of power through fluid has following advantages
compared to the other modes

• Power transmission requires less mechanical parts

• The problem of breakage of parts like gears,cams,belts and chains is not

involved

• Lesser noise and less vibration can be ensured from the system by
proper installation of fluid system

• Forces can be conveyed up and down with less loss in efficiency

• System overloading can be prevented by use of automatic relief valves

• Economical compared to other modes

 What is Hydraulics?
• Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and
engineering dealing with the mechanical properties
of fluids.
• On a very basic level hydraulics is used for the
generation, control and transmission of fluids in
order to produce some mechanical work or in general
as a part of river engineering.
 What is Hydraulics?
• The fluid power systems (pneumatic and
hydraulic) may be used for the following
• Fluid power systems are used for carrying out
mechanical work using linear, swivel and
rotary motion for plant equipment and
machinery.
• Controlling application:
• Measurement of process parameter

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 The basic laws of Hydraulics
Pascal’s Law

• It states that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined

incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions
throughout the fluid such that the pressure ratio (initial
difference) remains the same.

➢ Hydraulic jack

➢ Hydraulic press

➢ Braking system for automobiles

Principle of hydraulic system
 Hydraulics
Advantages

• Few moving parts

• Low losses over long distances

• Little wear

• Flexibility

• Distribute force in multiple directions

• Safe and reliable for many uses

• Can be stored under pressure for long periods

• Variable speed control

• Quick response (linear and rotary)

 Hydraulics

Disadvantages

• Requires positive confinement (to give shape)

• Fire/explosive hazard if leaks or ruptures

• Filtration critical – must be free of debris

• Manpower intensive to clean up

Hydraulic System

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Pneumatic system

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Elements of Pneumatic system

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Hydraulics and Pneumatics

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Filters

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Filters

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circulation pump

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 Control Valve
• The primary function of a control valve is to
direct and regulate the flow of fluid from an
energy source to the various loading devices.
• Control valves cover following functions:
– allowing the passage of air/fluid and directing it to
a loading line;
– cancel the signal by blocking its passage;
– alter or generate the signal;
– release the air atmosphere or return the fluid to
the tank.
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 Control Valve
• Valves are divided into the following six
categories:
– DCVs;
– non-return valves;
– flow control valves;
– pressure control valves;
– combinational valves (eg: Time delay valve)
– solenoid valves.

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 Control valves
• Mainly two types
• Infinite position valve can take up any
position between open and closed and,
consequently, can be used to modulate flow
or pressure.
Eg: Relief valves

• Finite position valve- are only used to allow

or block flow of fluid.

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Infinite position valve symbols

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 Directional Control Valve
• The DCVs are used for controlling the passage of a fluid signal
ie pressure signals.
• This is done by generating, canceling or redirecting signals.
• DCVs are essentially categorized into three groups: .
1. Signaling elements (INPUT element);
➢ For giving pressure signals - The DCV is normally operated by a
pushbutton or a roller or a lever.
2. Processing elements;
➢ A processing element is normally known as logic valve.
➢ It generates or cancels or redirects signals depending on the
desired control conditions.
3. Power elements or final control element
➢ The final control element must deliver the required quantity of
fluid to match the load in the actuator.
➢ These are usually pilot operated valve.
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Loading valves

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 Operations of DCVs
• Connections to a valve are termed 'ports'

➢ Ports A and B are the signal output ports as load is connected to these
ports.
➢ The pressure port is labeled as P and pressure signal is supplied to this
port from a compressor or pump.
➢ In a hydraulic system the return port R ensures that fluids are returned to
the tank whereas in a pneumatic system the return port R is vented to the
atmosphere. MED, VAST
Internal valve operation

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 Valve control positions

• Possible valve action for a 4/3 valve

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4/3 DCV

4/3 DCV: (a) Three-position valve; (b) valve

action for 4/3 valve; (c) symbol of 4/3
valve.

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 Construction of Control Valves
• There are essentially three types of control valves
1. Poppet valves:
• . Ball seat type;
• . Disk seat type.
• 2. Slide valves(spool valves):
• . longitudinal slide valve;
• . plate slide valve.
• 3. Rotary valves
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 Poppet Valve
• The poppet is a movable member quite
frequently used to accomplish the directional
change of signal flow between various ports.
• The poppet configuration is available in two-way,
three-way and four-way arrangements.

2/2-way valve: (a) Construction; (b) symbol.

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3/2-NC valve
The term Normally Closed (NC)
applies to manual valves or
dampers which the operator must
leave closed in normal operation.

A 3/2-NC valve: (a) Construction;

(b) symbol.

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 4/2-disk valve

4/2-disk valve:(a) Construction; (b)

symbol
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 Spool valves
• Spool valves utilize a horizontal moving spool
within a valve body.
• In the initial position, the spring-loaded spool
connects ports A and R; when the pushbutton
is pressed against spring force, ports P and A
are linked and port R is blocked.

3/[Link] spool valve

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5/2-way spool valve

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4/2-Way spool valve

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Symbols for the various ways in which
valves can be operated

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 Logic OR Valve/Shuttle Valve
• A logic function requires at least one input device to be
active in order to cause the output.
• This valve has two inlets and one outlet. If air signal is
applied through B, the valve seat seals the opposing
inlet (A) and output signal is generated by connecting B
and C. If the air signal is reversed, the valve seat seals
the inlet B and an output signal is generated by
connecting A and C.

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 Construction of AND valve.
• The logic AND function requires both input
devices to be active for generating the output
signal

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 DCV as a Power Element
(Final Control Element)
• The final control element must deliver the
required quantity of fluid to match the load in
the actuator.
• Normally, these valves need to handle large
volume flow rates and therefore appear in
larger sizes.
• In such cases, a two-stage process called pilot
operation is used.

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 5/2-way pilot operated valve

5/2-way pilot operated valve: (a) Construction; (b) symbol.

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 Rotary valves
• Rotary valves consist of a rotating spool which aligns with
holes in the valve casing to give the required operation.
• Rotary valves are compact, simple and have low operating
forces.
• They are, however, low pressure devices and are
consequently mainly used for hand operation in
pneumatic systems

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 Flow control valve

Flow control valve - bi-directional: (a) Construction; (b) symbol.

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Unidirectional valve - Check valves

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 Pressure Relief Valve

• The pressure relief valves are used

to protect the hydraulic
components from excessive
pressure.
• Its primary function is to limit the
system pressure within a specified
range. It is normally a closed type
and it opens when the pressure
exceeds a specified maximum
value by diverting pump flow back
to the tank.

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Quick exhaust valve

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 Actuator and Output Device
• An actuator is an output device which performs useful
work.
• The hydraulic and pneumatic systems are normally
expected to produce work for moving, or gripping the
objects by applying force.
• Based on motion there are two categories of actuators:
• 1. Linear motion:
• single-acting cylinders;
• double-acting cylinders.
• 2. Rotary motion:
• air motors;
• Rotary actuators
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 Rotary Actuator
• Rotary actuators are the hydraulic or
pneumatic equivalent of electric motors which
are used when a twisting or turning motion is
required.

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Rack and pinion type rotary actuator.

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Gear motor.

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 vane motor

➢ The design and construction of a vane motor is similar to a vane

pump.
➢ At the entry, a vane has high pressure on one side, whereas on the
other side the pressure
will be very low due to high pressure of fluid.
➢ This difference in pressure exerted on the vane will produce a
torque that would result in rotation
VAST
of vanes.
Roller limit switch

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• A double-acting cylinder guides machined axles to an assembly unit. Th
axle is guided when the operator presses a pushbutton and an axle is
sensed by using a 3/2-way limit switch. Upon release of the pushbutton
the cylinder is retracted automatically. Design the pneumatic circuit for
the given application.

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A cylinder is used to transfer parts from a work station. If either a
pushbutton or afoot pedal is operated, then the cylinder extends. The
piston retracts to its original position upon release of both pushbutton
and foot pedal. Design the pneumatic circuit for the given application.

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A double-acting cylinder guides machined axles to an assembly unit. The
axle is guided when the axle is sensed and if the operator presses the
pushbutton. The axle is valve. Once the cylinder is fully extended, it
retracts to its original position automatically. Design the pneumatic
circuit for the given application.

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Time Delay Valve

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MED, VAST
A double-acting cylinder guides machined axles to an assembly unit. The
axles are separated if the piston is fully retracted and the operator
presses the pushbutton. The duration of the forward and return stroke of
the cylinder is adjusted (speed of the piston). The cylinder is to remain in
the forward end position for 5 s. Design the pneumatic circuit for the
given application.

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A double-acting cylinder guides a machine axle to an assembly unit.
The axles are separated by a continuous to and fro movement. The
oscillating motion can be started by means of a suitable valve. The
cylinder is to remain in the forward end position for T = 5 s. Design
the pneumatic circuit for the given application.

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Sidewall protection materials Selectivity ratio Aspect ratio, A/P

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Photoresists 50:1 100:1

Silicon dioxide 120:1 200:1
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Directionality Good for most materials Only with single crystal materials
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Production-automation Good Poor

Environmental impact Low High
Masking film adherence Not as critical Very critical
Selectivity Poor Very good
Materials to be etched Only certain materials All
Process scale up Difficult Easy
Cleanliness Conditionally clean Good to very good
Critical dimensional control Very good (< 0.1 m) Poor
Equipment cost Expensive Less expensive
Typical etch rate Slow (0.1 m/min) to fast (6 Fast ( 1 m/min and up)
m/min)
Operational parameters Many Few
Control of etch rate Good in case of slow etch Difficult
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CVD SiO2 (densified at 1050oC for 30 min.) 0.6170

Ion-implanted SiO2 (at 8x1015/cm2, 50 KeV) 0.8330
Phosphosilicate (PSG) 1.1330
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Sensitivity Bad Good Excellent Reasonable Reasonable

Resolution Excellent Reasonable Very bad Good Excellent
Sidewall smoothness Excellent Very bad Very bad Good Excellent
Stress corrosion Bad Excellent Good Very bad Excellent
Adhesion on substrate Good Good Good Bad Good
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