Understanding

Human Reproduction
The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Divine Claire Lorido San Diego

Special Science Teacher I
 Babies and
Their Story
Think about a time when you
heard about a new baby coming
into your family or someone
else’s.

What questions or curiosities did

you have about how babies
develop inside the womb?
Today, you will:
Name the functions of the
human reproductive system
Identify the structures and
functions of male and female
reproductive systems
Explain the reproduction Did You Know?
process, menstrual cycle in
A human baby’s heart
simple terms begins to beat around 21 or
Know some contraceptive 22 days after fertilisation.
methods
Understand ways to keep this
system healthy
 The Human
Reproductive
System
It is a set of organs and structures that
work together to ensure the survival
of the species by producing offspring.
 FACT or BLUFF?

Menstruation is dirty blood.

Some vaginal discharge is normal
and does not always mean
disease.
Stress can delay or make periods
irregular.
A woman must bleed during her
first sexual intercourse.
The outer part of the reproductive
system is the vagina.
FACT or BLUFF?

A man can’t make someone

pregnant if he is not circumcised.
Wearing very tight underwear can
affect male reproductive health.
Withdrawal is a safe method to
prevent pregnancy.
Precum cannot cause pregnancy.
Sperm cells can survive inside a
woman’s body for up to 5 days.
 Why this system matters?
It has four specific functions:

To produce To store and To nurture To produce

gametes (egg and transport these offspring as it hormones
sperm cells) reproductive cells develops
 Male Reproductive Organs
Vas deferens Prostate
Carries sperm from the Produces a fluid that mixes
testes to the urethra during with sperm to form semen,
ejaculation nourishing and protecting
sperm

Testes Urethra
Produces sperm and Passageway for both urine
testosterone—male sex and semen when exiting the
hormones that affect the way body
bodies develop Penis
Used for both the elimination of
urine from the body and the
delivery of sperm for sexual
reproduction
 Female Reproductive Organs

Oviduct Ovary
(FALLOPIAN TUBE) Produces eggs (ova) and
Passageway for eggs from the female sex hormones like
ovaries to the uterus and oestrogen and progesterone
provides the site for
fertilisation by the sperm

Uterus Vagina
Where a fertilised egg Receives the penis during
implants and grows into a sexual reproduction, allows
fetus during pregnancy the menstrual blood to exit
Cervix the body, and lets the baby
passes through during
Allows menstrual blood to flow
childbirth
from the uterus and serves as a
pathway for sperm to enter the
uterus
 How it Works?
Sperm cells pass through different parts before reaching an egg cell to fertilise.

1 Testes Oviducts 8
Produce sperm

2 Epididymis Fertilisation Uterus 7

Allows sperm to mature

3 Vas deferens Cervix 6

4 Urethra Ejaculation Vagina 5

Where mixing of fluids occur
 SPERM CELLS
Sperm cells are made in the testes.
Males have two testes and they are
contained in a bag of skin called
the scrotum. The testes also make
male sex hormones such as
testosterone, which regulates the
male reproductive system.
 EGG CELLS

Egg cells exist in the ovaries and they

are present from birth. Females have
two ovaries, which also produce
hormones responsible for regulating
the menstrual cycle.
 CTION PROCESS
REPRODU
Oviduct

1 Cilia

An egg cell matures in the

ovary and is released into the
oviduct. Cilia move the egg
cell through the oviduct. Ovary
 CTION PROCESS
REPRODU
Sperm duct

2
Testicle
The penis enters the female through the
vagina. The sperm is transported through the
sperm ducts and mixed with fluids produced by
Urethra the glands. It is then carried down the urethra
and ejaculated out of the penis.
 CTION PROCESS
REPRODU

3
The sperm travels through an
opening called the cervix and up
Uterus
through the uterus, to meet the egg
cell in the oviduct.
Cervix
 CTION PROCESS
REPRODU

4
One sperm cell penetrates the egg cell.
The zona pellucida prevents multiple
sperm from entering.
 CTION PROCESS
REPRODU

5
The genetic material from the male and female
are combined to created a diploid zygote
(meaning that there is a full set of
chromosomes).
 CTION PROCESS
REPRODU

6
The zygote can then divide and develop into an
embryo, which implants in the lining of the
uterus. Overtime, the embryo will develop into
a fetus and eventually a baby.
 Menstrual
Cycle
It is a natural, recurring process in the
female reproductive system, lasting
about 28 days on average.

It involves body preparations for

potential pregnancy.
Menstruation Follicular Phase
Lining of the uterus is When the pituitary gland
shed, resulting in the releases hormones that
release of blood and 5 6 stimulate the growth and
4 7
tissue from the body 3 8 development of ovarian follicles
through the vagina 2 9

1 10

28
Stages of 11

27 the 12

26 Menstrual 13

25 Cycle 14

24 15

23 16
Luteal Phase 22 17

Empty ovarian follicle becomes 21

20 19
18 Ovulation Phase
the corpus luteum, producing When a mature egg is
hormones that prepare the released from the ovary
uterus for possible embryo and is ready for
implantation potential fertilisation
 Hormones of the
Reproductive System
Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone

A female hormone that helps A female hormone responsible The main male reproductive
prepare and maintain the for the development of female hormone that causes male
lining of the uterus so it can secondary sex characteristics secondary sex characteristics
support pregnancy. It also such as breast development like a deeper voice, facial hair,
plays an important role in and wider hips, and it also and increased muscle mass,
regulating the menstrual cycle, helps control the menstrual and it is essential for sperm
especially after ovulation. cycle by thickening the uterine production and the changes
lining before possible that happen during male
pregnancy. puberty.
 Key
Takeaways
The Human
Main Menstrual
Reproductive
Organs Cycle
System

It is a specialised set of organs The male parts include the It is a recurring process
and structures responsible for testes, prostate, vas deferens, (approximately 28 days) in
producing, transporting and urethra and penis. Female females characterised by
facilitating the union of male parts include the ovary, changes in the uterus and
and female reproductive cells, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix ovaries.
ultimately creating offspring. and vagina.
 Common Problems & Risks
Male Reproductive System
Sexually Transmitted
Infections
Unplanned Pregnancy
Poor Hygiene-related
infections/ irritation
Testicular injury
Hormone-related changes
(acne, mood swings leading
to risky choices)
 Common Problems & Risks
Female Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted
Infections
Unplanned Pregnancy
Irregular menstruation
Painful periods
UTI
Poor Hygiene-related irritation
 Warning Signs
Male Reproductive System

Testicle pain/swelling/lump
Burning urination
Discharge, sores, itching
Blood in urine/semen
Fever + genital pain
 Warning Signs
Female Reproductive System

Very heavy bleeding or very

painful cramps
Late period + pregnancy signs
Bad-smelling discharge/itching
Burning urination
Pelvic pain, sores, fever
 How to Keep it Healthy?
Practice proper hygiene (clean daily, change underwear,
clean after sweating)
Eat healthy food + drink enough water
Get enough sleep + exercise regularly
Avoid smoking, vaping, drugs, and excessive alcohol
Manage stress (affects hormones, mood, & decisions)
Get medical checkups when needed (don’t ignore)
Practice safe and responsible relationships
 How to Keep it Healthy?
Know consent, respect, and personal
boundaries
If sexually active:
Use condoms every time (helps
prevent STIs + pregnancy)
Use reliable contraceptives to
prevent pregnancy (pill, implant,
injection, IUD—guided by a
health professional)
Avoid the “safe days” method
alone (high failure rate)
 For Females
Track your menstrual cycle (spot
irregularities early)
Change pads regularly; keep
good menstrual hygiene
Watch for infection signs: itching,
bad odor, unusual discharge,
pelvic pain
Seek help (OB-Gyne) early for
very painful or very heavy periods
For Males
Avoid tight underwear + too much
heat (long hot baths, laptops on
lap)
Check for lumps, swelling, or pain
in the scrotum/testicles
Use protection during sports to
avoid injury
Seek help (Urologist) early for
unusual symptoms
 Puzzle Time!
Let’s try correctly identifying all the parts of the male and female reproductive systems.

A F G

B H J

C E I
 ANSWER KEY

Puzzle Time!
Let’s try correctly identifying all the parts of the male and female reproductive systems.

Vas deferens Oviduct Ovary

Urethra

Prostate Uterus Vagina

Testes Penis Cervix