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Solution Physics

The document is a welcome letter from Bakliwal Tutorials, emphasizing the importance of self-study and personal responsibility in achieving academic success. It provides strategies for effective learning and preparation for competitive examinations, along with a list of various exams available for students in grades 8 to 10. Additionally, it includes information on specific competitive exams, their eligibility, and links to relevant websites.

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avaneesh.mr.kapadi

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

16 views141 pages

Solution Physics

Uploaded by

avaneesh.mr.kapadi

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

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Dear friend,

Thanks and congratulations for choosing Bakliwal Tutorials to be your trainer. Bakliwal
Tutorial’s approach, culture, extremely competent and committed faculty team, insightful webinars,
concept of merit wise batches, quality tests with detailed analysis and thoughtfully designed material,
will definitely help you in attaining your goal.

However, there is no substitute for all the hard work that you and you alone must put in. Being
over dependent on the institute will only dim your chances of making it to the best colleges. Good
students take responsibility for their lives and understand that the institute can only act as a guide and
support.

Do not hesitate to study topics by yourselves, before they are even covered in the class. I
personally believe that learning a topic for the 1st time directly from a teacher, who because of time
constraints cannot give you ample time for thinking and reflecting, can never bring the same pleasure
and insight as one can get by reading and understanding at one’s own pace. Now when the topic is
already studied, thought over and worked upon once, the lecture then results in doubt clarification,
better comprehension and deeper understanding for the open and receptive student.

When you read for your learning cum pleasure, you can use the following strategies, which
shall help you organize and remember the information.
• Study in blocks of time: During these blocks, close all channels of communication and study as
if you are writing a test.
• Focus on main points (the heart of any topic): Put main ideas and concepts in your own words.
• Make full use of your textbook: Don’t be afraid to write in your books—you have paid for
them! Write in the margins. Be brief, but clear.
• First read, then underline and/or highlight: Reading a section first will help you see key ideas
and avoid underlining too much.
• Review what you read: Immediately after you read it; within a few days; before the test, don’t
forget to review. Also remember that reviewing is not just skimming through the chapter, but
recalling key ideas from memory. Read a heading, and then ask yourself what subheadings and
important concepts are contained within before looking them up.
• While solving a question, try to see the major theme, it falls into. Have conceptual clarity and
create solving algorithms around these major themes. Once this ability is developed, you shall
be able to solve most novel questions also by associating them with some major common
theme.
• Quality exams require more understanding and less memorisation. But wherever memorization
is needed, use techniques of repetition and association. And memorize joyfully.

Remember to ‘Read Empathetically’. Many authors talk about listening empathetically, where
you do not follow any technique, but you genuinely listen to understand. Similarly, read
empathetically, with a sincere intent to understand and not just because you want to conquer an exam.
Students who genuinely like learning are the happiest and most successful.

And finally, if you find this module tough, that’s ok. This has been made slightly challenging
on purpose. A sincere attempt at the questions in the module shall help you improve on the thinking
abilities. You may consider reading your school book on the same topic, before coming back to this
module.

I hope and wish that this book brings you conceptual clarity, newer insights, enhanced problem
solving skills and immense joy.

Your friend,
Vaibhav Bakliwal
The list of Competitive Examinations in 8th ,9th & 10th Std.

MTSE
NSEJS RMO HBBVS NSTSE IMO/NSO IPM
(MATH)

ELIGIBILIT VII -
IX & X IX III - IX II - XII I - XII II - IX
Y XI

Textboo
Textbook
As per ks,
Pre s, Model
PCM of syllabus Model
College test Syllabus
CBSE IX VIII & of CBSC test
Math papers mentioned
SYLLABUS &X IX From and ICSE papers
Up to publishe on SOF
PCMB SSC of publishe
class d by the website
Board respective d by the
XII conducti
classes conducti
ng body
ng body
100Q-
100M
100 Q in
80 Q – 3-hrs 90
90 min 50 Q – 90 40 Q of
240 M, Written Minutes,
PCB – Min +2 50 Q in 1 hr 2.5
EXAM 120 Min test M-25, P-
30 M for correct divided into marks
PATTERN M – 20, 6–7 25
each & -0.5 for 3 sections each in
P-20, C- problem C-20, B-
GK – 10 wrong 60 min
20, B-20 s 20
M
General-
10
Pre-
RMO: IMO –
TENTATIVE Aug/ Jan Nov/Dec
Nov OCT Jan APRIL
EXAM DATE Sep Feb NSO –
RMO: NOV/DEC
Nov
HBBVS (Dr. HomiBabha Bal Vaidnyanikspardha)

The Dr Homi Babha Balvaidnyanik Spardha is conducted since 1981 by the Mumbai science
teachers Association to encourage and motivate students to inculcate a passion for the science
and applaud the science the talent in students.

Website Link : [Link]

IJSO (International Junior Science Olympiad)

The international Junior Science Olympiad is a major international academical competition

held annually and the only international academical competition that covers physics, chemistry
and biology at the same time.

Website Link : [Link]

RMO (Regional Mathematical Olympiad)

The mathematical Olympiad program in India, which leads to participation of Indian students in
the international Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is organized by the Homi Babha centre for
science Education (HBCSE) on behalf of the National Board for Higher Mathematics (NBHM)
and funded by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India. This program is
one of the major initiatives undertaken by the NBHM. Its main purpose is to spot mathematical
talent among the pre – university students in the country.

Website Link : [Link]

• IPM (Institute for Promotion of Mathematics)

The All India Open Mathematics Scholarship examination, conducted by the institute for
promotion of Mathematics, not just enables students to improve their knowledge and
skill base in mathematics but also motivates meritorious students by means of attractive
prizes, awards and scholarships. The exposure children are given is very helpful because
when they have to appear for their 10th standards examinations, the novelty of the state
level exam is greatly reduced which in turn improves performance.
Website Link : [Link]

• IMO (International Mathematics Olympiad) & NSO(National Science

Olympiad)

These are conducted by the Science Olympiad Foundation

IMO is a means to identify and encourage the mathematical creativity of children in
schools across India and abroad.
NSO is organized every year to motivate students to strive for better and deeper
understanding of scientific facts and data and to enhance their reasoning, analytical and
problem solving skills.
Website Link : [Link]

• NSTSE( National Level Science Talent Search Exam)

NSTSE is a diagnostic Test which helps students improve their overall learning ability &
educational performance . The National Science Search Examination is conducted by the
unified council. Unlike regular testes which try only the find out how much a child
knows (or has memorized), NSTSE measures how well a student has understood the
concepts & given detailed feedback on the same, to help him/her improve.
Website Link : [Link]
INDEX:

Sr No Subject PAGE NO
1 PHYSICS SOLUTION 1-132
2 CHEMISTRY SOLUTION 133-234
3 MATHEMATICS SOLUTION 235-408
Winter Foundation Physics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT

PHYSICS

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

Chapter 1 Kinematics

Solutions Lecture - 1

Answer Key :
SCQ
1 2 3 4 5
B B D D A
6 7 8 9 10
A D D B

Solution 1: (B)
Current though it has a direction like the others, is not a vector, as it adds according to the
rules of simple scalar addition. It does not obey the triangle Law.

Solution 2: (B)
Acceleration is a vector quantity as it has a direction, unlike the others.

Solution 3: (D)

All we can say is that the two vectors have the same magnitude. They need not be parallel or
antiparallel, and thus A, B and C are not always true. Eg. Two perpendicular vectors of the same
magnitude.

Solution 4: (D)
Only in option D the path of the object is a straight line. An aircraft moves diagonally down and then
moves straight after landing, the Earth moves in an elliptical (oval) orbit about the Sun, and a point on
the rim of the wheel rotates about an axle that moves forward, thus moving in a complicated path
called a cycloid, whose image is shown below.

By triangle law

Solution 6: (A)
The magnitude of a vector is never negative. It can either be positive or zero, in the case of a null
vector.
Solution 7 : (D)
The magnitude of a Scalar can be positive or negative or zero. For example electric charge is a scalar,
which can be positive, negative, or zero (for neutral bodies).
Solution 8 : (D)
𝐴 is 5𝑘̂, and 𝐵 is −3𝑘̂, thus 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 5𝑘̂ + (−3𝑘̂ ) = 2𝑘̂

Solution 9 : (B)
For the maximum magnitude of the resultant, the vectors must be in the same direction. In this case
the magnitude of the resultant is the sum of their magnitudes, that is 6N +8N = 14N.
For the minimum magnitude of the resultant, the vectors must be in opposite directions to try to
cancel each other out. Thus, the magnitude of the resultant is the difference in their magnitudes, that
is 8N – 6N = 2N
Thus, our resultant must have a magnitude between 2N and 14N. Only 11N is possible out of the 4
options.
More than One Correct:
ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
BD BD C ABD ABD

Solution 1: (B, D)
The vectors must have the same magnitude and direction. They cannot be anti-parallel, and they need
not be collinear. They can have the same direction and be on the same line (collinear) or on parallel
lines (non-collinear).

BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR|
SATARA RD|SOLAPUR
Page 2
Winter Foundation Physics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT
Solution 2: (B, D)
If the two vectors add up to zero then one is the negative of the other. This means they are equal in
magnitude and that they are antiparallel. Thus, they cannot be parallel vectors. However, the lines they
lie in will be parallel. These lines can be collinear but they don’t need to be. For example,

Solution 3: (C)
If k is positive the vectors will be parallel, if k is negative the vectors will be anti-parallel, but since k
is not given, we can’t conclude which of the 2 it will be. None the less, the two vectors will lie along
parallel lines. They can be collinear, but don’t have to be.

Solution 4: (A, B, D)
A circular path is a 2D curve, hence the motion must be two dimensional.

It could be translating, like the people and the carriage in a giant wheel (The people’s head always
stays up). It could also be rotating, like a car moving along a circular track (the car doesn’t always face
only one fixed direction like only North or only East, hence it is clearly rotating.)

Solution 5: (A, B, D)
Option A and B highlight the official symbols for representing the magnitude of a vector as taught in
the lesson.

However, for a scalar |A| always represents its absolute value, which is its value without any negative
sign. This is not the same as the magnitude of the scalar, though many people erroneously refer to it
that way.

A boy’s mark in an exam would be a scalar. If he gets -5, the magnitude of his marks, is simply a
measure of how much he scored. And it should be -5 (with the sign!). Its absolute value (not the same
as the magnitude) will be |-5| = 5.

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
1 7 7 1 5

Solution 2: (7)

𝐴 = |𝐴̄| = 3𝑁 𝐵 = |𝐵̄| = 4𝑁 }𝐽𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠

𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3𝑁 + 4𝑁 = 7𝑁
|𝐴 + 𝐵| = |7𝑁| = 7𝑁

Solution 3: (7)

Solution 4: (1)

𝐴 = |𝐴| = 3𝑁 𝐵 = |𝐵| = 4𝑁 }𝐽𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠

𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3𝑁 + 4𝑁 = −1𝑁
|𝐴 + 𝐵| = | − 1𝑁| = 1𝑁

Solution 5: (5)

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A – P, B – S, C – Q, D – R

Solution 1: (A – P, B – S, C – Q, D – R)
A – all particles on the body of the ballerina move in a circular path about the vertical axis that she is
spinning about. Hence Rotation.

B – Here as seen by the driver the car appears to be at rest while the road moves in the opposite
direction.

C – Here the person does not rotate, as his head always stays up. All points move parallelly, hence
translation.

D – Here the child and the swing oscillate back and forth, hence the motion is oscillatory. One can
make a case for the child to also be undergoing rotational motion about the point of suspension. But
of the two, oscillation seems to be the more appropriate option

Bonus Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
6N and 10N (15 units and 20 units.) (13N and 7N) (20N and 0N)

Solution 1: (6N and 10N)

Let the magnitudes of the smaller vector be x and that of the bigger vector be 16-x.

The resultant and these 2 vectors form a triangle, by triangle law, and we now know that the
triangle is a right-angled triangle, with the resultant and the smaller vector as the
perpendicular sides, and the bigger vector as the hypotenuse.

Pythagoras theorem

(16 − 𝑥)2 = 𝑥 2 + 82
256 + 𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 64
256 − 64 = 32𝑥
192 = 32𝑥
𝑥 = 6, 16 − 𝑥 = 10
Solution 2: (15 units and 20 units.)

Let the magnitude of the bigger vector be A and that of the smaller vector be B.

When they act in opposite directions the resultant will be the difference of their magnitudes thus,

A–B=5

When they act at right angles, the resultant will be the hypotenuse and thus by Pythagoras theorem,

𝐴2 + 𝐵2 = 252 = 625

Substituting B = A – 5 we get

𝐴2 + (𝐴 − 5)2 = 252 = 625

𝐴2 + 𝐴2 + 25 − 10𝐴 = 625

2𝐴2 − 10𝐴 − 600 = 0

𝐴2 − 5𝐴 − 300 = 0

−(−5)±√(−5)2 +4×1×300
𝐴= 2×1
(𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎)

5±√1225 5−35 5+35

𝐴= = , = −15,20
2 2 2

As a vector's magnitude cannot be negative 𝐴 = 20 units

𝐵 = 𝐴 − 5 = 15 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Solution 3: (13N and 7N)

For the maximum magnitude all forces must act in the same direction, so the resultant would simply
be the addition of all their magnitudes, 10N + 2N + 1N = 13N.

Solution 4: (20N and 0N)

For the maximum magnitude all forces must act in the same direction, so the resultant would simply
be the addition of all their magnitudes, 5N + 5N + 5N + 5N = 20N.
For the minimum magnitude, a pair of 5N forces can get added to produce a minimum magnitude of
0N. This happens the two are along opposite directions. Thus, both pairs can cancel out giving a
resultant of zero.
For instance, if the four vectors are along North, South, East, and West. (The North-South ones will
cancel out, and the East-West ones will cancel out.)

Solutions Lecture - 2

Answer Key :
SCQ

1 2 3 4 5
D B C B B
6 7 8 9 10
B D A C D

Solution 1: (D)
Average velocity is displacement by time. Since we return to the starting point, the displacement, and
thus the average velocity, is zero.
Solution 2: (B)
2mins and 20 secs = 120secs + 20secs = 140s = 3.5 times 40s. Since one lap takes 40s, in 140s, the
athlete will complete 3 and a half laps. At the end of the half lap, he will be diametrically opposite his
starting position. Thus, his displacement would be the diameter of the circle = 2R.
Solution 3: (C)
The car may be at rest or it may be moving along a circle with the pole at the centre. In both cases the
distance from the pole stays fixed. Thus, we can’t comment.
Solution 4: (B)
20 𝑚
𝑉̄𝑖 = 𝑠 ↑ (𝑁) −𝑉̄𝑖 = 20 𝑚/𝑠 ↓ (𝑆)

𝑉̄𝑖 = 20 𝑚/𝑠 ⟶ (𝐸)

Change in velocity

Solution 5: (B)
Only if a particle moves in one direction without turning, then displacement and the distance will be
the same. Motion in a straight line includes the possibility of the particle turning and moving in the
opposite direction. When this happens, the displacement starts to decrease, while the distance keeps
increasing, thus they won’t always be equal in this condition.
Solution 6: (B)
The units are that of speed or velocity, but the minus sign is only positive for velocity as the speed is
always positive.
Solution 7 : (D)
The speed V is equal to the distance travelled (D) by the time taken (T). The average velocity is equal
to the displacement (S) by the time taken (T). For any path S must be less than or equal to D.
Dividing by T we get, the magnitude of the average velocity must be LESS THAN OR EQUAL to the
speed V.
Solution 8: (A)
Since the speed V is constant throughout the time interval (say T), the distance covered is VT, and
thus the average speed is the distance VT by time, which is V again.
Solution 9: (C)
Distance = 100m + 100m = 200m (back and forth)
Time = 2 mins = 120s
Speed = Distance/Time = 200m/120s = 1.67 m/s approximately.
Solution 10 : (D)
Speed is defined as the magnitude of the velocity.

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
AD A BCD C BCD

BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR|
SATARA RD|SOLAPUR
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Winter Foundation Physics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT
Solution 1: (A, D)
In one hour, the minute hand completes one full rotation and its tip returns to its starting point. Thus,
displacement is zero, and displacement by time, the average velocity is zero. Distance is equal to the
circumference of the circular path, and average speed is that distance by time, so neither are zero.
Solution 2: (A)
Speed is the magnitude of velocity. But average speed (distance / time) is not the magnitude of the
average velocity (displacement / time). If speed is always zero, distance covered will be zero, so
average speed must be zero.
If speed is never zero, distance will be covered, so the average speed cannot be zero.
Solution 3: (B,C,D)
The displacement will be zero when the particle returns to its starting position. Thus, it is not always
positive. It has magnitude and direction, being a vector quantity. It is less than or equal to the distance
(actual length of the path).
Solution 4: (C)
For velocity to be constant its magnitude that is the speed and the direction must be constant, which is
only true in ‘C’. In ‘a’ the direction keeps changing, in ‘B’ the speed decreases during the ascent, and
increases during the fall (and the direction gets reversed), and in ‘D’ the direction and speed both
change.
Solution 5: (B, C, D)
Only the magnitude of the displacement will be R. The distance and the average speed will depend on
the actual path length and can thus vary from path to path. The average velocity is displacement by
time. Though displacement is the same, but different paths can have different times of travel, and
thus, the average velocity also need not be the same for all paths.

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
5 3 2 10 50

Solution 1: (5)
The displacement is equal to AD = 25m. The distance is AB + BC + CD = 75m. The time taken is
distance / speed = 75 / 15 = 5 s.

The average velocity = Displacement / Time = 25m / 5s = 5 m/s

10t + 20t = 90 ; 30t = 90; t = 3s.

Solution 3: (2)

Distance moved by the train = Speed x Time taken

400 + L = 30 x 20

400 + L = 600

L = 200

L/100 = 2

Solution 4 : (10)

Let time taken be t seconds

Clearly 20𝑡 = 100 + 10𝑡

10𝑡 = 100

𝑡 = 10 𝑠

Solution 5: (50)

Join all the displacements in a head to tail fashion, in order to apply polygon law.

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1
(A) - R, (B) - P, (C) - Q, (D) - S

Solution 1: . (A) - R, (B) - P, (C) - Q, (D) - S

Bonus Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
A C C (100√2𝑚)

Solution 1: (A)
When the wheel rolls forward one revolution, it moves ahead by a distance equal to the circumference
of the wheel. This circumference is 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋 . At the end of the revolution the lowest point returns to
ground level, and thus it has overall been displaced horizontally by 2𝜋 .

By Pythagoras Theorem:

Net Disp. = √(400 − 300)2 + 12002

= √1002 + 12002

= 100√12 + 122

= 100√145 𝑚

Solution 3: (2)

The average speed is the total distance by the time taken.

Thus, it is 400km / 10 hours = 40 km/hr. The max speed is 80 km/hr. The ratio of the two is thus
80/40 = 2.
Solution 4: (100√2𝑚)

The largest separation between any two points on a square is its diagonal, thus if the starting position
is one corner and the ending position is the opposite corner, the corresponding displacement is the
largest and it is the length of the diagonal, which by Pythagoras theorem comes out to be 100√2𝑚 .

Solutions Lecture - 3

Solution 1: (B)
For the two particles to meet again they must travel a combined distance of 2𝜋𝑅. Since they move
𝜋𝑅
with the same speed, they must each move a distance of 𝜋𝑅, and thus this would take time 𝑢
.

Solution 2: (A)
For the two particles to meet for the second time they must travel a combined distance of 2𝜋𝑅 again
after the first time. This makes their total combined distance travelled 4𝜋𝑅. Since they move with the
2𝜋𝑅
same speed, they must each move a distance of 2𝜋𝑅, and thus this would take time 𝑢
.

Solution 3: (D)
When they meet for the second time, both particles will return to the starting point. Thus, their
displacements will be zero.
Solution 4: (A)

Using the time based average speed result: V avg =

Using the time-based average speed result: 𝑉 avg = 𝑣1 𝑥1 + 𝑣2 𝑥2

1 1 1 1 𝑣1 + 𝑣2
𝑥1 = , 𝑥2 = 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣1 ⋅ + 𝑣2 ⋅ =
2 2 2 2 2

Solution 5: (D)
1 𝑥 𝑥
Distance based average speed result: 𝐴𝑣𝑔.𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
= 𝑣1 + 𝑣 2
1 1

1 1
𝑥1 = , 𝑥2 =
2 2
1 1 1 𝑣2 +𝑣1
= + =
𝐴𝑣𝑔.𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 2𝑣1 2𝑣2 2𝑣1 𝑣2
2𝑣1 𝑣2
𝐴𝑣𝑔. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑣
1 +𝑣2

Solution 6: (B)
Avg. speed of A
3 𝑘𝑚
= = 0.3 𝑘𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
10 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Avg. speed of B

Solution 7: (C)
Avg. speed
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2𝜋𝑅
= =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑇

Solution 8: (A)
Avg. velocity
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 0
= = =0
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑇
Solution 9: (D)
We cannot comment on whose maximum speed is more, as the average speed only reveals the total
distance travelled in a given amount of time. It does not talk about the speeds at a given instant within
that interval.
Solution 10: (B)
1 𝑥 𝑥
Distance based average speed result: 𝐴𝑣𝑔.𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
= 𝑣1 + 𝑣 2
1 2

1 1
𝑥1 = , 𝑥2 =
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 5 1
= + = + = =
𝐴 2 × 30 2 × 20 60 40 120 24

𝐴 = 24 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

Time based average speed result: 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣1 𝑥1 + 𝑣2 𝑥2

1 1
𝑥1 = , 𝑥2 =
2 2
1 1 50
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 30 × 2 + 20 × 2 = 2

𝐵 = 25 𝑘𝑚/ℎ

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
ABD AD AB ACD AC

Solution 1: (A, B, D)
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Page 14
Winter Foundation Physics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT
Since it is back to its starting point at the end of 10 secs, the displacement is zero, and dividing this by
10s, we get that the average velocity is also zero.
Having travelled a total of 30m, this becomes the distance travelled, and dividing this by 10s, we get
that the average speed is 3m/s.
Solution 2: (A, D)
If a particle moves with constant speed without changing its direction, then its velocity will be
constant and thus the acceleration will be zero.
If the particle moves with constant speed, along a curved path, for instance a circle, then the velocity
won’t be constant as its direction changes, and thus the particle will have a non-zero acceleration.
Hence, for constant speed the acceleration may be zero or non-zero.
Solution 3: (A, B)
If the particle has constant velocity, then its velocity does not change as time progresses, and thus its
acceleration must be zero. It cannot be non-zero.
Solution 4: (A, C, D)
The speed of the minute hand’s tip will be constant as it rotates at a uniform rate. Its velocity however
will change as its direction keeps changing. (At 12 pm its velocity is towards the right, at 12:15pm it
is downwards, at 12:30pm it is moving towards the left, and at 12:45 it is moving upwards.)
In a one-hour interval the tip is back to its starting position, and thus the displacement is zero, making
its average velocity in such an interval always zero. It also has the same final and initial velocity, thus
there is no change in its velocity in such an interval and thus the average acceleration is zero.
Solution 5: (A, C)
As the tip moves with a constant speed, the average speed will be equal to this constant speed,
irrespective of the time interval.
The average velocity will depend on the time interval, as the time interval affects the starting and the
ending positions of the tip, which gives us the displacement in the interval.
In a half-an-hour interval, the tip of the minute hand reaches the diametrically opposite point on its
circular path. This makes the magnitude of the displacement equal to the diameter of the circle, which
is twice the size of the minute hand (the radius). Dividing this by the half an hour time interval give
us the magnitude of the average velocity which will be the same for all such intervals.
However, the vector as a whole will not be constant for such intervals, as its direction depends on the
direction of the displacement. Eg. (from 12 to 12:30 the tip is displaced downwards, while from 12:15
to 12;45 it is displaced leftwards.)
Integer Type Questions
ANSWER KEY

Solution 1: (32)
Fractions of the total time that each part takes, 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 𝑥3 = 1/3 Using the time-based average
speed formula seen in the notes…
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 30 + 40 + 26 96
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑥1 𝑣1 + 𝑥2 𝑣2 + 𝑥3 𝑣3 = = = = 32 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
3 3 3

Solution 2: (30)
Fractions of the total distance that each part travels, 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 𝑥3 = 1/3
Using the distance based average speed formula seen in the notes…
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 1 1 1
= + + = + +
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3 3𝑣1 3𝑣2 3𝑣3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ×( + + )= ×( + 3 + )
3 30 40 24 3 3 × 2 × 5 2 × 5 3 × 23
1 4 3 5 1 12 1 1
= ×( + + )= ×( )= = 𝑉
3 3 3 3
3×2 ×5 3×2 ×5 3×2 ×5 3 3
3×2 ×5 3 × 2 × 5 30 𝑎𝑣𝑔
= 30 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

Solution 3: (36)
Fractions of the total distance that each part travels, 𝑥1 = 1/3, 𝑥2 = 2/3
Using the distance based average speed formula seen in the notes…
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 1 2 1 2
= + = + = +
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑣1 𝑣2 3𝑣1 3𝑣2 3 × 20 3 × 60

1 2 3 2 5 1
= + = + = =
60 180 180 180 180 36
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 36 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
Solution 4: (60)
Total distance = 2 𝑘𝑚
Total time = 2.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
First part:
Distance = 1 𝑘𝑚 (half)
Speed = 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 1
Time = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
= 40 ℎ𝑟 = 1.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Solution 5: (500)
First part:
Speed = 7.5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
2 1
Time = 2𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 60 ℎ𝑟 = 30 ℎ𝑟
1 1
Distance = Speed × Time = 7.5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 × ℎ𝑟 = 𝑘𝑚
30 4

Second Part:
Distance = 0 𝑘𝑚
Third part:
Speed = 7.5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
2 1
Time = 2𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 60 ℎ𝑟 = 30 ℎ𝑟
1 1
Distance = Speed × Time = 7.5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 × ℎ𝑟 = 𝑘𝑚
30 4

Total time = 2𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 56𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1ℎ𝑟

1 1 1
Total distance = 𝑘𝑚 + 0𝑘𝑚 + 𝑘𝑚 = 𝑘𝑚
4 4 2
1
𝑘𝑚 1
Avg. Speed = 21ℎ𝑟 = 2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 = 500 𝑚/ℎ𝑟

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A - Q, B - S, C - P, D - R

Solution 1: (A - Q, B - S, C - P, D - R)
Time based average speed result: V avg = 𝑣1 𝑥1 + 𝑣2 𝑥2
A:
1 1
𝑥1 = , 𝑥2 =
2 2
1 1 𝑣1 +𝑣2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣1 ⋅ 2 + 𝑣2 ⋅ 2 = 2

C:
1 𝑥 𝑥
Distance based average speed result: = 𝑣2 + 𝑣2
𝐴𝑣𝑔.𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 1 2

1 1
𝑥1 = , 𝑥2 =
2 2
1 1 1 𝑣2 + 𝑣1
= + =
𝐴𝑣𝑔. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 2𝑣1 2𝑣2 2𝑣1 𝑣2
2𝑣1 𝑣2
𝐴𝑣𝑔. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑣
1 +𝑣2

D:
1 2
𝑥1 = , 𝑥2 =
3 3
1 1 2 𝑣2 + 2𝑣1
= + =
𝐴𝑣𝑔. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 3𝑣1 3𝑣2 3𝑣1 𝑣2
3𝑣 𝑣
𝐴𝑣𝑔. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 2𝑣 1+𝑣2
1 2

Bonus Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
D 17 37.5 2𝑣0 (𝑣1 + 𝑣2 )
(2𝑣0 + 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 )

Solution 1: (D)
2.5 𝑘𝑚 1
Time taken to go to the market = = ℎ𝑟 = 30 𝑚𝑖𝑛
5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 2
2.5 𝑘𝑚 1
Time taken to return = 7.5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 = 3 ℎ𝑟 = 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛

In 30𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 the man goes to the market. If he takes 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛 to return with a constant speed, then in 10
minutes (40 mins from the start) he would have returned halfway covering 1.25 𝑘𝑚.
2.5 𝑘𝑚+1.25 𝑘𝑚 3.75 𝑘𝑚 11.25 45
Thus, average speed = 40 𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 2/3ℎ𝑟
= 2
ℎ𝑟 = 8
ℎ𝑟

Solution 2: (17)

First let’s find the average speed for part 2 and part 3 combined. Let the remaining distance to be
covered after part 1 be ‘D’ metres.
Part 2:
Distance = D/2 m
Speed = 20m/s
Time = Distance / Speed = D/40 s
Part 3:
Distance = D/2 m
Speed = 30m/s
Time = Distance / Speed = D/60 s
Part 2 & 3:
Total Distance = D m
Total Time = D/40 + D/60 = 3D/120 + 2D/120 = 5D/120 = D/24 s
Avg Speed = Total Distance/ Total Time = D / (D/24) = 24m/s
Now let’s find the average speed for the entire trip. Let the total time taken be ‘T’ seconds.
Part 1:
Time = T/2 s
Speed = 10m/s
Distance = Speed X Time = 10 X T/2 = 5T m
Part 2&3:
Time = T/2 s
Speed (avg.) = 24m/s
Distance = Speed X Time = 24 X T/2 = 12T m
Full Trip:
Total Time = T s
Total Distance =5T + 12T = 17T m
Avg. Speed = Total Distance/ Total Time = 17T / T = 17m/s
Solution 3: (37.5)

First let’s find the average speed for part 2 and part 3 combined. Let the remaining time after part 1 be
‘T’ seconds.

Part 2:

Time = T/4 s

Speed = 20m/s

Distance = Speed X Time = 20 X T/4 = 5T m

Part 2:

Time = 3T/4 s

Speed = 60m/s

Distance = Speed X Time = 60 X 3T/4 = 45T m

Part 2 & 3:

Total Time = T s

Total Distance =5T + 45T = 50T m

Avg. Speed = Total Distance/ Total Time = 50T / T = 50m/s

Now let’s find the average speed for the entire trip. Let the total distance travelled by ‘D’ metres.

Part 1:

Distance = D/2 m

Speed = 30m/s

Time = Distance / Speed = D/60 s

Part 2 & 3:

Speed (avg.) = 50m/s

Time = Distance / Speed = D/100 s

Full Trip:

Total Distance = D m

Total Time = D/60 + D/100 = 5D/300 + 3D/300 = 8D/300 = D/37.5 s

Avg Speed = Total Distance/ Total Time = D / (D/37.5) = 37.5m/s

2𝑣0 (𝑣1 +𝑣2 )

Solution 4:
(2𝑣0 +𝑣1 +𝑣2 )

𝑇 𝑇 𝐷
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 =
2 2 2

𝐷 = (𝑣1 + 𝑣2 )𝑇
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Average speed =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐷 𝑇 𝑇
+ 𝑣1 + 𝑣2
=2 2 2
𝐷
+𝑇
2𝑣0
Substituting 𝐷 = (𝑣1 + 𝑣2 )𝑇, we get
2𝑣0 (𝑣1 + 𝑣2 )
=
(2𝑣0 + 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 )

Solutions Lecture - 4

Solution 1: (B)
Graph B is the only one not possible as the particle seems to have two different velocities at the same
time instant.

Solution 2: (B)

The total distance covered is the area under the graph

0s to 1s:

Distance = 0m

1s to 3s:

Distance = Area of the triangle of base 2 and height 10 = ½ X 2 X 10 = 10m

3s to 5s:

Distance = Area of the rectangle of breadth 2 and length 10 = 2 X 10 = 20m

5s to 7s: (last 2 seconds)

Distance = Area of the triangle of base 2 and height 10 = ½ X 2 X 10 = 10m

Total Distance = 0 + 10m + 20m + 10m = 40m

𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 10𝑚 1

= =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 40𝑚 4

Solution 3: (C)

The acceleration is the slope of the graph

𝛥𝑦 10−0 10
Slope at 2 𝑠 = 𝛥𝑥 = 3−1
= 2
= 5 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝛥𝑦 0−10 −10
Slope at 6 𝑠 = 𝛥𝑥 = 7−5
= 2
= −5 𝑚/𝑠 2
Difference between the two accelerations = 5 − (−5) = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2

Distance covered in 5s = 0 + 10 + 20 = 30m

Time taken = 5s

Average speed = Distance/Time = 30/5 = 6m/s

Solution 5: (B)

Total Distance = 0 + 10 + 20 + 10 = 40m

Time taken = 7s

Average speed = Distance/Time = 40/7 = 5.71m/s (approx.)

Solution 6: (B)

Graph B is the only one not possible as the particle seems to have two different values for distance
travelled

Solution 7: (A)

The area under the acceleration vs time graph gives the change in the velocity

0s to 3s:

𝛥𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 10 = 3 × 10 = 30 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑓 − 2 𝑚/𝑠 = 30 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑓 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 + 30 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑓 = 32 𝑚/𝑠

0s to 6s:

𝛥𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = Area of the rectangle with base 3 and height 10 + Area of the rectangle with base 3
and height 5

= 3 × 10 + 3 × 5 = 30 + 15 = 45 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑓 − 2 𝑚/𝑠 = 45 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑓 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 + 45 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑓 = 47 𝑚/𝑠

Solution 9: (D)

Since t2 > 2t1, the base of the second triangle is greater than the base of
the first triangle i.e., t2 – t1 > t1.

But the heights are the same. This makes the first line steeper than the
second line. Thus, the absolute value of the acceleration is greater for
the first line.

Solution 10:(D)

The slope of an x-t graph gives the velocity. The slope for t < t0 is a positive constant, implying that
the particle moves with a constant velocity for this period. The slope after t0 is zero, implying the
velocity is zero, and that the particle is at rest after t0.

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
BCD AD ABD C BCD

Solution 1: (B, C, D)
Velocity is above, on and below the X-axis thus it is positive, negative and zero at different instants.
The slope of the graphs is not constant hence the acceleration is not constant.

As the slope is constant the particle has zero acceleration.

The particle turns around at t = 10s when the velocity changes signs (always implies a turnaround).

The triangle below the X-axis is clearly bigger than the triangle above the X-axis, thus the net area
under the graph which is the displacement will be negative.

For 0 to 10s, and 10s to 20s, the area under the graph will be exactly negative of each other, as the
triangles formed in both cases has a height of 10 and a base of 10. Since distance is the area without
the sign, the distance covered in both intervals is the same. Dividing by the 10s, we get the average
speed for both intervals to also be the same.

Solution 3: (A, B, D)

The area under the a-t graph gives the change in velocity. The area of the triangle above the axis, and
that below the axis is ½ X 10 X 10 = 50, hence the net area under the graph is 50 – 50 = 0. This
means the velocity at the end of 20 secs has not changed.

The particle has accelerated till 10s, where its speed was maximum, and then decelerates in the next
10s. It doesn’t turn around, and its displacement is therefore positive.

Solution 4: (C)

Notice that this is a y-x graph, which shows a top view of the actual path followed by the particle.
The instantaneous velocity is always tangential to the path. But the average velocity is from the
starting point to the current position (along the displacement.)

Only in C are these 2 along the same direction.

Solution 5: (B, C, D)

BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR|
SATARA RD|SOLAPUR
Page 25
Winter Foundation Physics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT
The initial speed is the steepness of the x-t graph at t=0. This is clearly not zero, as the curves slopes
steeply downward. The velocity does not remain positive, as there are several spells where the curve
slopes downward, implying negative velocity.

The average velocity is positive, since the displacement is positive. This is because the final X is
greater than the initial X.

The particle does stop 5 times however, when the slope (velocity) becomes zero. This occurs at the
hilltops and the valley bottoms.

stops 5 times

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
8 6 300 400 2

Solution 1: (8)
The displacement is the area under the graph.

Solution 2: (6)

The steepest slope before 6s, is for the interval 3s to 5s, where as shown, the slope and acceleration is
-6m/s2. Ignoring the sign we get 6 m/s2.

Solution 3: (300)

The area under the graph from 0 to 10s, is the area of the triangle of base 10 and height 20, which is =
½ X 10 X 20 = 100m/s

The area under the graph from 10s to 20s, is the area of the rectangle of base 10 and height 20, which
is = 10 X 20 = 200m/s

Thus, the change in velocity in 20s = the total area under the graph in 20s

= 100 + 200 = 300m/s

Solution 4: (400)

Since the acceleration is positive throughout the particle, keeps speeding up. Its max velocity is thus
found at the final instant t=30s.

The change in velocity in 30s is the area of the trapezium with parallel sides 10 and 30, and a
perpendicular distance of 20, which is = ½ X (10 + 30) X 20 = 400

Since it starts from rest, the final velocity is equal to the change in the velocity = 400m/s.

Solution 5: (2)

The acceleration is the slope of the v-t graph. The slope from 0 to 4s is 4m/s / 4s = 1m/s2. The slope
from 4s to 6s is -4m/s / 2s = -2m/s2.

Thus, ignoring the sign, the maximum acceleration, we get is 2m/s2.

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A-R, B-P, C-S, D-R

(B) Distance = Area of the rectangle from 1 to 2 = Length X Breadth = 1 X 20 = 20m

(C) Distance = Area of the trapezium from 2 to 3

= ½ X Sum of parallel sides X Perpendicular distance = ½ X (20+10) X 1 = 15m

(D) Distance = Area of the rectangle from 3 to 4 = Length X Breadth = 1 X 10 = 10m

Bonus Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
B A A

Solution 1: (B)
For the particle to reach the starting position the displacement must be zero.

So, the area under the graph must be zero.

The area above the axis = ½ x 25 x 20 = 250

The area below the axis must also be 250

Final time = 25 + 11.2 = 36.2s

Solution 2: (A)

Since the velocity drops by 10m/s in 3s, it drops by 10/3 m/s every 1 sec.

Distance is now the area under the graph with the parts below the axis being added instead of being
subtracted.

Solution 3: (A)

Having extrapolated the graph in the solution of question 2, we know that the final velocity is -10/3
m/s. The initial velocity is 10m/s. The change in velocity is (-10/3) – (10) = -40/3 m/s

Dividing this by the time taken (4s), we get an average acceleration of -10/3 m/s2.

Solution 4 :

Sinc the slope is 5 = Vmax/t ; we get Vmax = 5t.

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × [(25 − 𝑡) + (25 + 𝑡)] × 5𝑡
2
1
= 2 × 50 × 5𝑡 = 125𝑡 = 1250 𝑚

𝑡 = 10 𝑠

Solutions Lecture - 5

Solution 1: (C)
u=0

v = 40 km/hr

t = 10 mins = 1/6 hr

a=?

Applying v = u + at
1
40 = 0 + 𝑎 (6)

𝑎 = 240 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 2

Solution 2: (D)

u = 200m/s

v = 100 m/s

S = 10cm = 0.1m

a=?

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆

1002 = 2002 + 2𝑎(0.1)

1002 −2002 −3×104

𝑎= 0.2
= 2×10−1
= −15 × 104

Deceleration = 15 × 104 𝑚/𝑠

Solution 3: (A)

When the velocity and the acceleration are opposite each other, the speed always decreases.

Solution 4: (C)

When the velocity and the acceleration are opposite each other (have opposite signs), the speed
always decreases. If a is negative, the speed may increase if v is negative (same sign), or the speed
may decrease if v is positive (opposite signs).

In uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity changes at a uniform rate. Thus, the slope of the
distance vs time graph (viz. the velocity), must change at a uniform rate. This causes such distance vs
time graphs, to look like an upright or inverted U. The name of such a curve is called a parabola.

Solution 6: (C)

During retardation the speed decreases. This means the steepness (ignoring the sign) of the graph
should decrease. It increases in A, is constant in B and D, and decreases only in C.

Solution 7: (A)

When the acceleration is positive, the displacement-time graph bends upwards.

The graph bends upwards in A, beds downwards in C (a is negative), and does not bend in B and D (a
is zero).

Solution 8: (B)

u=?

v=0

S = 20m

t = 5s

The equation involving S, u, v, and t is

𝑢+𝑣
𝑆=( )𝑡
2
𝑢+0
20 = ( )5
2
40
=𝑢
5

𝑢 = 8 𝑚/𝑠

Solution 9: (C)

S = 128m

t = 4s

v=0

a=?

Equation involving S, t, v, and a is

128 = −8𝑎

𝑎 = −16

Deceleration = 16 𝑚/𝑠 2

Solution 10: (D)

The particle will slow down, halt momentarily, and then reverse its direction, and move along the
acceleration with increasing speeds. Speed first decreases then increases, repeating its values during
the process.

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
ABD A D BC ABCD

Solution 1:(A, B, D)
When v and a are in opposite directions the speed decreases.

When x is positive and v is negative, x decreases and approaches 0.

When x is negative and v is positive, x increases and approaches 0.

Thus, when x and v have opposite signs, the particle moves towards the origin.

If v is zero for an instant the acceleration need not be zero, eg. A particle thrown upwards at it highest
point has zero speed but a downward acceleration due to gravity.

If v is zero for an interval, then it is constant, which means the acceleration will be zero in that
interval.

Solution 2: (A)

The particle stops when v is zero. Which means the slope is zero. Which occurs at each hill-top and
valley-bottom. So, it stops six times.

The max speed is at the steepest part of the graph which is clearly not at t = 6.

The velocity is positive, negative and zero between 0 and 6.

The average velocity is zero as the starting and the final position (x) appear to be the same.

The acceleration will be positive where the graph curves upwards like part of a smile 😊. This is only
seen in part CD.

Solution 4: (B, C)

The acceleration will be zero where the graph is a straight-line segment. This is seen in part AB and
BC.

Solution 5: (A, B, C, D)

The velocity will be positive when the graph rises irrespective of its shape. This is seen in all 4 parts.

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
600 1 24 28 500

Solution 1: (600)
𝑣−𝑢 (80 𝑘𝑚/ℎ)−(60 𝑘𝑚/ℎ) 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑎= 𝑡
= 2𝑚𝑖𝑛
= (1/30)ℎ
= 600 𝑘𝑚/ℎ2 .

Solution 2: (1)

𝑢 = 18 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 = 5 𝑚/𝑠

𝑣 = 36 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 = 10 𝑚/𝑠

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

10 = 5 + 𝑎5
10−5
5
= 𝑎 = 1 𝑚/𝑠 2

Solution 3: (24)

𝑣 = 0( 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠 )

𝑡 = 2𝑠

𝑎 = −12 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

0 = 𝑢 − 12 × 2

Solution 4: (28)

𝑢 = 20 𝑚/𝑠

𝑎 = 4 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑡 =2𝑠

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 20 + 4 × 2 = 28 𝑚/𝑠

Solution 5: (500)

𝑢 = 0 𝑚/𝑠 (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡)

𝑎 = 2.5 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑣 = 180 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 = 50 𝑚/𝑠

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆

502 = 02 + 2 × 2.5 × 𝑆
2500
= 𝑆 = 500 𝑚
5

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A – Q, R ; B – R ; C – Q,R ; D – Q, R

Solution 1: A – Q, R ; B – R ; C – Q,R ; D – Q, R
A: 𝑢 > 0, 𝑎 < 0

Possibilities

Possibilities

∴𝑅

C: 𝑆 > 0, 𝑎 < 0

Possibilities

D: 𝑆∠0, 𝑎 < 0

Possibilities

Bonus Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
B False Yes. By turning it.

Solution 1: (B)
We can draw the acceleration time graphs to see, that the area under the graphs are the same, and thus
the change in the velocity is the same. Thus, the final velocities are the same

Next, we draw the v-t graphs to compare their area, which gives us their displacements.

B has the greater area, hence the greater displacement.

Solution 2: (False)

The particle may be turning with constant speed. Since its velocity will change it will be accelerating.

Solution 3: 𝑣𝑥 : positive, zero, negative; 𝑎𝑥 : positive, negative, positive.

At 𝑡1 the graph curves upwards, hence 𝑎 is positive, and the graph rises, hence the slope i.e the
velocity is positive.
At 𝑡2 the graph curves downwards, hence a is negative, and the slope i.e the velocity is momentarily
zero. At 𝑡3 the graph curves upwards, hence a is positive, and the graph falls, hence the slope i.e the
velocity is negative.

Solution 4: Yes. By turning it.

By simply turning the car the velocity changes, and thus the car has non zero acceleration.

Solutions Lecture - 6

Answer Key :
SCQ
1 2 3 4 5
C C C C C
6 7 8 9 10
D B A D B

Solution 1: (C)
For the first case:

S=d

Initial speed u = v

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆

0 = 𝑣 2 + 2𝑎𝑑

𝑣2
𝑎 = − 2𝑑

For the second case:

v=0

S=?

Initial speed u = 3v

Same a

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆

𝑣2
0 = (3𝑣)2 + 2 (− 2𝑑) 𝑆

𝑣2
0 = 9𝑣 2 − 𝑆
𝑑

𝑆 = 9𝑑

Solution 2: (C)

First phase:
u = 0, final speed = v, t = t1, a

Apply 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

𝑣 = 0 + 𝑎𝑡1
𝑣
𝑎=
𝑡1

Second phase:
u = v, final speed = 2v, t = t2, a same

Apply 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑣
2𝑣 = 𝑣 + ( ) 𝑡2
𝑡1

Solution 3: (C)
First phase:
u = 0, final speed = v, t = t1, a

Apply 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

𝑣 = 0 + 𝑎𝑡1
𝑣
𝑎=𝑡
1

Second phase:
u=v, final speed = 2v, t = t2, a same

Apply 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑣
2𝑣 = 𝑣 + ( ) 𝑡2
𝑡1

2𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑡2
= =1
𝑣 𝑡1
𝑣 𝑣
Thus 𝑎 = 𝑡 = 𝑡 |
1 2

Solution 4: (C)

𝛥𝑣 2𝑣 − 0 2𝑣 2𝑣 2𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = = = = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 2𝑡1 2𝑡2 𝑡1 𝑡2

Since 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 (check the solution to question 2).

Solution 5: (C)

For 0 to 20s, the average velocity is the velocity at 10s, which by v = u + at will be
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔,1 = 0 + 𝑎10 = 10𝑎

𝑆1 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 ,1 𝑡 = 10𝑎 × 20 = 200𝑎

For 20 to 40 𝑠, the average velocity is the velocity at 30 𝑠, which by 𝑣 = 𝑢 + at will be

𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔,2 = 0 + 𝑎30 = 30𝑎

𝑆2 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔,2 𝑡 = 30𝑎 × 20 = 600𝑎 = 3𝑆1

Solution 6: (D)

𝑣2 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 0 + 𝑎3 = 3𝑎

𝑣3 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 0 + 𝑎5 = 5𝑎

𝑆1 = 𝑣1 (2) = 2𝑎

𝑆2 = 𝑣2 (2) = 6𝑎

𝑆3 = 𝑣3 (2) = 10𝑎

𝑆1 : 𝑆2 : 𝑆3 = 1: 3: 5

Solution 7: (B)
1 1 𝑎
𝑆1 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 = (0)(1) + 2 𝑎(1)2 = 2

1 1 9𝑎
𝑆3 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 = (0)(1) + 2 𝑎(3)2 = 2
= 9𝑆1

Solution 8: (A)

1 1 9𝑎
𝑆5𝑡ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑎 (𝑛 − 2) = 0 + 𝑎 (5 − 2) = 2

1 1 21𝑎
𝑆11𝑡ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑎 (𝑛 − 2) = 0 + 𝑎 (11 − 2) = 2
|

9𝑎 21𝑎
𝑆5𝑡ℎ : 𝑆11𝑡ℎ = 2
: 2 = 3: 7

Solution 9: (D)

If the particle turns at t = 10, only then the displacements in the above two intervals will be equal. If it
turns sooner, the displacement in the first 10 seconds will be less. If it turns after 10 seconds, the
displacement in the first 10 seconds will be more. Since not enough information is given, all three are
possible.

Solution 10: (B)

The last second is from 6.5s to 7.5s. The average velocity is the velocity at the middle of this interval
which is at 7s.

𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 0 + 5 × 7 = 35 𝑚/𝑠

𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 × 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 35 𝑚

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

Solution 1: (B, C)
The displacement being proportional to time would mean S = kt2. This looks like the formula for the
displacement when the initial velocity is zero, and the acceleration is constant. In this case the
velocity will be v = 0 + at = at. Thus, the velocity is variable.

Solution 2: (D)

We can find the velocity at 12.5 seconds. This is the average velocity for the 13th second. This into
one second will give us the corresponding displacement.

Alternatively, we can subtract the displacement in the first 12 seconds, from the displacement in the
first 13 seconds. Look closely this is not what option A says.

Solution 3: (B, C)

𝑢 = 0, 𝑣 = 18 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 = 5 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑇 = 5 𝑠
𝑢+𝑣 0+5
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2
= 2
= 2.5 𝑚/𝑠

𝑆 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 × 𝑇 = 2.5 × 5 = 12.5 𝑚

𝑢 = 0, 𝑣 = 18 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 = 5 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑇 = 5 𝑠
𝑢+𝑣 0+5
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 2.5 𝑚/𝑠
2 2

𝑆 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 × 𝑇 = 2.5 × 5 = 12.5 𝑚

Solution 4: (A, D)

The train accelerates for 30s, and then decelerates for 60s.

The corresponding v-t graph is

Solution 5: (B, D)

u = 350 m/s, v = 0, S = 5cm = 0.05m

0 = 3502 + 2𝑎 × 0.05 = 122500 + 0.1𝑎

𝑎 = −1225000 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

0 = 350 + (−1225000) × 𝑡
350 1
𝑡 = 1225000 = 3500 𝑠

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
18 50 4 2500 4000

Solution 1: (18)
u = 0, t = 2 mins = 120s, S=400m, a = ?

1
𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1
400 = 0 + 2 𝑎((120)2

800 1
𝑎= = 𝑚/𝑠 2
14400 18

Solution 2: (50)

When the front passes the worker:

𝑆 = 50 𝑚, 𝑢 = 0, 𝑣 = 25 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑎 =?

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆

252 = 0 + 2𝑎 × 50

625 = 100𝑎

𝑎 = 6.25 𝑚/𝑠 2

When the back passes the worker:

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆 = 0 + 2 × 6.25 × 200 = 2500

𝑣 = 50 𝑚/𝑠

Solution 3: (4)

Let the time taken be 𝑡

For the first car:

1 1
𝑆1 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 10𝑡 + × 2𝑡 2
2 2

For the second car:

1 1
𝑆2 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 15𝑡 + × 3𝑡 2
2 2

Since they finally meet, they travel a combined distance of 140 𝑚

1 1 5𝑡 2
140 = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2 = 10𝑡 + × 2𝑡 2 + 15𝑡 + × 3𝑡 2 = 25𝑡 +
2 2 2
5𝑡 2
2
+ 25𝑡 − 140 = 0

𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 2/5

𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 − 56 = 0

𝑡 2 + 14𝑡 − 4𝑡 − 56 = 0

(𝑡 + 14)(𝑡 − 4) = 0

𝑡 =4𝑠

(as 𝑡 must be positive here).

Solution 4: (2500)

𝑢 = 12 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, 𝑣 = 18 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, 𝑎 = 36 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 2 , 𝑆 =?

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆

182 = 122 + 2 × 36𝑆

divide by 36

9 = 4 + 2𝑆

𝑆 = 5/2 = 2.5 𝑘𝑚 = 2500 𝑚

𝑣 = 0 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑢 = 20 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑆 = 5 𝑐𝑚 = 0.05 𝑚, 𝑎 =?

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆

0 = 202 + 2𝑎 × 0.05 = 400 + 𝑎 × 0.1

𝑎 = −4000

𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −𝑎 = 4000 𝑚/𝑠 2

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A – P, Q ; B – P, R, S ; C – P, R ; D – P, R, S

Solution 1:
A – P, Q ; B – P, R, S ; C – P, R ; D – P, R, S

Taking positive 𝑋 towards the right

𝑢 = 5 𝑚/𝑠

𝑣 = 20 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡 = 10 𝑠

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

20 = 5 + 𝑎10

20−5
𝑎= = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
10

The body does not decelerate as the speed only increases.

Taking positive 𝑋 towards the right

𝑢 = 20 𝑚/𝑠

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

5 = 20 + 𝑎10
5−20
𝑎= 10
= −1.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)

As the speed decreases, the body decelerates.

Taking positive 𝑋 towards the right

𝑢 = −5 𝑚/𝑠

𝑣 = −20 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡 = 10 𝑠

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

−20 = −5 + 𝑎10
−20+5
𝑎= = −1.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 (negative implies it is 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 towards the left)
10

The body does not decelerate as the speed only increases.

Taking positive 𝑋 towards the right

𝑢 = 5 𝑚/𝑠

𝑣 = −10 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡 = 10 𝑠

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

−10 = 5 + 𝑎10
−10−5
𝑎= 10
= −1.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)

The body decelerates, turns, and then moves towards the left with increasing speed.

Bonus Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4

Solution 1:(B)
Let the time taken be ‘t’.

Distance moved by the man = 9t

Distance moved by the bus = ut + ½ at2 = t2/2

Since the bus is already 40m ahead:

Distance moved by the man = distance moved by the bus + 40m

𝑡2
9𝑡 = 2
+ 40

𝑡 2 − 18𝑡 + 80 = 0

(𝑡 − 10)(1 − 8) = 0

𝑡 = 8 𝑠 𝑜𝑟 10 𝑠

but since the minimum time to catch the bus is asked the answer must be 8 𝑠

Solution 2: ((2175)

𝑢 = 54 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 = 54 × 5/18 𝑚/𝑠 = 15 𝑚/𝑠

Since it takes him 0.2 𝑠 to apply the brakes, in this time he will move with the initial constant speed,
and cover a distance of 15 × 0.2 = 3 𝑚.

After the brakes are applied, 𝑎 = −6 𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝑣 = 0, 𝑢 = 15 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑆 = ?

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆

0 = 225 + 2(−6)𝑆
225 75
𝑆= = = 18.75
12 4

total distance = 3 + 18.75 = 21.75 𝑚 = 2175 𝑐𝑚

Solution 3: (2)

When the overtake starts, let's say car A's front is aligned with car B's rear. If Car B travels D
distance, Car A must travel D +10 𝑚 for the overtake, as shown below.

50𝑡/3 = 10 + 35𝑡/3

15𝑡/3 = 10

𝑡 = 2𝑠

Solution 4: (1)

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑓′𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 72 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 = 20 𝑚/𝑠

𝐽𝑒𝑒𝑝′𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 90 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 = 25 𝑚/𝑠

Let's say the jeep catches the thief 𝐷 distance away from the turning
If the time taken by the jeep after the turn is 𝑇, the thief takes 10 s more, thus 𝑇 + 10 s

𝐷 = 20 × (𝑇 + 10) = 25 × 𝑇

20𝑇 + 200 = 25𝑇

200 = 5𝑇

𝑇 = 40 𝑠

𝐷 = 25𝑇 = 1000 𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑚

Solutions Lecture - 7

Answer Key :
SCQ
1 2 3 4 5
A B C B A
6 7 8 9 10
A C B D B

Solution 1: (A)
The v-t graph for the above question would be

Slope of the first graph

𝑥−0 𝑥
𝑎= =
𝑡1 − 0 𝑡1

slope of the second graph

0−𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
−𝑏 = =− ⇒𝑏=
𝑡1 + 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡2

Total time 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑡= +
𝑎 𝑏
(𝑎+𝑏)𝑥
𝑡= 𝑎𝑏

𝑎𝑏𝑡
Max. speed 𝑥 = 𝑎+𝑏

Solution 2: (B)

In the previous question we got (refer to the previous solution):-

𝑥 𝑥
𝑎= ,𝑏 =
𝑡1 𝑡2

∴ 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡1 = 𝑏𝑡2
𝑡1 𝑏
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, =𝑎
𝑡2

Solution 3: (C)

Having found the max speed (refer to the first question’s solution if needed), the v-t graph will look
like this

𝑆 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
1
= × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2

1 𝑎𝑏𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑡 2
= 2 × 𝑡 × (𝑎+𝑏) = 2(𝑎+𝑏)

Solution 4: (B)

As the body falls its speed increase, thus the slope of its distance vs time graph (which is the speed)
must increase. This is seen in graph B. Also note that a distance vs time graph can only go up, as
distance must keep increasing as the particle moves.

Solution 5: (A)

Acceleration for both is 𝑔

1
𝑎 = 2 𝑔𝑡𝑎2

1
𝑏 = 2 𝑡𝑏2

𝑡𝑎 : 𝑡𝑏 = √𝑎: √𝑏

Solution 6: (A)

Since the question doesn’t specify the axis, we will have to look at the options to see which graph can
be the correct answer. The particle must start from rest (v = 0), speed up (move away from 0) till it
hits the ground, then undergo a sudden change in sign for its velocity (direction is reversed due to the
rebound), and then eventually again stop (v = 0) at the highest point after the rebound. Only A shows
this behaviour.

Solution 7: (C)

𝑇𝑝 = 𝑇𝐸

2𝐻𝑝 𝐸 2𝐻
√𝑔 =√𝑔
𝑝 𝐸

𝐻𝑝 𝐻𝐸
𝑔𝑝
= 𝑔𝐸

𝑔𝑝 𝐻𝐸 4𝑔𝐸 (1𝑚)
𝐻𝑝 = = =4𝑚
𝑔𝐸 𝑔𝐸

Solution 9: (D)

We know 𝑉 = √2𝑔𝐻

𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝐸

√2𝑔𝑝 𝐻𝑝 = √2𝑔𝐸 𝐻𝐸

𝑔𝐸 𝐻𝐸 𝑔𝐸 (1 𝑚)
𝑔𝑝 = = = 0.25 𝑚
𝑔𝑝 4𝑔𝐸

Solution 10: (B)

It is only because of the air resistance that the stone will fall faster than the feather in the real world.
In vacuum (no air resistance) both will fall simultaneously.

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
C C BD ACD ABD

Solution 1: (C)
The acceleration due to gravity is g for both bodies. It is independent of the mass and the initial
velocity.

Solution 2:(C)

If air resistance is considered, a light body like a feather will take more time to fall.

Solution 3: (B, D)

𝑉 = √2𝑔𝐻 ∝ √𝑔 (for the same H)

2𝐻 1
𝑇=√𝑔 ∝ (for the same H)
√𝑔

g for the Earth is greater (approximately six times) than that for the moon.

Solution 4: (A, C, D)

𝑆1 > 𝑆3

𝑆1 : 𝑆2 : 𝑆3 = 25: 50: 10 = 5: 10: 2

𝑆0 𝑡𝑜 6 = 25 + 10 = 35 𝑚 𝑆6 𝑡𝑜 12 = 40 + 10 = 50 𝑚

Solution 5: (A, B, D)

10−0
● Acceleration = 𝑚1 = =2
5−0
0−10
● Deceleration = −𝑚2 = − (12−10) = 5

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
100 2 1100 3 1

Solution 1: (100)
Its top speed is 72 kmph = 20 m/s

It travels at this speed for 200m, so it would take 10s for this part.

It takes 1min = 60s, in the accelerating phase, and 30s in the decelerating phase.

Total time = 60 + 10 + 30 = 100s

Solution 2: (2)

The v-t graph looks like this

20−0 1
acceleration = 𝑚1 = 60−0 = 3 𝑚/𝑠 2

0−20 2
deceleration = −𝑚2 = − ( ) = 𝑚/𝑠 2
100−70 3

2/3 2
Ratio ⇒ =
1/3 1

Solution 3: (1100)

The total displacement is going to be the area under the v-t graph

This will be the area of the trapezium

= 1100 𝑚

Solution 4: (3)

Velocity after falling through h

𝑉 = √2𝑔ℎ

2𝑣 = √2𝑔𝑆

2√2𝑔ℎ = √2𝑔𝑆

4(2𝑔ℎ) = 2𝑔𝑆

𝑆 = 4ℎ = ℎ + 3ℎ

Thus, additional distance

= 3ℎ ∴ 𝑋 = 3

Solution 5: (1)

Velocity after falling for time 𝑇

𝑉 = 𝑔𝑇

2𝑉 = 𝑔𝑇′

2𝑔𝑇 = 𝑔𝑇′

𝑇′ = 2𝑇 = 𝑇 + 𝑇

Thus, additional time

=𝑇

∴𝑋=1
Match The Column
ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A – R, B – S, C – Q, D – Q

Solution 1: A – R, B – S, C – Q, D – Q

𝑇𝑃 𝑔𝐸 𝑔𝐸
∴ =√ =√ = √9 = 3
𝑇𝐸 𝑔𝑃 𝑔𝐸/9

∴ 3: 1

𝐵 : Since 𝑉 = √2𝑔𝐻 ∝ √𝑔 (for the Same 𝐻)

∴ 𝑉𝑝 : 𝑉𝐸 = √𝑔𝑝 : √𝑔
𝐸

= 1: 3

1 1
𝐶: 𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 = 2 𝑔𝑡 2 ∝ 𝑔 (for the Same times)

∴ 𝑆𝑝 : 𝑆𝐸 = 𝑔𝑝 : 𝑔𝐸 = 1: 9

𝐷: 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑔𝑡 ∝ 𝑔 (for the same time)

∴ 𝑉𝑝 : 𝑉𝐸 = 𝑔𝑝 : 𝑔𝐸 = 1: 9

Bonus Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
B A B B

Solution 1: (B)

1
𝑆 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 × [25 + (25 − 2𝑡)] × 5𝑡

= 125𝑡 − 5𝑡 2

𝑆 125𝑡−5𝑡 2 𝑡2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑇 = = 5𝑡 − ⇒ 20
25 5

𝑡2
5𝑡 − = 20
5

(𝑡 − 20)(𝑡 − 5) = 0

𝑡 = 20 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 5

𝑡 = 20 is Not possible as then 25 − 2𝑡 < 0.

∴𝑡=5

Solution 2: (A)

Time taken for the stone to fall:

2𝐻 2×125
=√ =√ =5𝑠
𝑔 10

After the stone hits the water surface the sound of the splash travels in time:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 125
= = 250 = 0.5 𝑠
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 5.5 𝑠

Solution 3: (B)
2𝐻
Time of flight 𝑇 = √ 𝑔
Last second ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑇 − 1 to 𝑡 = 𝑇
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 is the velocity at 𝑡 = 𝑇 − 1/2

𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑢 + 𝑎(𝑇 − 1/2) = 0 + 𝑔(𝑇 − 1/2)

𝑆𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 × 1𝑠𝑒𝑐

2𝐻 1
55 = 𝑔 (√ − )
𝑔 2

𝐻
5.5 = √ − 0.5
5

𝐻 𝐻
6 = √ ⇒ 36 =
5 5

𝐻 = 180 𝑚

Solution 4: (B)
1 1
𝐿 = 𝑔𝑡 2 − 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑇)2
2 2

𝑔𝑇 2
𝐿 = 𝑔𝑡𝑇 −
2

𝑔𝑇 2
𝐿+
2 =𝑡 = 𝐿 +𝑇
𝑔𝑇 𝑔𝑇 2

Solutions Lecture - 8

Answer Key :
SCQ

1 2 3 4 5
A B C C B
6 7 8 9 10
C B C D D

Solution 1: (A)
Take the upward direction as positive. For the last second

𝑎 = −𝑔

𝑣 =0

𝑡=1
1 1
𝑆 = 𝑣𝑡 − 2 𝑎𝑡 2 = 0(1) − 2 (−𝑔)(1)2

𝑔
= 2

Solution 2: (B)

𝑢2
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝑔

Since the body ascends, and then descends this amount,

𝑢2
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑔

Solution 3: (C)

For the ascent and the descent, the distance is the same and is equal to the maximum height attained.
The time taken for both is the same = u/g. Thus, the ratio of the two will also be the same. Hence, the
average speed is the same.

Solution 4: (C)

The velocity of the helicopter, which will then be the initial velocity of the food packet will be

𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑆 = 2𝑔ℎ

Now for the food packet

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠

𝑣 2 = 2𝑔ℎ + 2𝑔ℎ

𝑣 = √4𝑔ℎ

v = u + at

⇒ √4𝑔ℎ = −√2𝑔ℎ + 𝑔𝑡

4ℎ 2ℎ ℎ
⇒ 𝑡 = √ 𝑔 + √ 𝑔 ⇒ 3.4√𝑔

Solution 5: (B)

The body can have non-zero force or acceleration, and zero velocity. A classic example of this is at
the highest point of a particle projected vertically.

Solution 6: (C)

The acceleration for both will be g downwards.

Solution 7: (B)

Take the downward direction as positive.

In the last second just before hitting the ground:-

𝑣 = +𝑢 (𝑢 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠)

𝑡=1

𝑢 = 𝑣′

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

𝑢 = 𝑣′ + 𝑔(1)

𝑣′ = 𝑢 − 𝑔

Solution 8: (C)

The motion is very symmetrical about the starting and finishing instants. 5 seconds after the start, and
5 seconds before the end the particle would be at the exact same position.

Solution 9: (D)

𝑢 = 19.6 𝑚/𝑠

𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑇 =6𝑠

𝐻 =?

𝑢+√𝑢2 +2𝑔𝐻
𝑇= 𝑔

19.6 19.62 2×9.8×𝐻

6= + √ +
9.8 9.82 9.82

𝐻
6 − 2 = √4 + 4.9

𝐻
16 − 4 = ⇒ 𝐻 = 12 × 4.9 = 58.8
4.9

Solution 10: (D)

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
C AD BC ABC ACD

Solution 1: (C)
Both will hit the ground with the same speed of √𝑢2 + 2𝑔ℎ. Thus, they will always be equal.

Solution 2: (A, D)

When projected upwards

When projected downwards

Solution 3: (B, C)

−𝑢+√𝑢2 +2𝑔𝐻 −5+√52 +2×10×10

𝑇= 9
= 10

−5+√225 −5+15
= 10
= 10
= 1𝑠

𝑉 = √𝑢2 + 2𝑔𝐻 = 15 𝑚/𝑠

𝑆 10 𝑚↓
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑇 = 1𝑠
= 10 𝑚/𝑠 ↓

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡 10 𝑚
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑇
= 1𝑠
= 10 𝑚/𝑠

𝑢 + √𝑢2 + 2𝑔𝐻 5 + √52 + 2 × 10 × 30

𝑇= =
𝑔 10

5 + √625 5 + 25
= = = 3𝑠
10 10

𝑉 = √𝑢2 + 2𝑔𝐻 = 25 𝑚/𝑠

𝑆 30 𝑚 ↓
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 10 𝑚/𝑠 ↓
𝑇 3𝑠
𝑢2 𝑢2 25 25
Distance = + +𝐻 = + + 30 = 32.5 𝑚
2𝑔 2𝑔 20 20

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡 32.5 𝑚
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 10.83 𝑚/𝑠
𝑇 3𝑠

Solution 5: (A, C, D)

(A) 𝑣 = √𝑢2 + 2𝑔ℎ = √02 + 2 × 10 × 1.5 = √30 𝑚/𝑠 > 5 𝑚/𝑠( breaks )

(B) 𝑣 = √𝑢2 + 2𝑔ℎ = √32 + 2 × 10 × 0.6 = √9 + 12 = √21 𝑚/𝑠 < 5 𝑚/𝑠 (doesn't break)

(C) 𝑣 = √𝑢2 + 2𝑔ℎ = √32 + 2 × 10 × 0.8 = √9 + 16 = √25 𝑚/𝑠 = 5 𝑚/𝑠 (breaks)

(D) 𝑣 = √𝑢2 + 2𝑔ℎ = √52 + 2 × 10 × 0 = √25 𝑚/𝑠 = 5 𝑚/𝑠( breaks)

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
72 5 10 1 15

Solution 1: (72)
𝑢 = 12 𝑚/𝑠

𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑢2 122 144
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑔 = 2×10 = 20
= 7.2 𝑚

But it was already 65 𝑚 above the ground.

𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 65 + 7.2 = 72.2 𝑚 ≈ 72 𝑚

Solution 2: (5)

At the maximum height

𝑣 = 0 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠; 𝑢 =?

𝑎 = −𝑔 = −10 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

0 = 𝑢 + (−10)(0.5) = 𝑢 − 5

𝑢 = 5 𝑚/𝑠

Solution 3: (10)

Take the upward direction as positive.

𝑎 = −𝑔 = −10 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑣=0

𝑢 = 10 𝑚/𝑠

𝑆 = 𝐻/2 [ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐻/2 𝑡𝑜 𝐻]

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆
𝐻
0 = 102 + 2(−10) = 100 − 10𝐻
2

𝐻 = 10 𝑚

Solution 4: (1)

Take the upward direction as positive.

𝑎 = −𝑔 = −10 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑣=0

𝑢 = 10 𝑚/𝑠

𝐻 = 10 𝑚

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

0 = 10 + (−10)𝑡

𝑡 =1𝑠

Take the upward direction as positive.

𝑎 = −𝑔 = −10 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑢 = 20 𝑚/𝑠 𝑡 = 3 𝑠 𝑠

1 1
= 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 20 × 3 + (−10)(3)2 = 60 − 45 = 15 𝑚
2 2

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A – S, B – R, C – P, D – Q

Solution 1: A – S, B – R, C – P, D – Q
𝑢 = 12 𝑚/𝑠 (same as that of the balloon that released it)

𝐻 = 65 𝑚 𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑢+√𝑢2 +2𝑔𝐻
Time of flight = 𝑔

12+√144+20×65 12+√1444
= =
10 10

12+38
= 10
=5𝑠

𝑢
𝑇𝐴 = = 1.2 𝑠 ≈ 1 𝑠
𝑔

𝑇𝐷 = 𝑇 − 𝑇𝐴 = 5 − 1.2 = 3.8 𝑠 ≈ 4 𝑠

𝑉𝑓 = √𝑢2 + 2𝑔𝐻 = 38 𝑚/𝑠

Bonus Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
A D

For 3𝑟𝑑 body

1
ℎ = 2 𝑔𝑡 2 eq. (3)

Form eq 1 and 2, eliminating 𝑢,

1
ℎ = 2 𝑔𝑡1 𝑡2 eq. (4)

Form eq 3 and eq 4, we get 𝑡 = √𝑡1 𝑡2

Solution 2:
2(ℎ−𝑦)
Time of 2𝑛𝑑 particle = √ 𝑔

Velocity of 1𝑠𝑡 particle at 𝐵 = √2𝑔𝑥

1
Apply 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 from 𝐵 to 𝐶 for the first particle

2(ℎ−𝑦) 1 2(ℎ−𝑦)
ℎ − 𝑥 = √2𝑔𝑥√ + 𝑔×
𝑔 2 𝑔

𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2√𝑥(√ℎ − 𝑦)

(𝑦−𝑥)2
4𝑥
=ℎ−𝑦

(𝑥+𝑦)2
∴ ℎ= 4𝑥

Solution 3: (A)

Take the upward direction as positive.

Distance in the lest second of the upward journey = 𝑠

𝑆 is independent of the speed of projection.

∴ 1: 1

Solution 4: (D)

Take the upward direction as positive.

Distance in the last second of the downward journey = 𝑠

𝑣 = −𝑢; [its fincel speed is 𝑢 downwards].

𝑎 = −𝑔 = −10 𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝑡 = 1 𝑠
1
● 𝑆 = 𝑣𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 2
2

1
= (−𝑢)(1) − (−10)(1)2 = 5 − 𝑢
2

● 𝑆1 = 5 − 40 = −35 ⇒ 35 𝑚 (𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑)
● 𝑆2 = 5 − 80 = −75 ⇒ 75 𝑚 (𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠)
∴ 𝑆1 : 𝑆2 = 35: 75 = 7: 15

Chapter 2 Forces

Solutions Lecture - 9

Answer Key :
SCQ
1 2 3 4 5
B C D A C
6 7 8 9 10
C B B A D

Solution 1: (B)
The mass of a body is the measure of its inertia. The more the mass, the more the inertia.
Solution 2: (C)
This law defines both inertia, as the tendency to continue to be in its state of rest or
uniform motion along a straight line; and force, as an entity which acts to change that state of
rest or uniform motion along a straight line.
Solution 3: (D)

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The larger the mass the more the inertia
Solution 4 : (A)
The bus accelerates, and so does the lower body of the passenger, while their upper
bodies, exhibit inertia, their tendency to stay in the state of rest, and thus lean back.
Solution 5: (C)
Inertia depends on the mass.
Solution 6: (C)
As the particle may change its direction, the net force acting on it need not be zero.
Solution 7: (B)
The velocity is always along the direction in which the object is moving. The force and the
acceleration are directed along the direction in which the velocity will change. Eg. When a ball
is projected at an angle with the ground, it moves in the direction of its velocity, while the
force and the acceleration are downwards.

Solution 8 : (B)
The forces of action and rection are equal and opposite.
Solution 9 : (A)
The force by the string and the weight of the bob, balance each other by Newton’s first
law, since the bob is at rest. They are equal and opposite, but do not form an action-reaction
pair.
Solution 10: (D)
The action-reaction pair act simultaneously and on different bodies.

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
AC BCD BD ABCD AB

Solution 1 : (A, C)
Since the velocity is constant, the net force acting on the body must be zero (B correct). This
can happen when no force acts on the object at all (D is correct, C is wrong).

Solution 2: (BCD)
An unbalanced external force must change the velocity of the body. It may achieve this by
changing the speed, or the direction, or both, of the body. Changing speed is not a must
though, the speed may or may not change. Changes in shape and size can be observed
accompanying this, for eg. Throwing a mud ball on a wall, during the collision it slows
down, and changes it shape due to the force by the wall.
Solution 3: (B, D)
The dust continues to stay at rest while the carpet moves on being beaten, demonstrating the
inertia of rest not motion.
The water droplets separate from the fur as the dog shakes his body, demonstrates how the
fur quickly changes its direction in its to and fro motion, but the water droplets continue along
their original path due to the inertia of motion, and thus separate from the fur.
Monkey picking the bugs has nothing to do with inertia. The bugs leave the fur, because they
were picked out.
People can fall in a bus when it suddenly starts (inertia of rest), suddenly stops (inertia of
motion), turns (inertia of direction).
Solution 4: A, B, C, D

They are equal and opposite, act simultaneously, and are always on different bodies.

Solution 5: (A, B)

If there is no net force, the velocity must be zero or constant. A body turning with constant
speed doesn’t have zero net external force. The body can not have an acceleration if it has no
net force.

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
10 50 800 1050 400

Solution 1: (10)
Since the book is at rest the net force on it must be zero. Since the Earth pulls the book with
a force of 10N, the table also applies a force of 10N to balance out the book’s weight.

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Solution 1: (50)
The net force applied by the ground must be 40N upwards (to balance out the weight of the
box), and 30N horizontally opposite the boy’s push (to balance out the 30N force). The
resultant of these two vectors is 50N by Pythagoras theorem.

Solution 3: (800)
Since the man is undergoing uniform motion along a straight line, the net force on the man is
zero. Thus, the elevator pushes the man with a force of 800n to balance out his weight. The
man pushes the elevator with the same force with which the elevator pushes the man.
Solution 4: (1050)
Since the fireman and the child as a system undergo uniform motion, the net force on them
must be zero. Thus, the force by the ladder must be 1050N, to balance the total weight of the
system.
Solution 5: (400)
The net force on the boy must be zero as he is undergoing uniform motion along a straight
line. Thus, the force applied by the pull up bar on him and vice-versa is 600N to balance his
weight. If his left hand applies X, his right hand applies 2X force. Thus,
X + 2X = 600N, there fore X = 200N. His right hand thus applies 2X = 400N.
Match The Column
ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A – Q, B – S, C – P, D – R

Solution 1: (A – Q, B – S, C – P, D – R)

The man’s pull on the string (A) and the string’s pull on the man (Q) form an action-reaction
pair.
The string’s pull on the cart (B) and the cart’s pull on the string (S) form an action-reaction
pair.
The cart pushing the ground downward (C) and the ground pushing the cart upwards (P)
form an action-reaction pair.
The gravitational pull by the Earth on the cart (D) and the gravitational pull by the
cart on the Earth (R) form an action-reaction pair.

Bonus Type Questions

1 2 3 4
AD D

Solution 1:
Assume that the spring is massless.
Since the spring is massless, the net force on it must be zero. Thus, both blocks pull the
spring by equal and opposite forces. The reactions to these 2 forces, will thus, also be equal
and opposite to each other. In other words, the spring pulls both block towards itself with
forces that are equal and opposite. These do not form an action-reaction pair, because they
are NOT forces that 2 bodies APPLY ON EACH OTHER.
Solution 2:
Though the force the teams apply on each other (through the rope) is equal and opposite, the
frictional force they apply on the ground are not equal. The winning team pushes the ground
harder. The ground in return applies a force on the winning team, that is greater than the pull
of the rope, and thus the winning team moves away from the rope. For the losing team, the
force by the rope is weaker then the force by the ground, and thus they move towards the
rope.
Solution 3: (A, D)

Since the object has no acceleration, its velocity is constant, and thus its speed is constant.
This also means the sum of the three forces must be zero. This can happen without the forces
being necessarily, parallel or equal in magnitude.
Solution 4 : (D)

The only force acting on the ball isn the force due to gravity, which acts downwards. This is
thus the direction of the net force, as well as the direction of the acceleration. Notice how the
direction of motion of the ball, need not be along the net force at a given instant.

Solutions Lecture - 10

Answer Key :
SCQ
1 2 3 4 5
D D D C C
6 7 8 9 10
A D A C D

Solution 1: (D)
𝐹 = 4𝑎1

2𝐹 = 2𝑎2
𝐹 = 𝑎2
𝑎2 𝐹
= =4
𝑎1 𝐹/4
Solution 2: (D)

Taking the positive X-axis along the initial direction of the ball

𝑃𝑖 = 1 × 20 𝑃𝑓 = 1 × (−30) 𝛥𝑃 = 𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑖

= (−30) − (20) = −50 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 𝑖 ⋅ 𝑒 = 50

Solution 3: (D)

𝛥𝑃 50
𝑓= = = 500 𝑁.
𝛥𝑡 0.1

Solution 4: (C)

𝛥𝑝 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 ) 2(30 − 20)

𝐹= = = = 10 𝑁
𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡 2

Solution 5: (C)

By Newton’s second law we now have a numerical value for our force based on how
quickly the momentum of the object changes.

Solution 6: (A)

The net force on a body is F = ma = 1kg X 5m/s2 = 5N

Solution 7: (D)

1
𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2

1
0.4𝑚 = 0𝑡 + 𝑎(2𝑠)2 = 2𝑎
2

𝑎 = 0.2 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 0.2 𝑘𝑔 × 0.2 𝑚/𝑠 2 = 0.04 𝑁

Let 𝑎 be the rate of deceleration

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆

02 = (120 𝑚/𝑠)2 + 2(−𝑎)(−0.12 𝑚)𝑠 2

1202 1200
𝑎= = = 60,000 𝑚/𝑠 2
0.24 0.02

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 0.03 𝑘𝑔 × 60,000 𝑚/𝑠 2 = 1800 𝑁

𝛥𝑝 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖 ) 𝑚(𝑣−(−𝑣))

= 𝑛 | 𝛥𝑡 | = 𝑛 | | = 𝑛| | = 𝑛(2𝑚𝑣)
𝛥𝑡 1𝑠

(Here we have taken the downard direction as positive, which is why the velocity after
rebounding is −𝑣 )
Solution 10: (D)
Taking the forward direction as positive:
If the final velocity is in the same direction: i.e. 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣
𝛥𝑝 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖 𝑣−𝑢
𝐹= = = 𝑚( )
𝛥𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑣−𝑢
|𝐹| = 𝑚 ( )
𝑡
If the final velocity is in the opposite direction: i.e. 𝑣𝑓 = −𝑣
𝛥𝑝 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖 −𝑣 − 𝑢
𝐹= = = 𝑚( )
𝛥𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑣+𝑢
|𝐹| = 𝑚 ( )
𝑡
More than One Correct:
ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
AC D B AD AD

Solution 1: (AC)

Solution 2: (D)
The momentum like the velocity, increases linearly for 5 seconds, and then becomes constant
as v becomes constant. It is thus represented by the graph in option D.
Since the body is accelerated uniformly, the force is constant for 5 seconds, after which it
becomes zero. The correct graph will look like this.

Solution 3: (B)
The fuel emitted receives a force of

𝛥𝑝 𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑢 𝑚 0.05 𝑘𝑔
𝐹= = = (𝑣 − 𝑢) = × (400 𝑚/𝑠) = 20 𝑁
𝛥𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 1𝑠

This by Newton’s third law is the force received by the rocket.

This is not the net force on the rocket, as the rocket will also experience its weight. The
resultant of these forces, will equal the rocket’s rate of change of momentum. Thus the
rocket’s change of momentum won’t necessarily be 20 N.

Solution 4: (A, D)

If the velocity decreases to 4m/s in the same direction, then taking the forward direction as
positive, the force will be
𝛥𝑝 𝑝𝑓 −𝑝𝑖 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖 ) 2(4−10)
𝐹= = = = = −12𝑁 = 12𝑁 in the backward direction
𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡 1

If the velocity decreases to 4 𝑚/𝑠 in the opposite direction, then taking the forward direction as
positive, the force will be
𝛥𝑝 𝑝𝑓 −𝑝𝑖 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖 ) 2((−4)−10)
𝐹= = = = = −28𝑁 = 28𝑁 in the backward direction
𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡 1

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
5 2 5 5 3

Solution 1: (5)
𝛥𝑝 𝑚𝑉 −𝑚𝑉
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝛥𝑡 = 𝑓2 𝑖
5
10 = 2 ( 𝑉𝑓 − 1) 4 = 𝑉𝑓 − 1

𝑉𝑓 = 5 𝑚/𝑠

Solution 2: (2)

𝐹 = 6 𝑚1 𝐹 = 3 𝑚2 𝐹 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑎
𝐹 𝐹
𝐹 = (6 + 3) 𝑎 𝑎 = 2

Solution 3: (5)
𝐹 2×103
𝑎 = 𝑚 = 4×104 = 5 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝛥𝑝 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 ) 0.15 𝑘𝑔(0 𝑚/𝑠 − 20 𝑚/𝑠)

=| |=| |=| | = 30 𝑁
𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡 0.1 𝑠
𝐹
=5𝑁
6
Solution 5: (3)

|𝐹𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 | = |𝐹𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 |

𝛥𝑝 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 ) 0.15 𝑘𝑔(0 𝑚/𝑠 − 20 𝑚/𝑠)

=| |=| |=| | = 30 𝑁
𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡 0.1 𝑠
𝑃 = |𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )| = |0.15 𝑘𝑔(0 𝑚/𝑠 − 20 𝑚/𝑠)| = 3 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 2

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1

A-R, B-Q, C-Q, D-P

Solution 1: A-R, B-Q, C-Q, D-P

(a) The velocity of the bullet as it hits the wall is = 120 𝑚/𝑠. The velocity after 0.03 𝑠 is
𝑣 = 0. So, using 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡,
0 = (120 𝑚/𝑠) + 𝑎(0.03 𝑠)
120
Or 𝑎 = − 0.03 𝑚/𝑠 2 = −4000 𝑚/𝑠 2 .

(b) The force exerted by the wall on the bullet is

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = (20 𝑔)(−4000 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

20
=( 𝑘𝑔) (−4000 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) = −80 𝑁.
1000
The negative sign shows that the force by the wall on the bullet is in a direction
opposite to that of the velocity.
(c) From Newton's third law, the force exerted by the bullet on the wall is also 80 𝑁, in
direction of the velocity.

(d) The distance covered by the bullet in the wall is

= 3.6 𝑚 − 1.8 𝑚 = 1.8 𝑚

Bonus Type Questions
ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
A C B

Solution 1: (A)
The force at time t=2s can be seen from the graph to be 4N. The corresponding acceleration
on a 3kg will be F/m = 4/3 m/s2

Solution 2: (C)
Irrespective of the masses, by Newton’s 3rd law the tractor and the trailer apply equal and
opposite forces on each other.
Solution 3: (B)

The average force on the ball is the change in its momentum by the time of contact.
Thus, the direction of the force is the same as the direction of the change in momentum
which will be the same as the direction of the change in velocity, which will be the following

Solution 4:
When we jump on a floor, the floor reduces our velocity to zero. If we decelerate over a
larger distance, the corresponding acceleration ( (v2 - u2)/2S ) is less, and thus the force
applied by the floor is less. This happens when we jump on a softer surface, hence they hurt
our legs less than harder surfaces.

Answer Key :
SCQ
1 2 3 4 5
C C C A A
6 7 8 9 10
C A D A

Solution 1: (C)
In the first case, the force on the block will be
𝐾𝑥0 = 𝑚𝑎0
In the first case, the force on the block due to the two springs will be
2𝐾𝑥0 = 𝑚𝑎
2𝑚𝑎0 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑎 = 2𝑎0
Solution 2: (C)
The free body diagram of the cylinder is as shown in Fig. Here, 𝑤 = weight of cylinder and
𝑁1 and 𝑁2 are the normal reactions between the cylinder and the two inclined walls.

Solution 3: (C)

The three forces acting on the ball will be the Tension by the string, the downward weight by
the Earth and the Normal force to the left by the wall.

Solution 4: (A)
The Tension on the block must balance the weight of the block, as the block is at rest.

Solution 5: (A)
Since the man in the lift seems to be moving down with a constant speed, then by Newton’s
first law the net force on the man must be zero. Thus, the upward Normal reaction on
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him by the weighing machine, will balance his weight. Thus, the reading will be N/g
= mg/g = m = 50kg. (When the man doesn’t accelerate, the weighing machine always
reports his correct weight.)
Solution 6: (C)
Since the block is at equilibrium the net force on it should be zero. Thus, the spring
force must balance the weight of the block. Hence it will be mg = 50N

Solution 7: (A)
The force applied by the spring is 50N. It is also equal to Kx = 5x.
Thus,
50 = 5x
x = 10m
Since the spring pushes upwards (away from itself), it must be in a compressed state.
Hence, A
Solution 8: (D)
Since the weighing machine reads 12kg, the Normal applied by it is ‘g’ times the reading.
Thus N = 12 X g = 120N.
The FBD of the block will look as follows

Applying Newton’s first law we get

T + N = Weight
T + 12g = 15g
T = 15g – 12g = 3g = 30N
Solution 9: (A)
Since the spring is compressed, it will push the block up with a force of Kx, while the
weight, and the Normal N from the ceiling, will be downwards.
Let’s make an FBD of the block
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Applying Newton’s laws we get

N + W = Kx
N = Kx – W = 15N – 2N = 13N
Solution 10:
The extension x = current length – natural length
= 18cm – 14cm = 4cm = 0.04m
The Tension T = Kx =300 X 0.04 = 12N

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
ABCD AB AC AD BC

Solution 1: (ABCD)
The force with which the block presses the ground is the Normal reaction between the two
surfaces. This Normal they apply on each other is an action reaction pair. Normal by the
block on the ground is a downward push, and the Normal by the ground on the block is an
upward push.
Solution 2: (AB)
The Tension in spring B supports the weight of the block below it.
Thus, this Tension is equal to 100N. The reading of the balance will be T/g = 10kg.
The Tension in spring A supports the weight of the spring and block below it. But the spring
is massless, hence this ultimately equals the weight of the block.
Thus, this Tension is also equal to 100N. The reading of the balance will be T/g = 10kg.
(When massless springs or strings are in series in this manner, the Tension in all of the same
ends up being the same.)
Solution 3: (AC)
Taking Block B as the system we get the following FBD
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Since a = 0, Net force must be zero.

TL=10N
Taking both blocks as the system we get the following FBD

Since a = 0, Net force must be zero.

TL=30N
Solution 4: (A, D)

Let’s say the displacement is X. In A, the spring gets ultimately stretched by 2X, leading to a
Tension in it of K(2X). In D, the spring gets ultimately compressed by 2X, leading to a Force
of compression in it of K(2X). In case B and C the spring doesn’t undergo a change in its
length, hence there is no force of tension/compression in it.
Solution 5: (B, C)

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In option A and B, the person’s speed is constant. By Newton’s 1st Law the net force on him
must be zero. Thus, the Normal on him by the weighing machine must balance his weight.
Thus, it will read exactly 80kg.
In case C, since he has an upward acceleration, he needs a net upward force. Hence the
Normal by the weighing machine exceeds his weight, and the weighing machine reads
greater than 80kg.
In case D, since he has a downward acceleration, he needs a net downward force. Hence his
weight exceeds the Normal by the weighing machine, and the weighing machine reads less
than 80kg.

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
2 0 30 40 66

Solution 1: (2)

Balancing horizontal forces, we get 𝑁1 = 10 𝑁.

Balancing vertical forces, we get 𝑁2 = 10 𝑁.
𝑁1 + 𝑁2 10 + 10
= =2
10 10

Solution 2: (0)
The FBD of the man will look like this

Solution 3: (30)
Taking both blocks as the system, and knowing they are at rest, we get that the external force
on them must be zero, for which the tension applied externally by the upper string must bear
the weight of both the blocks.
Thus TU = 2g + 3g = 50N
Taking the lower block as the system, and knowing it is at rest, we get that the external force
applied on it must be zero, for which the Tension applied externally on it by the lower string
must equal its weight/
Thus TD = 2g = 20N
The difference in the Tensions will be 30N.

Solution 4: (40N)
While measuring out 2kg of a substance, the vendor will place different known weights on
the other pan. When he places 2kg on the other pan, that’s when the beam will be perfectly
balanced and that’s how he will know that the substance also weighs 2kg.
The total weight he must apply to hold the pan in this position will be
Weight of the pan (nearly zero, as it is light) + weight of the substance (2kg) + weight of the
counterweight on the other pan (2kg) = 4kg X g = 40N

Solution 5: (66)
The FBD of the man will look like this
FBD

Applying Newton’s second law in the upward direction, we will get

F = ma
N – 60g = 60a
N = 60g + 60a = 60(g+a) = 60(10+1) = 660N
Reading = N/g = 660/10 = 66kg

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1

A – R, B – S, C – P, D – Q

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Solution 1: (A – R, B – S, C – P, D – Q)
Taking the lower block as the system, we get that the upward force of Tension on it must balance its
downward weight, since it is in equilibrium.
Thus, the Tension on the lower block due to the spring will be 20N. This tension will also be equal
to K times the extension in the spring.
Thus, Kx = 2x = 20; x = 10m.
Taking the 2 blocks and the lower spring as the system, we get that the upward force of Tension on
them, must balance their downward weight, since they are in equilibrium. All the forces they apply
on each other will cancel out as they are internal forces.
Thus, the Tension due to the upper spring will be the sum of 20N and 10N = 30N. This tension will
also be equal to K times the extension in the spring.
Thus, Kx = 2x = 30; x = 15m.
Bonus Type Questions
ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
C B A C

Solution 1: (C)
To find the Tension in the above rope, find force with which the rope pulls either of its ends.
At each end, it pulls the person pulling it, with an equal and opposite force of 100N by
Newton’s 3rd Law. This gives us the tension at each end to be 100N.
Alternatively, we can find the tension at any cross section by making an FBD of the
part of the rope on either side of that cross section. Since, the net force is zero, and no part of
the rope accelerates, either part must have balanced forces acting on it. The persons pull at
the end must be balanced by the tension applied by the other part. Thus, the tension at any
cross section comes out to be 100N.

By applying Newton’s Second Law in the downward direction, we get

500N – N = ma = 50 x 1 = 50N
Thus, the Normal (reading) by the weighing machine will be N =500 – 50 = 450N
Solution 3: (A)
Let us make an FBD of the block.

Applying Newton’s Second Law in the upward direction we get

T – mg = ma
T = m(g+a)
Thus, T increases with a.
Hence RU > RC > RD
Solution 4: (C)

The blocks accelerate with a common acceleration of a = F/6m. The tension in string A is the
only external force accelerating the 3m block, and thus TA = 3ma = F/2
The tension in string B is the only external force accelerating the 3m + 2m blocks system,
and thus TB = 5ma = 5F/6.

Solutions Lecture - 12

Answer Key :
SCQ
1 2 3 4 5
A B A B A
6 7 8 9 10
A A B A

Solution 1: (A)
For the car to accelerate an external force must act on the car. The only explanation
is that the road accelerates it with the force of friction.
Solution 2: (B)
To just move it one must overcome the maximum value of static friction which is 14N. This
is slightly greater than the force required to keep it moving, which is the force of Kinetic
friction.
Solution 3: (A)
Normal in this simple case would equal mg. Hence N increases. Max value of static friction
is proportional to N, hence ‘f’ also increases.
Solution 4: (B)
By Newton’s first law, net force on the body must be zero. Hence friction must be 100N to
balance out the force.
Solution 5: (A)
Let’s find the deceleration of the block
v=u+at
0 = 4 + a2
a = - 2m/s2
This deceleration is caused by kinetic friction f alone
f = ma = 4N
To keep it moving at a constant speed, the acceleration must be zero, for which the net force
must be zero.

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Thus, we must push it forward with a horizontal force of 4N, to counter the kinetic friction.
Solution 6: (A)
Since there is no relative slipping, the friction between the blocks will be static.
Friction on the 2kg block by the 3kg block will be in the backward direction to cancel out the
forward push. Friction on the 3kg block by the 2kg block will be in the forward direction by
Newton’s 3rd Law.
Solution 7: (A)
The car is accelerating in the forward direction. For which it needs a forward external force
to be applied on it. The only external horizontal force that can act on the car is the force of
friction. Hence friction must be this forward force along the car’s velocity.
Solution 8: (B)
The car is decelerating which means it is accelerating in the backward direction (opposite its
velocity). For which it needs a backward external force to be applied on it. The only external
horizontal force that can act on the car is the force of friction. Hence friction must be this
backward force opposite the car’s velocity.
Solution 9: (A)
The man went from zero velocity to a non-zero velocity towards the right. This means the
change in velocity is effectively towards the right. Dividing this vector by the time interval,
we get that the average acceleration is towards the right. Multiplying this by the mass we get
the average force is toward the right.
Or we can say the overall change in momentum is rightwards, hence the average force is also
rightwards.

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
BC ABC BCD CD BCD

Solution 1: (BC)
The kinetic friction present will oppose the relative motion between the block and the floor.
So it will act opposite the velocity, which by mere coincidence is also the direction of the
externally applied force.
Solution 2: (ABC)

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The maximum value of static friction is 50N. Which means it can apply every value from 0N
to 50N. 0N will act when the net force is zero, which is possible when the applied horizontal
forces cancel each other out. Kinetic friction will be slightly less than 50N. So, in no
circumstance will friction exceed 50N.
Solution 3: (BCD)
Friction is a contact force that always acts parallel to the contact surface.
Solution 4: (CD)
Friction acts opposite the relative motion between the two bodies. It may thus, act along the
direction of motion, as when a car or a running man accelerate from rest. It may act opposite
the direction of motion as well, like when a block slides on a rough floor.
Solution 5: (BCD)
Friction’s objective is to prevent relative slipping if it can. In this case, the amount of friction
needed to hold the block in place and cancel out the applied force is 5N. Since this is less
than the max force it can apply, friction will be static and equal to 5N, and the block will not
move.
Integer Type Questions
ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
8 5 200 2 20

Solution 1: (8)
Static friction will adjust its value ap to the max available amount, to oppose relative
slipping. Since the external force is 8N. Friction comfortably provides 8N in the opposite
direction to hold the block in place.

Solution 2: (5)
u = 10m/s
v=0
t = 4s
v = u + at
0 = 10 + 4a
a = -2.5m/s2

Since 5000N is required to push the box, this tells us that the maximum force of static
friction is 5000N. When the box moves, the force of kinetic friction on this box, will be
5000N in the backward direction. Applying Newton’s second law in the forward direction will
be
7000 – 5000 = ma = 10m
m = 200kg
Solution 4: (2)
In the first case when the block moves at a constant speed, the net force on it must be zero.
Which means the force of kinetic friction will be equal to 500N and opposite the
externally applied force. When the force increases to 2500N, the Kinetic friction will
stay constant at 500N.
Applying Newton’s second Law in the forward direction we get
2500N – 500N = ma = 1000a
2000 = 1000a
a = 2m/s2
Solution 5: (20)

Applying Newton’s Second Law in the forward direction we get

80 – f = ma = 20 X 3 = 60N
f =80 – 60 = 20N

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A – R, B – Q, C – S, D – P

Solution 1: (A – R, B – Q, C – S, D – P)

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When the block is pushed with a force of 3N, the block doesn’t move and a frictional force of
3N acts opposite the force.
When the block is pushed with a force of 20N, the block moves and a kinetic frictional force
of 10N acts opposite the force. Applying Newton’s second law we get
20N – 10N = ma =5a
a=2m/s2
When the block is pushed with a force of 2N, the block doesn’t move and a frictional force of
2N acts opposite the force.
Bonus Type Questions
ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
A B A B

Solution 1: (A)
Here since P is downwards and leftwards, we can imagine a part of P pushes the lawn mower
down, and a part of it pushes the lawn mower in the forward direction.
Since the lawn mower moves with constant speed, it has no acceleration in the horizontal and
in the vertical direction.
In the vertical direction, we have the upward Normal N, cancelling out the sum of the
downward weight W and the downward part of P. Thus, N = W + downward part of P.
Hence, N>W.
In the horizontal direction, we have the backward friction f cancelling the leftward part of P.
This leftward part of P, is only a part of P, and is thus smaller than the actual force P. Thus, f
= leftward part of P. Hence, f<P.
Solution 2: (B)

For the crate to accelerate up the incline, a force should act on it up the incline. This force
can only be the force of static friction, which prevents relative slipping between the crate and
the sleigh.
Solution 3: (A)
This is the FBD of the block

Applying Newton’s Second Law towards the right we get

Consider the diagram below. In such cars the motor tries to rotate the rear wheel in the
clockwise direction, this causes the lower point to have a tendency to slip backwards, hence,
the friction on the rear wheel acts in the forward direction to counter this slipping tendency.
For the front wheels, the motion of the car has a tendency to make the wheels slide forward
on the road. This makes the lowest point of the front wheel, have a forward sliding tendency.
Friction counters this by acting in the backward direction on the front wheels.

Chapter 3 Momentum

Solutions Lecture - 13

Answer Key :

But the momentum of the system will be conserved, as these forces are internal with respect
to the system.

Solution 1 : (B)

If the gun was not held firmly the gun would recoil. This is because in the absence of the external
force the momentum of the gun + bullet system would be conserved. Initially this momentum
was zero, as both were at rest. Therefore, finally too it must be zero. For this to happen the final
momentum of the gun must vectorially cancel out the final momentum of the bullet. For this they
must move in opposite directions. This is why the gun recoils, while the bullet moves forward.

Solution 3 : (A)

Since water applies a negligible horizontal force, the momentum of the boat + man system is
conserved. Since the initial momentum was zero (both were at rest), the final momentum also
must be zero. For this to happen the final momentum of the boat must vectorially cancel out the
final momentum of the man. For this they must move in opposite directions. This is why the boat
moves away from the shore, while the man moves towards the shore.

Solution 4 : (D)

One can say the cannon recoils due to the conservation of linear momentum, or also due to
Newton's 3𝑟𝑑 law of motion. The cannon ball is fired forward, implying the cannon applies a
sudden large forward force on it. In reaction, the cannon ball applies a sudden large
backward force on the cannon. This is why it recoils.

Solution 5 : (C)

𝑝𝑖 = 2 × 10 = 20 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 20% 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖
20
= 100 × 20 = 4 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 𝑝𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − 20% 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖 𝑝𝑓

= 20 − 4 = 16 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 = 2 𝑘𝑔(𝑣𝑓 ) 𝑣𝑓

16
= = 8 𝑚/𝑠
2
Solution 6 : (A)

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As the particle ascends, we know that gravity slows it down, and thus the magnitude of the
momentum (mass times speed) decreases. The direction of the momentum, will be along the
velocity, which will further be upwards, as the particle is moving upwards. Thus, the direction
does not change.

Solution 7 : (C)

Let the final velocity of the gun in the backward direction be 𝑣

By conserving linear momentum, taking the forward direction as positive, we get

𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑖

= 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 0.005 𝑘𝑔(0 𝑚/𝑠) + 5 𝑘𝑔(0 𝑚/𝑠)

= 0.005 𝑘𝑔(200 𝑚/𝑠) + 5 𝑘𝑔(−𝑣) 0

= 1 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 + 5.0 𝑘𝑔(−𝑣) 5.0 𝑘𝑔(𝑣)

1
= 1 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣 = 𝑚/𝑠 = 0.2 𝑚/𝑠
5
Solution 8 : (D)
(D) Move with speed 𝑢/2

Let the final combined speed be 𝑣

By conserving linear momentum, taking the forward direction as positive, we get
𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑖

= 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 𝑚(𝑢) + 𝑚(0)

𝑢
= 𝑚(𝑣) + 𝑚(𝑣) 𝑚𝑢 = 2𝑚𝑣 𝑣 =
2
Solution 9 : (A)
This is the law of conservation of linear momentum. If only internal forces act, but no
external forces act, then the linear momentum of the system will be conserved.

Solution 10 : (A)

Since the bomb explodes due to an internal force and no external force was involved, the
total linear momentum of the fragments is the same as before i.e. zero.

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5

Solution 1 : (ABC)

Increasing the speed, decreasing the momentum, and changing the direction of motion are all
ways in which the momentum of the particle will be altered. This change in momentum will
require a force to act on the particle.

Solution 2 : (AB)

One can say the man along with gun recoils due to the conservation of linear momentum (the
surface is smooth hence no external force due to the absence of friction), or also due to
Newton's 3𝑟𝑑 law of motion. The bullet is fired forward, implying the man-gun system
applies a sudden large forward force on it. In reaction, the bullet applies a sudden large
backward force on the man-gun system. This is why they recoil.

Solution 3 : (AD)

Since the frictionless floor applies a negligible horizontal force, the momentum of the
trolley + man system is conserved. Since the initial momentum was zero (both were at
rest), the final momentum also must be zero. For this to happen the final momentum of the
trolley must vectorially cancel out the final momentum of the man. For this they must
move in opposite directions. This is why the trolley moves away from the table, while the
man moves towards the table.

Solution 4 : (D)

According to the principle of conservation of linear momentum if there is no external force

on a system, its momentum is constant (not zero). The particles within the system need not be
at rest, nor do their individual momentums have to be constant.

Solution 5 : (A BC)

Though thrown in frustration, by the conservation of linear momentum, you will recoil as
you throw your belongings. This can give you enough momentum to slide out of the lake.
None of the other methods will work because there is no external force to increase the
momentum of you and your belongings.
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Integer Type Questions
ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
200 5 9 10

Solution 1: (200)
First let's find the speed in its SI units
5
𝑣 = 9 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 = 9 × 𝑚/𝑠 = 2.5 𝑚/𝑠
18
Since both the momentums are towards the west, we simply have to add their magnitudes to
get the magnitude of the total momentum.
30 𝑘𝑔(2.5 𝑚/𝑠) + 50 𝑘𝑔(2.5 𝑚/𝑠)

= 80 𝑘𝑔(2.5 𝑚/𝑠) = 200 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠

Solution 2:
Let the final combined speed be 𝑣
By conserving linear momentum, taking the forward direction as positive, we get
𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑖

= 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑓 1 𝑘𝑔(10 𝑚/𝑠) + 9 𝑘𝑔(0)

= 1 𝑘𝑔(𝑣) + 9 𝑘𝑔(𝑣) 10 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠

= 10 𝑘𝑔𝑣 𝑣 = 1 𝑚/𝑠

Solution 3: (5)
Let the final velocity of the gun in the backward direction be 𝑣
By conserving linear momentum, taking the forward direction as positive, we get
𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑖

= 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 0.1 𝑘𝑔(0 𝑚/𝑠) + 5.0 𝑘𝑔(0 𝑚/𝑠)

= 0.1 𝑘𝑔(250 𝑚/𝑠) + 5.0 𝑘𝑔(−𝑣) 0

= 25 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 + 5.0 𝑘𝑔(−𝑣) 5.0 𝑘𝑔(𝑣)

= 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑓 60 𝑘𝑔(0 𝑚/𝑠) + 20 𝑘𝑔(0 𝑚/𝑠)

= 60 𝑘𝑔(3 𝑚/𝑠) + 20 𝑘𝑔(−𝑣) 0

= 180 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 + 20 𝑘𝑔(−𝑣) 20 𝑘𝑔(𝑣)

180
= 180 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣 = 𝑚/𝑠 = 9 𝑚/𝑠
20

Solution 5: (10)
Let the final speed of the combined system be 𝑣. Since there is no external force on the cart
and mass system, let's apply conservation of linear momentum on the system, taking the
positive direction along the cart's motion.
𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑖
= (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )(𝑣) (50 𝑘𝑔)(12 𝑚/𝑠) + (10 𝑘𝑔)(0 𝑚/𝑠)

= (50 𝑘𝑔 + 10 𝑘𝑔)(𝑣) 600 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠

= (60 𝑘𝑔)(𝑣) 𝑣 = 10 𝑚/𝑠

The final velocity of the cart with the mass will be 10 𝑚/𝑠.
Match The Column
ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A-Q, B - S, C-P, D - R

Solution 1: A-Q, B - S, C-P, D - R

Let the final speed of 𝐵 be 𝑣 in each case.
Taking the forward direction lets conserve linear momentum

𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑖

= (100𝑔)(𝑣𝐴,𝑓 ) + (100𝑔)(𝑣) 9𝑚/𝑠 + 1𝑚/𝑠

= 𝑣𝐴,𝑓 + 𝑣 10 𝑚/𝑠 − 𝑣𝐴,𝑓 = 𝑣

𝐴: 𝑣 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 − 𝑣𝐴,𝑓 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 − 3 𝑚/𝑠 = 7 𝑚/𝑠

𝐵: 𝑣 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 − 𝑣𝐴,𝑓 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 − 1 𝑚/𝑠 = 9 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶: 𝑣 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 − 𝑣𝐴,𝑓 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 − 5 𝑚/𝑠 = 5 𝑚/𝑠
𝐷: 𝑣 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 − 𝑣𝐴, = 10 𝑚/𝑠 − 2 𝑚/𝑠 = 8 𝑚/𝑠
Bonus Type Questions
ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
A C B

Solution 1: (A)
Let the final combined velocity be 𝑣 in the direction in which the 75 𝑘𝑔 man was initially
running.
By conserving linear momentum, taking the direction along which the 75 𝑘𝑔 was initially
running as positive, we get
𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑖

= 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 75 𝑘𝑔(6 𝑚/𝑠) + 100 𝑘𝑔(−8)

= 75 𝑘𝑔(𝑣) + 100 𝑘𝑔(𝑣) 450 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 − 800 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠

−350 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠
= 175 𝑘𝑔(𝑣) = 𝑣 𝑣 = −2 𝑚/𝑠
175 𝑘𝑔

They move with a speed of 2 𝑚/𝑠 opposite the direction in which the 75 𝑘𝑔 man was
initially running.

Solution 2:
Let the final velocity of the skater in the forward direction be 𝑣
By conserving linear momentum, taking the forward direction as positive, we get
𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑖

= 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑓 50 𝑘𝑔(0 𝑚/𝑠) + 2 𝑘𝑔(0 𝑚/𝑠)

= 50 𝑘𝑔(𝑣) + 20 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 − 50 𝑘𝑔(𝑣)

= 20 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣 = −0.4 𝑚/𝑠

Since this is negative, the velocity of the skater is actually 4 𝑚/𝑠 in the backward (negative)
direction.

Solution 3: (C)
Let the final combined speed be 𝑣
By conserving linear momentum, taking the forward direction as positive, we get
𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑓

5000 𝑘𝑔(4𝑘𝑛/ℎ𝑟) + 8000 𝑘𝑔(0𝑘𝑛/ℎ𝑟)

= 5000 𝑘𝑔(𝑣) + 8000 𝑘𝑔(𝑣) 20,000 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑘𝑛/ℎ𝑟

20,000
= 13,000 𝑘𝑔(𝑣) 𝑣 = 𝑘𝑛/ℎ𝑟 ≈ 1.54𝑘𝑛/ℎ𝑟
13,000

Solution 4: (B)
Let the final combined speed be 𝑣 '
By conserving linear momentum, taking the forward direction as positive, we get
𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑓′ + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 2𝑚(𝑣) + 3𝑚(0)

2𝑣
= 2𝑚(𝑣 ′ ) + 3𝑚(𝑣 ′ ) 2𝑚(𝑣) = 5𝑚(𝑣′) 𝑣′ =
5

Solutions Lecture - 14

Answer Key :
SCQ
1 2 3 4 5
B A B A D
6 7 8 9 10
A C D B C

Solution 1: (B)
Taking the final direction of the motion of the object as the positive axis we get impulse

= 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖

= (5 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠) − (5 𝑘𝑔) × (0 𝑚/𝑠) = 50𝑁𝑠

= (0.1 𝑘𝑔) × (−20 𝑚/𝑠) − (0.1 𝑘𝑔) × (20 𝑚/𝑠)

= −4𝑁 𝑠 = 4𝑁 𝑠 in the backward direction

Solution 3: (B)

Taking the final direction of the motion of the ball as the positive axis we get

𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖

= (0.25 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠) − (0.25 𝑘𝑔) × (0 𝑚/𝑠) = 2.5𝑁𝑠

Solution 4: (A)
The thrust force on the rocket is equal and opposite to the thrust force on the gas.
The force applied on the gas emitted at the rate of 𝑚𝑘𝑔 per 𝑠𝑒𝑐, with a relative speed of
𝑣 𝑚/𝑠 is
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑘𝑔×𝑣𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 = = = 𝑚𝑣 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 1𝑠

Solution 5: (D)
Taking the initial direction of the motion of the object as the positive axis we get
impulse = 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
= 𝑚 × (−3𝑢) − 𝑚 × (𝑢) = −4𝑚𝑢
= 4𝑚𝑢 opposite to the initial direction of motion
Solution 6: (A)
The impulse provided to the gun by the bullet, is equal and opposite the impulse provided by
the gun to the bullet.

Taking the final direction of the motion of the bullet as the positive axis we get impulse =
𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖

= (0.1 𝑘𝑔) × (500 𝑚/𝑠) − (0.1 𝑘𝑔) × (0) = 50 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠

Solution 7: (C)
𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 50 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = = = 25 𝑁
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 2𝑠
Solution 8: (D)
Taking the initial direction of the motion of the ball as the positive axis we get
𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖

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= 1 𝑘𝑔 × (20 𝑚/𝑠) − 1 𝑘𝑔 × (−30 𝑚/𝑠)
= −50 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 = 50 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Solution 9: (B)
𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 50 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = = = 200 𝑁
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 0.25 𝑠
Solution 10: (C)
The thrust force on the jet is equal and opposite to the thrust force on the gas.
The force applied on the gas emitted at the rate of 𝑚𝑔 per sec, with a relative speed of 𝑣/𝑠 is
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑘𝑔 × 𝑣𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 = = = 𝑚𝑣 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 1𝑠
300 𝑘𝑔 300 𝑘𝑔
Here 𝑚 = = = 5 𝑘𝑔/𝑠, and 𝑣 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠
∴ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑣 = 5 × 200 = 1000 𝑁

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
BD BC AD BD BC

Solution 1: (BD)

Let the final speed of 𝐵 be 𝑣.

Taking the initial direction of ball 𝐴 as the positive 𝑋-axis and applying the conservation of
linear momentum we get:-

𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑓

2 𝑘𝑔(10 𝑚/𝑠) + 1 𝑘𝑔(0)

10 20
= 2 𝑘𝑔 ( 𝑚/𝑠) + 1 𝑘𝑔(𝑣) 20 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 − 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠
3 3
40
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 40
= 1 𝑘𝑔(𝑣) 3 = 𝑣 𝑣 = 𝑚/𝑠
1 𝑘𝑔 3
40
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 1 𝑘𝑔 ( 3 𝑚/𝑠) − 0

40
= 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠
3

Taking the initial direction of the motion of the ball as the positive direction we get

Change in momentum = 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚(−𝑢) − 𝑚(𝑢) = −2𝑚𝑢

(As the final velocity is 𝑢 in the opposite direction)
Magnitude of the change in momentum = | − 2𝑚𝑢| = 2𝑚𝑢
𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 2𝑚𝑢
The impulsive force = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡

Solution 3: (A, D)

Taking the initial direction of the motion of the ball as the positive direction we get
Change in momentum

= 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 10 𝑘𝑔(−2 𝑚/𝑠) − 10 𝑘𝑔(10 𝑚/𝑠)

= −20 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 − 100 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 = −120 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠

(As the final velocity is 𝑢 in the opposite direction)

Magnitude of the change in momentum (impulse) = | − 120 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠| = 120 𝑘𝑔 −
𝑚/𝑠

𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 120 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠

𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = = = 30 𝑁
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 4𝑠
Solution 4: (B, D)

The area under the force time graph gives us the impulse provided by the force. Not the other
way around.

Impulse is equal to the change in momentum of a body and NOT the rate of change of the
momentum.

Impulse occurs in action reaction pairs similar to forces, as multiplying both the action and
reaction with the time of contact will give the impulses corresponding to them.

Solution 5: (B, C)

The thrust force on the rocket is equal and opposite to the thrust force on the gas.
The force applied on the gas emitted at the rate of 𝑅𝑘𝑔 per sec, with a relative speed of
𝑣 𝑚/𝑠 is

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑅𝑘𝑔 × 𝑣𝑚/𝑠

1 2 3 4 5
30 150 2 2000 20

Solution 1: (30)
Let's take the positive axis along the initial direction of the motion of the particle
Initial momentum 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑖 = (2 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠) = 20 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠
Final momentum 𝑝𝑓 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 = (2 𝑘𝑔) × (−5 𝑚/𝑠) = −10 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠
Impulse imparted by the wall to the particle
𝑚 𝑚
= 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = (−10 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑠 ) − (20 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑠 )
𝑚
= −30 𝑘𝑔 − = 30 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠
opposite the initial direction

Solution 2: (150)
Impulse = Force × Time
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 30 𝑘𝑔−𝑚/𝑠
Force = = = 150 𝑁
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 0.2 𝑠

Solution 3: (2)
The total impulse that the man can provide per second = Force × Time = 169 𝑁 × 1 𝑠 =
169 𝑁 − 𝑠 This equals the impulse provided to 𝑛 bullets (where 𝑛 is the number of bullets
fired)

∴ 169𝑁 − 𝑠 = 𝑛(𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖 )

= 𝑛[(0.065 𝑘𝑔) × (1300 𝑚/𝑠) − (0.065 𝑘𝑔) × (0)]

169𝑁 − 𝑠
𝑛= =2
(0.065 𝑘𝑔) × (1300 𝑚/𝑠)

Solution 4: (2000)
Let's take the positive axis along the initial direction of the motion of the bullets

For each bullet:

Initial momentum 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑖 = (0.02 𝑘𝑔) × (200 𝑚/𝑠) = 4 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠
Final momentum 𝑝𝑓 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 = (0.02 𝑘𝑔) × (0) = 0
Impulse by the bullet on the wall = − Impulse by the wall on the bullet
= −(𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 ) = −(0 − 4 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠) = 4 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 (along the direction of the bullet)
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In 5 secs, 5 × 100 = 500 such bullets hit the wall
∴ Total impulse = 500 × 4 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 = 2000 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠

Solution 5: (20)
Let's take the positive axis along the initial direction of the motion of the particle
Initial momentum 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑖 = (1 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠) = 10 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠
Final momentum 𝑝𝑓 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 = (1 𝑘𝑔) × (−10 𝑚/𝑠) = −10 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠
Change in momentum of the particle (Impulse)
= 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = (−10 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠) − (10 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠)
= −20 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 = 20 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 opposite the initial direction

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A-S,B-S,C-P, D-Q

Solution 1: (A-S,B-S,C-P, D-Q)

The impulse in a force vs time graph is the area under the graph
1
A: Impulse = 2 × 2 × 5 = 5 𝑁 − 𝑠
1 1
B: Impulse = (2 × 1 × 5) + (2 × 1 × 5) = 5 𝑁 − 𝑠
1 1
C: Impulse = (2 × 1 × 5) − (2 × 1 × 5) = 0𝑁 − 𝑠
1 1 1 5 15
D: Impulse = (2 × 1 × 5) − (2 × 2 × 2) = 𝑁 − 𝑠 = 1.875𝑁 − 𝑠
8

(Remember that the area below the 𝑋-axis is taken as negative)

Bonus Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
B 0 2

Solution 1:
Car of mass 𝑚 :
−𝑚𝑣
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 𝐹𝑡 0 − 𝑚𝑣 = 𝐹𝑡 𝐹 =
𝑡

−𝑚𝑣
0 − 2𝑚𝑣 = ( ) 𝑡′
𝑡

−2𝑚𝑣
𝑡′ = −𝑚𝑣 = 2𝑡
( )
𝑡

Solution 2: (B)
Let's take the direction of the final velocity as our positive 𝑋-axis

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )

= (0.5 𝑘𝑔) × [(4 𝑚/𝑠) − (−6 𝑚/𝑠)

= (0.5 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠) = 5 𝑁 − 𝑠

Solution 3: (0)
The change in the momentum of the object is the area under the force vs time graph.
This will be the area of the upper rectangle (20) - the area of the lower rectangle (20) = Zero

Solution 4: (2)
Here we shall use some results we learned in Kinematics
When the ball falls from rest through height ℎ = 20 𝑚, its final velocity just before collision
will be
𝑣𝑖 = √2𝑔ℎ = √2 × 10 × 20 = 20 𝑚/𝑠

Taking the upward direction as positive 𝑣𝑖 = −20 𝑚/𝑠

When the ball rises up to a 𝑚𝑎𝑥 height of ℎ = 45 𝑚, its initial velocity just after collision
will be
𝑣𝑓 2
𝑣𝑓 = √2𝑔ℎ = √2 × 10 × 45 = 30 𝑚/𝑠 (ℎ = )
2𝑔

Taking the upward direction as positive 𝑣𝑓 = 30 𝑚/𝑠

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 ) = (0.05 𝑘𝑔) × (30 𝑚/𝑠 − 20 𝑚/𝑠)

Chapter 4 Work, Power and Energy

Solutions Lecture - 15

Answer Key :
SCQ

1 2 3 4 5
D C C B A
6 7 8 9 10
A B A A C
Solution 1: (D)

The force of gravity is vertically downwards, while the displacement is horizontal. Since
both are perpendicular the work done will be zero.

Solution 2: (C)

The winning team moves backwards, while the losing team unsuccessfully pull them
forward. Since the force and the displacement are in opposite directions, the work done is
negative.

Solution 3: (C)

Gravity pulls the body down, while it moves up. Since the force and the displacement are
in opposite directions the work done is negative.

Solution 4: (B)

The spring on being extended from its natural length, pulls its surroundings inwards, while its
surroundings move outwards, to extend the spring. Since the spring force on the surroundings
is opposite their displacement, the spring does negative work on them.

Solution 5: (A)

In both parts the force is along the displacement. When this happens the work done is simply
force times the displacement.

𝑊 = (𝐹𝑆)1 + (𝐹𝑆)2 = (8𝑁 × 1𝑚) + (8𝑁 × 2𝑚) = 24𝐽

Solution 6: (A)

Solution 7:. (B)

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
50𝐽 = (200𝑁) × (0.5𝑚) × (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
50 = 100𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
2
∘
𝜃 = 60

Solution 8: (A)

The gravitational force on the block will be downward. The displacement of the block being
down the incline will make an acute angle with the force. Hence, the work done by the force
will be zero.

Solution 9: (A)

Since the wheels aren’t rotating but simply sliding forward, the lowest points on the wheel
have the same displacement as the cycle, as the wheel translates (without rotating) forward.

Since this displacement is opposite the force, the angle between the force and the
displacement will be 180o.

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

= (200 𝑁) × (10 𝑚) × (𝑐𝑜𝑠 180∘ )

= (200 𝑁) × (10 𝑚) × (−1)

= −2000 𝐽

Solution 10: (C)

The cycle applies a frictional force of 200N in the forward direction on the road, in reaction
to the force the road applies on it. However, the displacement of the road is zero (in the
ground’s frame of reference). Hence, the work done on the road will be zero.

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

Solution 1:(ABCD)
The angle between the displacement and F is zero, hence work done is Fx (positive)
The angle between friction and the displacement is180∘ , hence work done is -fx (negative)
The angle between the gravitational force and the displacement is 90∘ , hence work done is
zero.
The angle between the normal force and the displacement is also 90∘ , hence this work done is
also zero.
Solution 2: (ACD)
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
∴ 𝑊 = 0 if either 𝐹 = 0 or 𝑆 = 0 or 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 0 i.e. 𝜃 = 90∘
When the velocity is always perpendicular to the force, the work done in any small time
interval will always be zero, because the displacement in that time interval will be along the
velocity, and thus perpendicular to the force. Adding up the work done in all these small
intervals (each equalling zero) to get the total work done, will still result in zero.
Solution 3: (AD)
The “air resistance”, as the name implies, acts opposite the velocity to “resist” the motion of
the body as it moves through “air”. When a body is thrown downwards, the air resistance
thus acts upwards (opposite the displacement), doing negative work, while gravity acts
downwards (along the displacement), and thus does positive work.
Solution 4: (BD)
The “air resistance”, as the name implies, acts opposite the velocity to “resist” the motion of
the body as it moves through “air”. When the person runs up the incline, the air resistance
thus acts down the incline (opposite the displacement), doing negative work, while gravity
acts downwards (making an obtuse angle with the displacement), and thus does negative
work.
Solution 5: (CD)
When a block slides on a rough surface, friction acts opposite the displacement of the block
and does negative work on the block. The reaction to this friction acts on the floor and since
the floor does not move (in the ground frame), friction does zero work on the ground.
However if the block was sliding on a thin carpet and the carpet gets dragged forward due to
the block, the frictional force that the block applies on the carpet will be in the forward
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direction (as it is the one responsible for the carpet moving forward), and thus will be along
the carpet’s displacement, and will thus do positive work on the carpet.

This example demonstrates, how the work done by friction can be positive, negative or zero.

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
60 25 8 180 9
Solution 1: (60)

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
20𝐽 = (20𝑁) × (2𝑚) × (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
20 = 40𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 2
∘
𝜃 = 60

Solution 2: (25)

Force, 𝐹 = 10 𝑁,
displacement, 𝑑 = 5 𝑚,
angle between force and displacement = 60∘ ,
1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60∘ =
2
work done, 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 10 × 5 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60∘ ,
1
then, 𝑊 = 10 × 5 × 2 ⇒ 𝑊 = 25 𝐽
Solution 3: (8)

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= (10𝑁) × (1 𝑚) × (𝑐𝑜𝑠 37∘ )
4
= (10𝑁) × (1 𝑚) × ( )
5
=8𝐽

Solution 4: (180)

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

−50𝐽 = (5𝑁) × (10𝑚) × (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)

−50 = 50𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

Solution 5: (9)

For the maximum work to be done, we need the forces to act in the same direction.

This will ensure the body has the largest possible displacement in one second, the largest
possible net force of 6N, and the largest value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 as 𝜃 = 0∘ .

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3𝑁 + 3𝑁 = 6𝑁 (when both are parallel)

𝐹 6𝑁
𝑎= = = 3 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔

Displacement in 1 𝑠 :

1 1
𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = (0) × (1) + × (3) × (1)2 = 1.5 𝑚
2 2

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = (6𝑁) × (1.5 𝑚) × (𝑐𝑜𝑠 00 ) = 9𝐽

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A – Q, B – S, C – P, D – R

Solution 1: A – Q, B – S, C – P, D – R
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = (20 𝑁) × (3 𝑚) × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 60𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐽

𝜃 = 37∘ :
4
𝑊 = 60𝑐𝑜𝑠 53∘ = 60 × 5 = 48 𝐽

3
𝑊 = 60𝑐𝑜𝑠 37∘ = 60 × = 36 𝐽
5

∘
𝜃 = 53 ∶
𝜃 = 60∘ :
1
𝑊 = 60𝑐𝑜𝑠 60∘ = 60 × = 30 𝐽
2
𝜃 = 90∘ :
∘
𝑊 = 60𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 = 60 × 0 = 0 𝐽

Bonus Type Questions

1 2 3 4
D 100,000 C B

Solution 1: (D)

At each instant the string rotating the ball is perpendicular to the velocity of the particle,
which is in the tangential direction, while the string lies along the radius. The force of tension
is along this string, and is thus perpendicular to the velocity, and is thus perpendicular at
every instant to the small displacement (along the velocity) the particle goes through in the
next split second. Thus, over each and every such tiny interval, the force does no work.
Hence the total work done each revolution is zero.

Solution 1: (100,000)

The following diagram show the initial and final positions of the minute hand.

The height descended by the bug, is thus clearly the length of the minute hand = 10cm.

𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐 = (0.01 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (0.1 𝑚) = 10−2 𝐽 = 105 𝑒𝑟𝑔

Solution 3: (C)

The following diagram show the initial and final positions of the hour hand. Note how at
6:45 the hour hand is between 6 and 7 (closer to 7), and not exactly at 6.

The height descended by the bug, is thus clearly slightly less than twice the length of the hour
hand i.e. slightly < 2 x 5cm=10cm

ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐 < 0.1 𝑚

𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐 < (0.01 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (0.1 𝑚) = 10−2 𝐽 = 105 𝑒𝑟𝑔

Solution 4: (B)

Let us assume the acceleration is 𝑎

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆

𝑣 2 − 𝑢2
∴𝑆=
2𝑎
𝑣 2 −𝑢2 1 1
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 0∘ = 𝑚𝑎 × × 1 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 − 2 𝑚𝑢2
2𝑎

If you solved this question correctly, you have successfully proved the Work Energy
Theorem which we shall see soon in an upcoming lecture!

Solutions Lecture - 16

Answer Key :
SCQ
1 2 3 4 5
C B A C C

Solution 1: (C)

1ℎ𝑝 = 746𝑊, ∴ we know that option A and D are wrong

1
1𝑊 = ℎ𝑝
746
To approximate such values in an exam, we can increase the denominator slightly to 750,
keeping in mind that this will decrease the overall term slightly, thus the correct answer will
be slightly more than what we get with this change.
1 1 1000 1 1.33
1𝑊 = ℎ𝑝 > ℎ𝑝 = × = = 0.00133ℎ𝑝
746 750 750 1000 1000
∴ the answer slightly greater than this value will be option 𝐶
Solution 2 (B)
When the power is constant, the work done in a time interval, is the product of the power and
that time interval.

Solution 3: (A)
When positive work is done on a body its energy increases. When negative work is done its
energy decreases.
Solution 4: (C)
The gravitational force acts downwards. During descent the velocity is also
downwards i.e. along the force, and thus the power delivered is positive.
During ascent the velocity is upwards i.e. opposite the force, and thus the power
delivered is negative.
Solution 5:(C)
Kilowatt is a unit of power. Watt-second and kilowatt-hour are units of power times time,
and hence along with joule are units of energy.
Solution 6: (B
The gravitational force on the man acts downwards, while the Normal reaction on the man
by the lift acts upwards. During the descent the man’s velocity is downwards i.e. along gravity
and opposite the Normal, and thus the power delivered to him by gravity is positive, and by
the lift is negative.
Solution 7: (A)
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The power delivered by the motor is the force (tension) times the velocity with which it pulls
(reels in) the cable.

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 = (300 𝑁) × (20 𝑚/𝑠) = 6000 𝑊 = 6 𝑘𝑊

Solution 8: (D)
The power delivered by gravity is zero as gravity (vertical) is perpendicular to the particle’s
velocity (horizontal).
Solution 9: (D)

The power delivered by friction is negative as friction here (backward) acts opposite to the
particle’s velocity (forward).
Friction in the backward direction:
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎 = (2 𝑘𝑔) × (3 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) = 6 𝑁
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = (6 𝑁) × (5 𝑚/𝑠) × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (180∘ ) = −30 𝑊
[𝑐𝑜𝑠 (180∘ ) = −1]
Solution 10: (B)
The winning team pulls the losing team towards themselves, and the losing team moves
towards them, thus the force and velocity are in the same direction, and hence the power
delivered is positive.

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
BCD ABD AC ACD ABC

Solution 1: (BCD)

The vertical height ascended by the boy

= 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝

= 10 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠 × 10 𝑐𝑚

= 100 𝑐𝑚 = 1 𝑚

Work done by gravity

= 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐 = 𝑚𝑔(−ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 ) = (5 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (−1 𝑚) = −50 𝐽

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𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 −50 𝐽
𝐴𝑣𝑔. 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = −10 𝑊
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 5𝑠
The work done by the normal is zero when we climb stairs, because the normal only acts
while our foot is on the floor, at this instant the part of our foot touching the ground is at rest,
so the power delivered is zero. When we lift our foot off the ground, our foot loses contact
with the ground, and the normal immediately disappears, so the power delivered is again
zero.

Solution 2: (ABD)

To raise an object of mass 𝑚, by a height ℎ, the pump must apply a force countering the force
of gravity Due to this, it will end up supplying a positive power that is equal and opposite to
the negative power that gravity supplies.
− 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 −𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐
Power 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑝 = − Power 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡 𝑡
𝐴: Required power

𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 (200 𝑘𝑔)×(10 𝑚/𝑠2 )×(10 𝑚)

= = = 1000 𝑊 ≤ 1 𝑘𝑊 (within the pump's power supplying
𝑡 20 𝑠
capacity)
𝐵: Required power
𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 (200 𝑘𝑔)×(10 𝑚/𝑠2 )×(20 𝑚)
= = = 1000 𝑊 ≤ 1 𝑘𝑊 (within the pump's power supplying
𝑡 40 𝑠
capacity)
𝐶: Required power

𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 (200 𝑘𝑔)×(10 𝑚/𝑠2 )×(20 𝑚)

= = = 4000 𝑊 > 1 𝑘𝑊 (greater than the pump's power
𝑡 10 𝑠
supplying capacity)
𝐷: Required power
𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 (100 𝑘𝑔)×(10 𝑚/𝑠2 )×(20 𝑚)
= = = 1000 𝑊 ≤ 1 𝑘𝑊 (within the pump's power supplying
𝑡 20 𝑠
capacity)

Solution 3: (A, C)

In a hydel power station, built on a dam, the gravitational potential energy of water, is used to
make turbines rotate, thus imparting it kinetic energy, which then gets converted to
mechanical energy with the help of an ac generator.

Solution 4: (ACD)

Impulse is a vector, as it is directed along the average force for a time interval.

Work, power and energy all are scalars, with no direction.

𝐴:

1 1
𝑆2𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 0 × 2 + × 5 × 22 = 10 𝑚
2 2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = (10 𝑁) × (10 𝑚) × (𝑐𝑜𝑠 0∘ ) = 100 𝐽

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 100 𝐽
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 50 𝑊
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 2𝑠
𝐵:

𝑣2𝑠 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 0 + 5 × 2 = 10 𝑚/𝑠

𝑃2𝑠 = 𝐹𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = (10 𝑁) × (10 𝑚/𝑠) × (𝑐𝑜𝑠 0∘ ) = 100 𝑊

𝐶:

1 1
𝑆4𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 0 × 4 + × 5 × 42 = 40 𝑚
2 2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = (10 𝑁) × (40 𝑚) × (𝑐𝑜𝑠 0∘ ) = 400 𝐽

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
375 7 5 200 2
Solution 1: (375)
Mass of man, 𝑚 = 50 𝑘𝑔.
Height covered, ℎ = 45 × 15 = 675 𝑐𝑚 = 6.75 𝑚
𝑊 𝑚𝑔ℎ 50×10×6.75
Power 𝑃 = = =
𝑡 𝑡 9

𝑃 = 375 watt.
Solution 2: (7)
The work done by the crane is equal and opposite in sign to the work done by gravity, as the
crane must compensate for the negative work gravity does, while the load is being raised.
𝑊𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐
𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 = =− =− =
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

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(3000 𝑘𝑔) × (9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (10 𝑚)
= = 7000 𝑊 = 7 𝑘𝑊
42 𝑠
[1 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 = 1,000 𝑘𝑔]
Solution 3: (5)
For the man to pull the block forward with a constant velocity, his forward force must be 5N,
so that this cancels out friction, leaving no horizontal force, and thus no horizontal acceleration,
enabling the velocity to remain constant.
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑣 × 𝑉 = (5 𝑁) × (1 𝑚/𝑠) = 5 𝑊
Solution 4: (200)
The work done by the weightlifter is equal and opposite in sign to the work done by
gravity, as the weightlifter must compensate for the negative work gravity does, while the
weight is being raised.
𝑊𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑊𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐
𝑃𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟 = =− =− =
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

(30 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (2 𝑚)

= = 200 𝑊
3𝑠
Solution 5: (2)
𝑊𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐
𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = =
𝑡 𝑡
(80 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (5 𝑚)
= = 2000 𝑊 = 2 𝑘𝑊
2𝑠
Match The Column
ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A – S, B – P, C – R, D – Q

Solution 1: (A – S, B – P, C – R, D – Q)
In a nuclear power station, nuclear energy is converted to the kinetic energy of the turbines,
which further then get converted to electrical energy.
In a light bulb, electrical energy is converted to light and heat energy.
In a thermal power station, the chemical energy of the fuel burnt, is converted to heat energy,
which gets converted to the kinetic energy of the turbines, which further then get converted to
electrical energy.
In a solar powered fan, light energy from the Sun, is converted into electrical energy, which then
gets converted to the kinetic energy of the rotating fan.
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Bonus Type Questions
ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
0 ABCD D D

Solution 1: (0)
The person is moving with a constant velocity. This means his acceleration is zero.
Which means the net force on the person is zero. The only forces acting on the person are
that due to the bike, and his weight. For their resultant to be zero, the bike must apply a force
that is equal and opposite to the person’s weight.
Thus, the force by the bike is mg upwards, while the velocity of the person is horizontal.
Thus, the power delivered will be zero as the force is perpendicular to the velocity.
Solution 2: (A, B, C, D)
At 10am and 5:30pm, the minute hand is vertical, while the bug has its velocity along the
tangential direction (shown below), which will be perpendicular to the force of gravity.
Hence power delivered would be zero.

At 3:15pm, the tip of the minute hand is moving downwards, which is along the weight,
hence powered delivered by gravity is maximum (Mgv).

At 6:45pm, the tip of the minute hand is moving upwards, which is opposite the weight,
hence powered delivered by gravity is minimum ( – Mgv).

Solution 3: (D)

𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 (5 𝑚/𝑠) − (−5 𝑚/𝑠)

= = 1 𝑚/𝑠 2 = 𝑎
𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 (10 𝑠) − (0 𝑠)
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = (2 𝑘𝑔) × (1 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) = 2 𝑁

Power 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝐹𝑣 (since here 𝐹 and 𝑣 are both along positive 𝑋 )

𝑃 = (2𝑁) × (5 𝑚/𝑠) = 10 𝑊
Solution 4: (D)

We had learnt in Kinematics, that the acceleration of a particle is the slope of its velocity-
time graph. Here, the slope of the graph is

𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 (5 𝑚/𝑠) − (−5 𝑚/𝑠)

= = 1 𝑚/𝑠 2 = 𝑎
𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 (10𝑠) − (0𝑠)
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = (2 𝑘𝑔) × (1 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) = 2 𝑁
Power 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝐹𝑣 (since here 𝐹 and 𝑣 are both their componets along positive 𝑋 )
𝑃 = (2 𝑁) × (−5 𝑚/𝑠) = −10 𝑊 (negative power as the velocity is technically opposite
positive X)
Solutions Lecture - 17

Answer Key :
SCQ

1 2 3 4 5
B B A D B
6 7 8 9 10
A A B C D
Solution 1: (B)

Object by virtue of their height possess gravitational potential energy, as they have the
potential to accelerate due to gravity when released, and thus transfer energy to any object
they collide with.

Solution 2: (B)

1 (𝑚𝑣)2 𝑝2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = =
2 2𝑚 2𝑚

Solution 3: (A)

According to the work energy theorem

1 1
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝛥𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 = 0
2 2

( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑓 = 10𝑚/𝑠)

Solution 4: (D)

100
𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 𝛥𝑝 = 100% 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖 = × 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑖
100
𝑝𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 + 𝑝𝑖 = 2𝑝𝑖

1 (𝑚𝑣)2 𝑝2
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = = ∝ 𝑝2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦)
2 2𝑚 2𝑚

𝐾𝑓 𝑝𝑓 2
= ( ) = 22 = 4 ⇒ 𝐾𝑓 = 4𝐾𝑖
𝐾𝑖 𝑝𝑖

Percentage change in 𝐾𝐸 (this is how percentage change is defined for any quantity)

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝐸
= × 100%
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐾𝐸
𝐾𝑓 −𝐾𝑖 4𝐾𝑖 −𝐾𝑖 4−1
= × 100% = × 100% = × 100% = 3 × 100% = 300%
𝐾𝑖 𝐾𝑖 1

Solution 5: (B)

Since only gravity acts

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑊𝑔 = 𝛥𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = 𝐾𝑓 − 0 (initially at rest)

𝐾𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑐 = 𝑚𝑔𝑑

Solution 6: (A)

To throw the ball up, the person throwing, accelerates the ball from rest, thus increasing its
Kinetic Energy. For this increase in Kinetic energy, positive work must be done by the
person. Note, that gravity can not do this work, as it will in fact do negative work, by acting
opposite the upward displacement.

Solution 8: (B)

1 (𝑚𝑣)2 𝑝2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = =
2 2𝑚 2𝑚
2
𝑝
𝐾𝐸 ∝
𝑚
𝐾𝐸1 𝑝12
𝑚2 32 3 27
= × = × =
𝐾𝐸2 𝑝2 2 𝑚1 12 1 1

Solution 9: (C)

1 (𝑚𝑣)2 𝑝2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = =
2 2𝑚 2𝑚

𝑝 = √2𝑚𝐾𝐸

𝑝 ∝ √𝑚 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝐸 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)

𝑝𝐴 √𝑀𝐴
=
𝑝𝐵 √𝑀𝐵

Solution 10: (D)

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑊𝑔 = 𝛥𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = 𝐾𝑓 − 0 (initially at rest)

𝐾𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

𝐾𝑓 ∝ ℎ

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
AC BD B BD AB

Solution 1: (A, C)

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The speed is given to be constant, and since the kinetic energy is a scalar dependent on the
speed, the kinetic energy is also constant. Momentum and velocity are vector quantities. Their
magnitude depends on the speed, and that is constant. But their direction is constantly
changing as the particle turns, and therefore these vectors are not constant.

Solution 2: (BD)

100 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝛥𝑣 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖

100% = =1= = =
100 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑖

𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖

𝑣𝑓 = 2𝑣𝑖
𝑝𝑓 𝑚𝑣𝑓
= =2
𝑝𝑖 𝑚𝑣𝑖

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚

𝛥𝑝 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 2𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑖 100
= = = =1= = 100%
𝑝𝑖 𝑝𝑖 𝑝𝑖 100

1
𝐾𝑓 2 𝑚𝑣𝑓 2
= = 22 = 4
𝐾𝑖 1 𝑚𝑣 2
2 𝑖

𝛥𝐾 𝐾𝑓 −𝐾𝑖 4𝐾𝑖 −𝐾𝑖 300

percentage increase in 𝐾𝐸 = = = = 3 = 100 = 300%
𝐾𝑖 𝐾𝑖 𝐾𝑖

Solution 3: (B)

When net positive work is done on a body its Kinetic energy

increases. When no external work is done, internal work may still be done, in rigid bodies,
and in that case the kinetic energy of the body would not be conserved.
Linear momentum conservation has nothing to do with work.

Solution 4: (BD)

If no net force acts on a particle, its velocity will not change, thus its speed will be constant.
It may or may not be zero.

Solution 5: (AB)

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Since the suitcase is lifted slowly, its kinetic energy stays zero (constant). Therefore, the total
work done is zero. Thus, the person does work that cancels out the work done by gravity. Work
done by gravity will be -mgh, so the person will do mgh amount of work. This amount clearly
doesn’t depend on the time taken or the weight of the man.

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
100 10 4500 8 25

Solution 1: (100)

1 1 𝑝𝑣 20 × 10
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = × (𝑚𝑣) × 𝑣 = = = 100 𝐽
2 2 2 2

Solution 2: (10)

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝛥𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = 0 − 𝐾𝑖 (𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡)

1
−𝐹𝑆 = − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2

1 1
− 2 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 × (2) × (10)2
𝑆= = 2 = 10 𝑚
−𝐹 (10)

Solution 3: (4500)

1
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝛥𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = × (10 𝑘𝑔) × (0 𝑚/𝑠)2
2

1
− × (10 𝑘𝑔) × (30 𝑚/𝑠)2 = −4500 𝐽
2

𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = | − 4500 𝐽| = 4500 𝐽

Solution 4: (8)

1 1 𝑝𝑣
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = × (𝑚𝑣) × 𝑣 =
2 2 2

Solution 5: (25)

1
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

𝐾 ∝ 𝑣2

𝐾𝑓 𝑣𝑓 2
= ( ) = 52 = 25
𝐾𝑖 𝑣𝑖

Match The Column

ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A – R, B – P, C – Q, D – Q

Solution 1: A – R, B – P, C – Q, D – Q

𝐴 : Negative of the work done on the object = −𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = −𝛥𝐾 = −(𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 ) = 𝐾𝑖 −

1
𝐾𝑓 = 𝐾𝑖 − 0 (finally at rest) = 2 × (3 𝑘𝑔) × (4 𝑚/𝑠)2 = 24 𝐽

𝐷: Negative of the power delivered to the object

−𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 24 𝐽
= −𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 12 𝑊
𝑡 2𝑠

𝐵: Magnitude of Impulse

= |𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 | = |(3 𝑘𝑔) × (0 𝑚/𝑠) − (3 𝑘𝑔) × (4 𝑚/𝑠)| = 12𝑁𝑠

𝐶: Magnitude of Average Force by the wall on the object

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 12𝑁𝑠
= = = 6𝑁
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 2𝑠

Bonus Type Questions

1 2 3 4
C A C C

Solution 1: (C)
The kinetic energy of a body in terms of its momentum is

1 1 (𝑚𝑣)2 𝑝2 1
𝐾 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 = 2 = 2𝑚 ∝ 𝑚 [If momentum is the same]
𝑚

Also,
1 1 𝑝𝑣
𝐾 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 = 2 (𝑚𝑣)𝑣 = ∝𝑣 [If momentum is the same]
2

For greater 𝐾, with the same 𝑝, we need a smaller 𝑚, and a larger 𝑣.

Solution 2: (A)

The work done by the force is

𝑊𝐹 = 𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 180∘ = −𝐹𝑑

The change in 𝐾𝐸 for the ball is

1 2 1 1
𝛥𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = 𝑚(0) − 𝑚𝑣2 = − 𝑚𝑣2
2 2 2
According to the work energy theorem we know that

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑊𝐹 = 𝛥𝐾

1
−𝐹𝑑 = − 2 𝑚𝑣 2

𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹= 2𝑑

Solution 3: (C)

It turns into thermal energy. The molecules of the air collide with the molecules of the still
air, the walls, and other neighboring object, and pass on their kinetic energy to their
molecules. This cause those molecules to vibrate with more energy, and the temperature of a
body is a measure of this average vibrational energy. Thus, the kinetic energy is dissipated in
the form of heat.
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Winter Foundation Physics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT
Solution 4: (AC)

1 𝑚2 𝑣 2 𝑝2
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = =
2 2𝑚 2𝑚
∴ 𝑝 = √2𝑚𝐾 ∝ √𝑚 (since 𝐾 is the same for both)
Thus the one with the greater mass, has the greater momentum.
Since the momentums are different, the impulse required (starting from rest) will be
different.
As they come to a stop they can do work on the surroundings at the expense of losing their
kinetic energy. Thus the maximum amount of work they can do is equal to their kinetic
energy.
Since their KE is the same, the amount of work they can do before stopping is the same. The
force required to accelerate them from rest depends on how quickly they were accelerated,
and this may or may not be the same.

Solutions Lecture - 18

Answer Key :
SCQ
1 2 3 4 5
C D C B C
6 7 8 9 10
C A D C A

Solution 1: (C)

Its total mechanical energy remains constant by the principle of conservation of mechanical
energy. The potential energy increases and the kinetic energy decreases, but its mechanical
energy remains the same.

Solution 2: (D)

The correct answer is that it possesses equal amounts of kinetic and potential energy
For the starting point
𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝐾 = 0

At height ℎ/2

ℎ
𝑈′ = 𝑚𝑔
2
Applying the principle of the conservation of mechanical energy

𝐸′ = 𝐸

𝐾′ + 𝑈′ = 𝑈

𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝐾′ + = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2

𝑚𝑔ℎ
∴ 𝐾′ = = 𝑈′
2

Hence, it possesses equal amounts of kinetic and potential energy at this height

Solution 3 (C)

Since the block is not moving vertically its height is not changing, and thus its potential
energy, which depends on the block’s height above a reference level, is not changing.

Solution 4: (B)

Assuming the man has a fixed maximum value for the initial speed, and thereby the initial
Kinetic energy, with which he can jump. Assuming this value is 𝐾𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , all of this kinetic
energy will get converted to potential energy by the time he reaches the highest point.
Decrease in 𝐾𝐸 = Increase in 𝑃𝐸
−𝛥𝐾 = 𝛥𝑈

𝐾𝑖 − 𝐾𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐

𝐾𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 0 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐾𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 1
ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∝
𝑚𝑔 𝑔

ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑋 1
=
10𝑚 10

ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑋 = 1𝑚

Solution 5: (C)

Elastic potential energy is possessed by elastic bodies that have been stretched, compressed,
deformed, or twisted from their natural length, size, or shape. Of the examples mentioned
only the stretched rubber band possesses this type of energy.

Solution 6: (C)

The change in his gravitational potential energy only depends on the vertical height ‘h’
ascended by him. It does not depend on his horizontal displacement ‘d’.

𝛥𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

Solution 7: (A)

By conserving the mechanical energy we get

𝛥𝐾 + 𝛥𝑈 = 0

𝛥𝐾 = −𝛥𝑈 = −(𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 ) = 𝑚𝑔(−ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 ) = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐

= (10 𝑘𝑔) × (9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (10 𝑚) = 980 𝐽 ≈ 1000 𝐽

Solution 8: (D)

Taking the upward direction as positive we get

1 1
𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = (20 𝑚/𝑠) × (3 𝑠) + × (−10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (3 𝑠)2
2 2

𝑆 = 60 𝑚 − 45 𝑚 = 15 𝑚

𝑈𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑓 = (2 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (15 𝑚) = 300 𝐽

Take the ground to be the zero potential energy reference level.

Then all of the initial potential energy is converted to kinetic energy just before hitting the
ground. After collision there is a drop in the kinetic energy and all of this remaining kinetic
energy gets converted to potential energy at the highest point.

∴ 𝑈𝑖 = 𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 & 𝑈𝑓 = 𝐾𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

percentage loss in 𝐾𝐸 during the collison

𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐾𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

= × 100%
𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑈𝑖 − 𝑈𝑓 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑖 − 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑖 − ℎ𝑓
= × 100% = × 100% = × 100%
𝑈𝑖 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑖

10 − 2.5
= × 100% = 75%
10

Solution 10: (A)

The bob’s mechanical energy remains constant by the principle of conservation of

mechanical energy. But as it goes from one extreme to another extreme, its height falls and
then increases, due to which its potential energy first decreases then increases. Its kinetic
energy on the other hand, first increases, becoming maximum at the lowest point, and then
decreases back to zero at the other extreme position.

More than One Correct:

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
C ACD AB AC ABC

Solution 1: (C)

The internal forces can never change the linear momentum of the system, because their
resultant is zero.

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Page 125
Winter Foundation Physics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT
The internal work done for a non-rigid system can do net work on the system and thus
change the kinetic energy of the system. Eg. When a vertical spring is placed on the floor, is
compressed by pushing down its top end, and is then released, jumps up, gaining kinetic
energy due to the work done by the internal spring forces.

The internal forces can change the potential energy as well. Eg. A stretched spring, on
release, returns to its natural length, and this reduces its potential energy (minimum when at
the natural length). The only forces doing work here, are the internal forces.

Internal forces can reduce the mechanical energy as well. This takes place when the internal
forces have a nature similar to kinetic friction, which causes heat, and sound energy to be
released whenever it acts. By energy conservation if heat and sound energy are released, the
mechanical energy must decrease. Eg. The braking of a car. The mechanical energy reduces
due to the work done by the internal forces. As mentioned before, the road does no work on
the car, during normal driving.

Solution 2: (ACD)

The kinetic energy can never be negative as ½, the mass, and the square of the speed are all
non-negative terms. Any point can be taken as the reference for zero potential energy, and
points below this point will have negative potential energy.

Solution 3: (AB)

Its KE must increase as the change in its KE is equal to the net work done.

Its potential energy may or may not increase. Eg. A man pulling a towel down from a towel
hanger, would do net positive work on it, but as the towel descends it potential energy would
decrease. Simply put as the potential energy does not depend on the net work done, either
option case be possible.

Solution 4: (A, C)

A wound watch spring is basically a compressed/extended spring, and it thus stores potential
energy in itself. It is not moving and hence has no kinetic energy. It therefore has the same
amount of mechanical energy as its potential energy.

Solution 5: (A, B, C)

𝛥𝑈𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 > 0 (𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡)

𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐 < 0 (𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡)

𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔(−ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 ) = −𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 = −𝛥𝑈

(The above result is always valid, and is in fact how change in potential energy is defined)
Just because an object ascends, its kinetic energy need not decrease. Eg. A rocket taking off.

Integer Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4 5
550 1500 8 9 25

Solution 1: (550)

At a height of 10 𝑚, the mechanical energy of the body,

𝐸 = Kinetic energy + potential energy
1
𝐸 = 2 𝑚(0)2 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ (initial velocity of the body is zero)

𝐸 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000 𝐽.

After sometime the kinetic energy is 450 𝐽. Suppose at that instant potential energy is U, then
by the law of conservation of mechanical energy.

𝐸 = 450 + 𝑈

1000 = 450 + 𝑈

or 𝑈 = 1000 − 450 ⇒ 𝑈 = 550 𝐽.

Solution 2: (1500)

By the law of conservation of mechanical energy, as the body falls, the potential energy
decreases, and the kinetic energy increases, which finally gets completely converted to heat.
Decrease in 𝑈 = Increase in 𝐾

−𝛥𝑈 = 𝛥𝐾

−𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑐𝑠𝑐 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖

𝑚𝑔(−ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 ) = 𝐾𝑓 − 0

𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐 = 𝐾𝑓

Heat 𝐻 = 𝐾𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐 = (5 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (30 𝑚) = 1500 𝐽

Solution 3: (8)

𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝛥𝐾 + 𝛥𝑈
1 1
𝐹𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = (2 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 2 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 ) + (𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 )

1
(10𝑁) × (10𝑚) × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0∘ = (2 × (2 𝑘𝑔) × 𝑣 2 − 0) + 36𝐽

100 = 𝑣 2 + 36

64 = 𝑣 2

𝑣 = 8 𝑚/𝑠

Solution 4: (9)

−𝛥𝐾 = 𝛥𝑈

𝐾𝑖 − 𝐾𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐

𝐾𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 0 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐾𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 1
ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∝
𝑚𝑔 𝑔

ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑔𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑛

=
ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ

1.5𝑚 1
=
ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑛 6

ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 9𝑚

Solution 5: (25)

𝐾𝑖 = 490𝐽

1
𝐾𝑓 = 𝐾𝑖 = 245𝐽
2

𝑈𝑖 = 0

𝑈𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = (2 𝑘𝑔) × (9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 ) = 19.6ℎ𝐽

By the conservation of mechanical energy

𝐾𝑓 + 𝑈𝑓 = 𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖

245𝐽 + 19.6ℎ𝐽 = 490𝐽 + 0

490 − 245
ℎ= = 25𝑚
19.6
Match The Column
ANSWER KEY

Q.1
A – R, B – S, C – Q, D – P

Solution 1: (A – R, B – S, C – Q, D – P)

Given: (taking the downward direction as positive)

𝑢 = 10 𝑚/𝑠

𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔

𝑡: 0 𝑠 𝑡𝑜 1 𝑠

𝑎 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝐷:

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = (10 𝑚/𝑠) + (10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (1 𝑠) = 20 𝑚/𝑠

𝐵:

1 1
𝐾𝑓 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 = 2 × (1 𝑘𝑔) × (20 𝑚/𝑠)2 = 200 𝐽

= 10 𝑚 + 5 𝑚 = 15 𝑚 = ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐

Decrease in potential energy

= −𝛥𝑈𝑔 = −(𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 ) = 𝑚𝑔(−ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑐 ) = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐

= (1 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (15 𝑚) = 150 𝐽

𝐶:

𝑃𝑓 = 𝑃1𝑠 = 𝐹𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠 0∘

= (1 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (20 𝑚/𝑠) × 1 = 200 𝑊

𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃0𝑠 = 𝐹𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠 0∘

= (1 𝑘𝑔) × (10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) × (10 𝑚/𝑠) × 1 = 100 𝑊

Change in power

= 𝛥𝑃 = 𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑖 = 200 𝑊 − 100 𝑊 = 100 𝑊

Bonus Type Questions

ANSWER KEY

1 2 3 4
A D A B

Solution 1: (A)

Since both rocks fall from the same height, but the second rock is twice in mass, the decrease
in potential energy for the second rock will be twice as much as that for the first, and the
corresponding final kinetic energy for the second rock will also be twice as much as the first.

The acceleration for both the rocks, in the absence of air resistance, will be the same, and will
be equal to the acceleration due to gravity.

The time of flight, as we saw in kinematics is independent of the mass, as long as the height
is the same, and thus if the second stone was thrown half a second later it will hit the ground
exactly half a second later too (not more than half a second).

BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR|
SATARA RD|SOLAPUR
Page 130
Winter Foundation Physics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT
Since the lower rock would have fallen for half a second more, at any stage, its velocity
would be more, and thus it would be moving away from the second stone at a faster rate
(speed) than the rate (speed) at which the second stone would be moving towards the first
stone. Thus, the distance between them would keep increasing as long as they are falling.

Solution 2: (D)

If friction is absent, there will be no loss in energy, and thus all of the initial potential energy
at the highest point will be restored at the new highest point. Therefore, the block will rise to
the same height h on the other side.
If the track is very rough, the block will lose all its energy by the time it reaches the lowest
point and will stop right there.
Thus, depending on the friction the answer can be between 0 and h.

Solution 3: (A)

By the work energy theorem, the net work done will be the change in the Kinetic energy.
This will be the work done by the net force (F-W).
Since there is an external force F, besides gravity, the mechanical energy of the system may
not be conserved, and thus the drop in potential energy will not necessarily equal the rise in
kinetic energy.
Solution 4: (B)

At the max height:

𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

𝐾 = 0 (𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑦)

𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦)

At the initial position:

𝑈𝑖 = 0

𝐸𝑖 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖 = 𝐾𝑖 + 0

𝐾𝑖 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

At a height of ℎ/2 :
ℎ 𝑈𝑖
𝑈𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔 2 ≠ 2

𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝐾𝑖
𝐾𝑓 = =
2 2

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