University of Mustansiriyah Ins. Awadh E.

Ajeel
Faculty of Engineering 4th Year Stage
Highway & Transportation Eng. Dept. Lecture Notes on Design of Bridges
AASHTO Specifications
General
• 𝐿 , 𝑆 (𝑚𝑚) = center/center of supports
• ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑚𝑚) = 0.04(𝑆 + 3000)
• 𝛶𝑐 (𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 ) = 24
• 𝛶𝑎𝑠 (𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 ) = 22.5
• 𝑐𝑐 (𝑚𝑚) = 25 𝐨𝐫 50 [𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐨𝐫 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚]
• 𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05(𝑓𝑐′ − 28)/7 [28 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 55]
• 𝐸𝑐 (𝑀𝑃𝑎) = 0.043𝐾1 Υ𝑐 1.5 √𝑓𝑐′
• 𝑓𝑟 (𝑀𝑃𝑎) = 0.63√𝑓𝑐′
Live Load
• 𝐼𝑀 = 0.33
• 𝑁𝐿 = 𝐼𝑁𝑇(𝑤/3.6)
• 𝑚 = 1.20, 1.00, 0.85 𝐨𝐫 0.65 [𝑁𝐿 = 1, 2, 3 𝐨𝐫 > 3]
0.6 m General 1.8 m
35 kN 145 kN 0.3 m Deck Overhang
145 kN
LRFD Specifications 4.3 m – m 3.6 m
Design Lane
• 𝑅𝑟 ≥ 𝑄𝑢 Design Truck
OR
• 𝑄𝑢 = 1.25𝐷𝐶 + 1.50𝐷𝑊 + 1.75(𝐿𝐿 + 𝐼𝑀) 0

• 𝜙𝑓 = 0.9 𝐨𝐫 1.0 [𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐨𝐫 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑] =

• 𝜙𝑣 = 0.9 110 kN 110 kN 1.8 m W
1.2 m

Equivalent Strip Widths Design Tandem

• 𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝑚𝑚) = 250 + 0.42√𝐿1 𝑊1 +
9.3 kN/m
• 𝐸𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖 (𝑚𝑚) = 2100 + 0.12√𝐿1 𝑊1 ≤ 𝑊/𝑁𝐿
• 𝐿1 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑆 ≤ 18000 Design Lane Load
• 𝑊1 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑊 ≤ 9000 [𝑁𝐿 = 1] ≤ 18000 [𝑁𝐿 ≥ 2]
• 𝐸𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑊𝑒 + 300 + 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 /4 ≤ 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 /2 ≤ 1800
Main Reinforcement
• 𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚) = 1.25𝑀𝑢 /𝑓𝑦 . 𝑑𝑠
• 𝜀𝑠 = 0.003[(𝑑𝑠 − 𝑐)/𝑐] ≥ 0.005
• 𝑀𝑟 ≥ 1.20𝑀𝑐𝑟 ≤ 1.33𝑀𝑢
Distribution Reinforcement
• 𝐴𝑠,𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡 (𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚) = %𝐴𝑠
• % = 17.5/√𝑆 ≤ 0.50 [𝐴𝑠 ∥ 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐]
• % = 38.4/√𝑆 ≤ 0.67 [𝐴𝑠 ⊥ 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐]
Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
• 𝐴𝑠,𝑆+𝑇 (𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚) ≥ 750𝑏. ℎ/2(𝑏 + ℎ)𝑓𝑦
• 233 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑆+𝑇 ≤ 1270
Reinforcing Bars Spacing
• 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑚𝑚) = 1.5Ø𝑏 ≥ 1.5𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔. ≥ 38 [𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠]
• 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≥ 1.33𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔. [𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙]
• 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑚𝑚) = 25 ≥ Ø𝑏 [𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠]
• 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑚𝑚) = 1.5ℎ ≤ 3ℎ [𝐴𝑠,𝑆+𝑇 ] ≤ 450

∅𝒑 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
14.29 - 15.24 51
11.11 - 12.70 44
9.53 38

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 University of Mustansiriyah Ins. Awadh E. Ajeel
Faculty of Engineering 4th Year Stage
Highway & Transportation Eng. Dept. Lecture Notes on Design of Bridges
AASHTO Specifications
Shear reinforcement
• 𝑤𝑏 (𝑚𝑚) = 300
• 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑣 + 0.5𝑤𝑏
• 𝑉𝑛 = 0.25𝑓𝑐′ . 𝑏𝑣 . 𝑑𝑣
• 𝑉𝑐 = 0.166√𝑓𝑐′ . 𝑏𝑣 . 𝑑𝑣
• 𝑣𝑢 = 𝑉𝑢 /𝜙𝑣 . 𝑏𝑣 . 𝑑𝑣
• 𝑠 = 𝐴𝑣 . 𝑓𝑦 . 𝑑𝑣 /𝑉𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑣 . 𝑓𝑦 /(0.083√𝑓𝑐′ . 𝑏𝑣 )
• 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑚𝑚) = 0.8𝑑𝑣 ≤ 600 𝑖𝑓 𝑣𝑢 < 0.125𝑓𝑐′
= 0.4𝑑𝑣 ≤ 300 𝑖𝑓 𝑣𝑢 ≥ 0.125𝑓𝑐′
Prestressed girders
𝑀 𝑀𝐷𝐶2 +𝑀𝐷𝑊 +0.8𝑀(𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝑀)
• 𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 𝐷𝐶1 +
𝑆 𝑏𝑔 𝑆 𝑏𝑐𝑔
• 𝑓𝑐 ≤ 0.45𝑓𝑐′
• 𝑓𝑡 ≤ 0.50√𝑓𝑐′
• 𝑓𝑝𝑖 ≤ 0.75𝑓𝑝𝑢
• 𝑓𝑝𝑒 ≤ 0.80𝑓𝑝𝑦
Section strength
• 𝑘 = 2(1.04 − 𝑓𝑝𝑦 /𝑓𝑝𝑢 )
• 𝑐 = (𝐴𝑝𝑠 . 𝑓𝑝𝑢 + 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑠 + 𝐴′𝑠 . 𝑓𝑠′ )/(0.85𝑓𝑐′ . 𝛽1 . 𝑏 + 𝑘. 𝐴𝑝𝑠 . 𝑓𝑝𝑢 ⁄𝑑𝑝𝑠 ) [rectangular section]
• 𝑐 = (𝐴𝑝𝑠 . 𝑓𝑝𝑢 + 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑠 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 (𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 )ℎ𝑓 )/(0.85𝑓𝑐 . 𝛽1 . 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑘. 𝐴𝑝𝑠 . 𝑓𝑝𝑢 ⁄𝑑𝑝𝑠 )
′ ′ ′ ′
[T-section]
• 𝑓𝑝𝑠 = 𝑓𝑝𝑢 (1 − 𝑐. 𝑘/𝑑𝑝𝑠 )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑝𝑠 . 𝑓𝑝𝑠 (𝑑𝑝𝑠 − ) + 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑𝑠 − ) − 𝐴′𝑠 . 𝑓𝑠′ (𝑑𝑠′ − ) [rectangular section]
2 2 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 ℎ𝑓
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑝𝑠 . 𝑓𝑝𝑠 (𝑑𝑝𝑠 − ) + 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑𝑠 − ) − 𝐴′𝑠 . 𝑓𝑠′ (𝑑𝑠′ − ) + 0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 )ℎ𝑓 ( − ) [T-section]
2 2 2 2 2
• 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = (𝑓𝑟 + 𝑓𝑐,𝑝𝑒 − 𝑀𝐷,𝑛𝑐 ⁄𝑆𝑏𝑔 )𝑆𝑏𝑐 ≥ 𝑓𝑟 . 𝑆𝑏𝑐
• 𝑑𝑒 = (𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑠 . 𝑑𝑠 + 𝐴𝑝𝑠 . 𝑓𝑝𝑠 . 𝑑𝑝𝑠 )⁄(𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑠 + 𝐴𝑝𝑠 . 𝑓𝑝𝑠 )
• 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑒 − 𝑎⁄2 ≥ 0.9𝑑𝑒 ≥ 0.72ℎ𝑐
Steel girders
𝑀 𝑀 +𝑀 𝑀(𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝑀)
• 𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝐷𝐶1 + 𝐷𝐶2 𝐷𝑊 +
𝑆 𝑡𝑔 𝑆 𝑆𝑡𝑐𝑔𝐴 𝑡𝑐𝑔𝐵
𝑀𝐷𝐶1 𝑀𝐷𝐶2 +𝑀𝐷𝑊 𝑀(𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝑀)
• 𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = + +
𝑆𝑏𝑔 𝑆𝑏𝑐𝑔𝐴 𝑆𝑏𝑐𝑔𝐵
• ℎ𝑔 = 𝐿/25
• 𝑡𝑤 = ℎ𝑔 /170 ≥ 15 𝑚𝑚
• 𝑡𝑓,𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 𝑡𝑤
• 𝐴𝑓,𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 𝑀𝐷𝐶1 /(150ℎ𝑔 )
• 𝑏𝑓,𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴𝑓,𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 /𝑡𝑓,𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟
• 𝑏𝑓,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑏𝑓,𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟
• 𝑡𝑓,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 2𝑡𝑓,𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟
• ℎ𝑤 = ℎ𝑔 − (𝑡𝑓,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝑡𝑓,𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 )

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 University of Mustansiriyah Ins. Awadh E. Ajeel
Faculty of Engineering 4th Year Stage
Highway & Transportation Eng. Dept. Lecture Notes on Design of Bridges
AASHTO Specifications
Distribution of Live Load per Lane for Concrete Deck on Steel or Concrete Beams
Location Action Equation Range of Applicability
Single Lane Loaded
0.1
𝑆 0.4 𝑆 0.3 𝐾𝑔
𝐷𝐹𝑀𝑠𝑖 = 0.06 + ( ) .( ) .( )
4300 𝐿 𝐿. ℎ𝑠 3
Moment 𝑁𝑔 ≥ 4
Multiple Lanes Loaded
0.1
𝑆 0.6 𝑆 0.2 𝐾𝑔 6𝑥103 ≤ 𝐿 ≤ 73𝑥103 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝐹𝑀𝑚𝑖 = 0.075 + ( ) .( ) .( )
Interior 2900 𝐿 𝐿. ℎ𝑠 3 1.1𝑥103 ≤ 𝑆 ≤ 4.9𝑥103 𝑚𝑚
Single Lane Loaded 110 ≤ ℎ𝑠 ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑆
𝐷𝐹𝑉𝑠𝑖 = 0.36 + 4𝑥109 ≤ 𝐾𝑔 ≤ 3𝑥1012 𝑚𝑚2
7600
Shear
Multiple Lanes Loaded
2
𝑆 𝑆
𝐷𝐹𝑉𝑚𝑖 = 0.2 + −( )
3600 10700
Single Lane Loaded
Use Lever Rule
Multiple Lanes Loaded
Moment 𝐷𝐹𝑀𝑚𝑒 = 𝑒. 𝐷𝐹𝑀𝑚𝑖
𝑑𝑒
𝑒 = 0.77 +
2800 −300 ≤ 𝑑𝑒 ≤ 1700 𝑚𝑚
Exterior
Single Lane Loaded
Use Lever Rule
Multiple Lanes Loaded
Shear 𝐷𝐹𝑉𝑚𝑒 = 𝑒. 𝐷𝐹𝑉𝑚𝑖
𝑑𝑒
𝑒 = 0.6 +
3000

R=P
P/2 P/2
600 mm
Hinge
de

1800 mm
X

Rext
Lever Rule for Exterior Beam

3-4
 University of Mustansiriyah Ins. Awadh E. Ajeel
Faculty of Engineering 4th Year Stage
Highway & Transportation Eng. Dept. Lecture Notes on Design of Bridges
AASHTO Specifications
Maximum Live Load Moments Per Unit Width ([Link]/mm)
Negative Moment
Positive
S mm Distance from CL of Girder to Design Section for Negative Moment
Moment
0.0 mm 75 mm 150 mm 225 mm 300 mm 450 mm 600 mm
1300 21 130 11 720 10 270 8940 7950 7150 6060 5470
1400 21 010 14 140 12 210 10 340 8940 7670 5960 5120
1500 21 050 16 320 14 030 11 720 9980 8240 5820 5250
1600 21 190 18 400 15 780 13 160 11 030 8970 5910 4290
1700 21 440 20 140 17 290 14 450 12 010 9710 6060 4510
1800 21 790 21 690 18 660 15 630 12 930 10 440 6270 4790
1900 22 240 23 050 19 880 16 710 13 780 11 130 6650 5130
2000 22 780 24 260 20 960 17 670 14 550 11 770 7030 5570
2100 23 380 26 780 23 190 19 580 16 060 12 870 7410 6080
2200 24 040 27 670 24 020 20 370 16 740 13 490 7360 6730
2300 24 750 28 450 24 760 21 070 17 380 14 570 9080 8050
2400 25 500 29 140 25 420 21 700 17 980 15 410 10 870 9340
2500 26 310 29 720 25 990 22 250 18 510 16 050 12 400 10 630
2600 27 220 30 220 26 470 22 730 18 980 16 480 13 660 11 880
2700 28 120 30 680 26 920 23 170 19 420 16 760 14 710 13 110
2800 29 020 31 050 27 300 23 550 19 990 17 410 15 540 14 310
2900 29 910 32 490 28 720 24 940 21 260 18 410 16 800 15 480
3000 30 800 34 630 30 790 26 960 23 120 19 460 18 030 16 620
3100 31 660 36 630 32 770 28 890 23 970 21 150 19 230 17 780
3200 32 500 38 570 34 670 30 770 26 880 22 980 20 380 18 910
3300 33 360 40 440 36 520 32 600 28 680 24 770 21 500 20 010
3400 34 210 42 250 38 340 34 430 30 520 26 610 22 600 21 090
3500 35 050 43 970 40 030 36 090 32 150 28 210 23 670 22 130
3600 35 870 45 650 41 700 37 760 33 810 29 870 24 700 23 150
3700 36 670 47 250 43 310 39 370 35 430 31 490 25 790 24 140
3800 37 450 48 820 44 880 40 940 37 010 33 070 27 080 25 100
3900 38 230 50 320 46 390 42 460 38 540 34 600 28 330 25 550
4000 38 970 51 790 47 870 43 950 40 030 36 110 29 570 26 410
4100 39 710 53 190 49 280 45 370 41 470 37 570 30 770 27 850
4200 40 420 54 560 50 670 46 770 42 880 38 990 31 960 28 730
4300 41 120 55 880 52 000 48 130 44 250 40 380 33 130 29 570
4400 41 800 57 150 53 290 49 440 45 580 41 720 34 250 30 400
4500 42 460 58 420 54 580 50 740 46 900 43 060 35 380 31 290
4600 43 110 59 620 55 800 51 980 48 160 44 340 36 700 32 360

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