ASSIGNMENT

ON

HYDROMETER ANALYSIS OF SOIL

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

NAME: SAJAD ANSARI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER: (V)

ROLL NO: 40
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. THEORY:-

Hydrometer analysis of soil is a laboratory testing procedure used to

determine the grain size distribution of fine-grained soils, such as silt and
clay. It's particularly useful for particles smaller than what can be
effectively analysed by sieve analysis (typically those passing the #200
sieve, which is 0.075 mm).

Hydrometer analysis of soil is based on Stokes' Law. This principle

relates the settling velocity of spherical particles in a fluid to their
diameter and the fluid's viscosity. According to Stokes' Law, larger
particles settle faster than smaller ones due to their greater weight and
surface area. This allows for the determination of particle size distribution
by measuring the density of the soil suspension at various time intervals
as particles settle out of the mixture Here's a breakdown of what it is, why
it's done, and how it works:

1.1.1. MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS

The mathematical expression used in hydrometer analysis of soil is

primarily derived from Stokes' Law, which describes the settling velocity
of spherical particles in a fluid. The key equations involved are:

a) Stokes' Law:
2 ( ρ s− ρ f )
d
v= g
18 μ

Where:
 v= settling velocity of the particle (m/s)
 d= diameter of the particle (m)
 ρ s = density of the solid particle (kg/m³)
 ρ f = density of the fluid (kg/m³)
 g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²)
 μ = dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa. s)

b) Hydrometer Readings.
The hydrometer measures the specific gravity of the suspension. The
change in specific gravity with time gives the percentage of particles
remaining in suspension.

Vf
Percentage Finer= ×100
Vt
Where:

 V f = volume of the particles finer than a specific size

  V t = total volume of the soil sample

c) Calculating Particle Size:

The equivalent particle size can be calculated using the hydrometer
readings, time, and the specific gravity of the suspension. The formula
to find the particle diameter at a given time t is:

d=
√ 18 μt
g (ρs− ρf )

These equations allow for the determination of particle size distribution

from the hydrometer readings taken at various time intervals during the
sedimentation process.

1.2. What it is:

 Particle Size Distribution: It's a method for estimating the

distribution of soil particle sizes, typically ranging from 0.075 mm
down to around 0.001 mm.
 Sedimentation Method: The analysis is based on Stokes' Law,
which relates the settling velocity of a sphere in a liquid to the
sphere's diameter. In this case, soil particles are assumed to be
spheres. The coarser particles settle out of suspension faster than
the finer ones.
 Hydrometer Measurement: A hydrometer is used to measure the
specific gravity (or density) of the soil suspension at different times.
This allows for the calculation of the percentage of particles of a
certain equivalent diameter remaining in suspension.

1.3. Why it's done:

 Complete Gradation Curve: When combined with sieve analysis,

hydrometer analysis provides a complete particle size distribution
curve for a soil, including both coarse and fine fractions.
 Soil Classification: Particle size distribution is a key criterion for
classifying soils and determining their suitability for various
engineering purposes (e.g., building roads, embankments, dams).
 Estimating Silt and Clay Content: It helps to approximate the
percentage of silt and clay particles present in the finer portion of a
soil sample.
 Geotechnical Engineering: It's used to understand the properties
of fine-grained soils.

1.4. How it works (basic steps):

i. Sample Preparation: A soil sample is typically mixed with a

dispersing agent (e.g., sodium hex metaphosphate) to separate the
individual particles.
 ii. Suspension: The soil-water mixture is then transferred to a
graduated cylinder and thoroughly mixed to create a uniform
suspension.
iii. Hydrometer Readings: A hydrometer is carefully inserted into the
suspension, and readings are taken at specific time intervals (e.g.,
15 sec, 30 sec, 1 min, 2 min, 4 min, etc.). The hydrometer measures
the specific gravity of the suspension, which changes as particles
settle out.
iv. Temperature Measurement: The temperature of the suspension
is recorded at each reading, as temperature affects the liquid's
viscosity and, therefore, the settling rate.
v. Calculations: Using Stokes' Law and the hydrometer readings, the
percentage of particles finer than a certain diameter is calculated
for each time interval.
vi. Gradation Curve: The data is then plotted on a semi-log graph of
percent finer versus grain diameter to create the particle size
distribution curve.

1.5. OBJECTIVE:-

Hydrometer analysis is preferred in the following circumstances:

i. Fine-Grained Soils: When analysing soils with a significant

proportion of fine particles (silt and clay), typically those passing
through a #200 sieve (0.075 mm).
ii. Inadequate Sieve Analysis: When sieve analysis alone is
insufficient to capture the particle size distribution of fine particles.
iii. Need for Detailed Gradation Curves: When a complete
gradation curve is required, combining both coarse and fine
fractions.
iv. Geotechnical Investigations: In engineering applications where
understanding the behaviour of fine-grained soils is crucial for
construction and design.
v. Soil Classification: When classifying soils for agricultural,
environmental, or construction purposes, particularly in regulatory
compliance.
vi. Research and Studies: In academic and research settings where
precise particle size distribution data is needed for soil behaviour
analysis.

1.6. Calibration and Correction of hydrometer Reading.

Calibration and correction of hydrometer readings are essential steps

in ensuring accurate measurements during hydrometer analysis of soil.
Here's an overview of the procedures involved:

1.7. Calibration of Hydrometer

 i. Standardization:
o Use a standard liquid with a known specific gravity (e.g.,
distilled water) to calibrate the hydrometer.
o Immerse the hydrometer in the liquid and ensure it reads the
correct specific gravity at a specific temperature (usually
20°C).
ii. Temperature Corrections:
o Hydrometer readings can be affected by temperature. Check
the calibration against a temperature correction table or
formula specific to the hydrometer used.
o Adjust the reading according to the temperature of the fluid
during the test.

1.8. Correction of Hydrometer Readings

i. Specific Gravity Correction:

o If the hydrometer is not calibrated for the specific fluid used
(e.g., due to the addition of dispersing agents), corrections
may be needed.
o Use the formula:

Corrected Reading=Observed Reading× (ρ )

ρf
standard

 Where ρ f is the density of the fluid used and ρ standard is the density of
the standard fluid.

ii. Meniscus Correction:

o Read the hydrometer at the bottom of the meniscus to avoid
parallax errors.
iii. Time Corrections:
o Hydrometer readings must be corrected for time, as
sedimentation rates vary. Record readings at specific time
intervals and apply the appropriate corrections based on the
sedimentation velocity.
iv. Calibration Curve:
o Develop a calibration curve by plotting the corrected
hydrometer readings against known particle sizes. This aids in
determining particle size distribution more accurately.

Conclusion

Accurate calibration and correction of hydrometer readings are crucial for

reliable hydrometer analysis results. Regular checks and adjustments
ensure the precision of the measurements, leading to better soil
characterization.

1.9. Types of soil hydrometers, characteristics, and practical

application.
Soil hydrometers are instruments used to measure the specific gravity of
soil suspensions, which helps in determining soil texture and particle size
distribution. Here are the main types, their characteristics, and practical
applications:

Types of Soil Hydrometers

i. Standard Soil Hydrometers

o Characteristics: Typically calibrated to measure specific
gravity of soil suspensions based on ASTM standards. They
often have a scale that can measure the density of the liquid.
o Practical Application: Used in laboratory settings to analyze
soil samples for engineering and agricultural purposes.
ii. Digital Soil Hydrometers
o Characteristics: Provide digital readings for ease of use and
accuracy. They often include temperature compensation
features.
o Practical Application: Useful in precision agriculture and
research settings where accurate measurements are crucial.
iii. Graduated Cylinders with Hydrometer
o Characteristics: A standard graduated cylinder combined
with a hydrometer. It allows for the measurement of
sedimentation in a controlled environment.
o Practical Application: Common in educational settings for
demonstrations and practical experiments in soil science.

Characteristics of Soil Hydrometers

 Calibration: Hydrometers are calibrated for specific liquids, usually

water, and may require adjustments for different soil types.
 Scale: The scale typically indicates specific gravity or density, which
can be used to infer particle size distribution.
 Material: Often made from glass or plastic, with a weighted bulb for
stability in suspensions.

Practical Applications

i. Soil Classification: Helps in determining soil texture, which is

crucial for agricultural practices and land use planning.
ii. Geotechnical Engineering: Used to assess soil properties for
construction projects, ensuring stability and safety.
iii. Environmental Studies: Assists in analysing soil contamination
and the effects of pollutants on soil composition.
iv. Agricultural Research: Aids in understanding soil health and
fertility, influencing crop management practices.

2. EQUIPMENT TYPICAL USED:

 Soil Hydrometer (Two types: 151H measures specific gravity, 152H
measures grams per litre)
 Hydrometer Sedimentation Cylinder
 Dispersing Agent (Sodium Hex metaphosphate)
 Stirring Apparatus or Soil Dispersion Mixer
 Constant Temperature Bath (to maintain uniform temperature)
 Beakers, Timing Device, Mortar & Pestle, Balance
 Test Sieves (e.g., No. 10, No. 200)
 Thermometer

Soil Hydrometer Beaker Thermometer Dispersing Agent (sodium

Hex metaphosphate)

Hydrometer Sedimentation

Cylinder

Test Sieves (e.g. No.10, No.200)

Constant Temperature Bath (To maintain

Stirring Apparatus or soil
uniform temperature)
Dispersion Mixer
 Mortar & Pestle Balance Weight
Timing device

3. MATERIAL REQUIRED:

o Soil Sample: A representative sample of the soil to be analyzed.

o Dispersing Agent: Sodium hex metaphosphate (NaPO3) or sodium
silicate (NaSiO3) to prevent soil particles from clumping.
o Water: Distilled or deionized water.

4. STEP BY STEP TEST PROCEDURE.

i. Preparation of Soil Sample

 o Collect a representative soil sample.
o Dry the sample in an oven at 105°C (221°F) until it reaches a
constant weight.

ii. Weigh the Soil

o Use a precision balance to weigh a specific amount of the dry
soil sample (typically 40 grams).

iii. Prepare the Dispersing Agent

o Dissolve a specific amount of sodium hex metaphosphate in
distilled water according to the recommended concentration
(usually around 0.5%).

iv. Mix the Soil and Water

o In a beaker, combine the weighed soil with the dispersing
agent solution and enough distilled water to create a slurry.
Stir thoroughly using a stirring rod or mechanical mixer.

v. Transfer to Sedimentation Cylinder

o Pour the soil-water slurry into the hydrometer sedimentation
cylinder, ensuring no soil particles remain in the beaker.

vi. Fill the Cylinder

o Add distilled water to the cylinder until it reaches the 1000 mL
mark. Ensure thorough mixing without introducing bubbles.

vii. Insert the Hydrometer

o Carefully insert the hydrometer into the cylinder without
disturbing the soil suspension. Allow it to float freely.

viii. Record Initial Reading

o After the hydrometer stabilizes, take the initial reading at the
meniscus level (the curve of the liquid surface).

ix. Timing the Settling

o Start the timer immediately after recording the initial reading.
Typically, readings are taken at intervals (e.g., 1 minute, 2
minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, etc.).

x. Take Subsequent Readings

o At each specified time interval, gently lower the hydrometer
into the cylinder and record the reading. Be careful not to
disturb the sediment.

xi. Calculate Results

o After the last reading, use the hydrometer readings to
calculate the particle size distribution based on the time
intervals. The specific gravity of the soil is determined using
the hydrometer scale.
xii. Data Analysis
o Plot the results on a graph to visualize the particle size
distribution. Use the appropriate formulas and standards (e.g.,
ASTM D7928) for analysis.

xiii. Clean Up
o After completing the test, clean all equipment thoroughly and
dispose of soil and chemical waste according to safety
protocols.

Notes

 Ensure all equipment is calibrated and clean before starting the test.
 Repeat the test for accuracy and average the results if necessary.

5. Calculate the equivalent particle diameter (D)

Now, from above given Semi-log graph
We have,
D30=0.6

D10=0.18

D60=1.8

Then,
2
∴ CC =
( D30) 0.6 ×0 .6
= =1.111> 1
D60 × D 10 1.8 ×0. 18
D60 1.7
∴ Cu = = =10> ¿6
D10 0.17
Since, C C ∧C u both satisfied the gradation criteria. So, it is well-graded
sand or gravel.