UNIT 1
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Q1. Explain evolution of mobile communication.
1G (1980s)
• Analog system
• FDMA
• Low capacity
• Example: AMPS
2G (1990s)
• Digital system
• GSM, IS-95
• Better voice quality
• SMS introduced
3G
• High data rate
• W-CDMA, CDMA2000
• Video calling
4G
• All IP-based
• LTE
• High speed internet
Q2. Compare paging and cellular system.
Paging Cellular
One-way communication Two-way communication
Low cost Expensive
No mobility management Mobility supported
UNIT 2: PCS, Cellular Concept & Multiple Access
Q3. Derive Cluster Size Formula.
In hexagonal cellular layout:
𝑁 = 𝑖 2 + 𝑖𝑗 + 𝑗 2
Where:
• i, j = shift parameters
• N = cluster size
Example:
If i=2, j=1
𝑁 = 22 + (2)(1) + 12 = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7
Q4. Derive S/I Ratio.
𝑆 (𝐷/𝑅)𝑛
=
𝐼 𝑖0
Where:
• D = co-channel distance
• R = cell radius
• n = path loss exponent
• i₀ = number of interfering cells
Q5. Explain Hard and Soft Handover.
Hard Handoff
• Break before make
• Used in GSM
Soft Handoff
• Make before break
• Used in CDMA
Q6. Compare FDMA, TDMA, CDMA.
FDMA TDMA CDMA
Frequency division Time division Code division
Simple Medium complexity Complex
Low capacity Moderate High capacity
UNIT 3: 2G Networks
Global System for Mobile Communications
Q7. Explain GSM Architecture.
Main components:
1. Mobile Station (MS)
2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
o BTS
o BSC
3. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
o MSC
o HLR
o VLR
4. Operation Support System (OSS)
Functions:
• Call routing
• Mobility management
• Authentication
• Billing
Q8. What is Near-Far Problem in CDMA?
• Users near base station transmit strong signal.
• Weak distant users get suppressed.
• Solved by power control.
Q9. What is Spread Spectrum?
Technique where:
• Signal bandwidth >> data bandwidth
• Provides security
• Resistant to interference
•
Types:
• DSSS
• FHSS
UNIT 4
2.5G, 3G & 4G
General Packet Radio Service
Q10. Explain GPRS Architecture.
Components:
• SGSN
• GGSN
• BSC
• BTS
Features:
• Packet switching
• Always-on connection
• Higher data rate than GSM
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Q11. Explain IMT-2000 Vision.
• Global roaming
• High data rate (2 Mbps)
• Multimedia support
• Standardized spectrum
Q12. Compare 2G, 3G, 4G.
Feature 2G 3G 4G
Data Rate Low Medium High
Switching Circuit Circuit + Packet Packet
Services Voice Video HD streaming
UNIT 5
Wireless Channels & Diversity
Q13. Derive Doppler Shift Formula.
𝑣
𝑓𝑑 =
𝜆
𝑐
𝜆=
𝑓
If v=20 m/s, f=900 MHz
𝜆 = 0.333𝑚
𝑓𝑑 = 60𝐻𝑧
Q14. Rayleigh Outage Probability Numerical.
Given:
Pavg = 10 mW
Threshold = 3 mW
𝑃 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑃/𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔
= 1 − 𝑒 −0.3
= 0.259
Answer: 25.9%
Q15. BER in Rayleigh Fading (BPSK)
1 𝛾
𝑃𝑏 = (1−√ )
2 1+𝛾
If SNR = 10 dB
𝛾 = 10
𝑃𝑏 = 0.0235
Q16. Explain Diversity Techniques. (10 Marks)
Types:
1. Selection Combining
2. Equal Gain Combining
3. Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)
MRC gives best performance.
MOST IMPORTANT LONG QUESTIONS
GSM Architecture
Cluster Size Derivation
S/I Ratio
Erlang Capacity
CDMA Power Control
2G vs 3G vs 4G
Rayleigh BER
Diversity Techniques