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Structural Analysis
Chapter Outline
Eleventh Edition in SI Units

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of Structures
Chapter 1 1.3 Loads

Types of Structures and Loads 1.4 Structural Design

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What is Mechanics 1.1 Introduction

Engineering Mechanics • Structural analysis is concerned with quantifying the response of structures
subjected to external loading. The scope includes determining the magnitude of the
reactions, internal forces, and displacements.

• Structure refers to any system of connected parts used to support a load.

• System such as Buildings, bridges, tunnels and storage tanks.

Mechanics of Mechanics of Mechanics of
Rigid Bodies Deformable Bodies Fluid • The engineer must account for
– Safety
– Esthetics
Strength of – Serviceability

Statics Dynamics Material Incompressible Compressible – Economic and environmental constraints

(mechanics of Fluids (water) Fluids (gas)
solids)
Stress & Strain

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1.2 Classification of Structures 1.2 Classification of Structures

– Structural elements (Connected parts) – Structural elements (Connected parts)
such as such as
▪ Tie Rods ▪ Tie Rods
▪ Beams ▪ Beams
▪ Columns ▪ Columns

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1.2 Classification of Structures 1.2 Classification of Structures

– Structural elements (Connected parts) – Structural elements (Connected parts)
such as such as
▪ Tie Rods ▪ Tie Rods
▪ Beams ▪ Beams
▪ Columns ▪ Columns

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1.2 Classification of Structures 1.2 Classification of Structures

– Structural elements (Connected parts) – Structural elements (Connected parts)
such as such as
▪ Tie Rods ▪ Tie Rods
▪ Beams ▪ Beams
▪ Columns ▪ Columns

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1.2 Classification of Structures 1.2 Classification of Structures

– Structural elements (Connected parts) – Types of Structures such as
such as ▪ Trusses
▪ Tie Rods ▪ Cables and Arches
▪ Beams ▪ Frames
▪ Columns ▪ Surface Structures
Truss, develops compression in the
top members and tension in the bottom
members

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1.2 Classification of Structures 1.2 Classification of Structures

– Types of Structures such as – Types of Structures such as
▪ Trusses ▪ Trusses
▪ Cables and Arches ▪ Cables and Arches
▪ Frames ▪ Frames
▪ Surface Structures ▪ Surface Structures

Cables support their

loads in tension

Arches support their

loads in compression

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1.2 Classification of Structures 1.3 Loads

– Types of Structures such as Surface Structures acts • Dimensional Requirements and Load Determination:
▪ Trusses as a membrane that is • Identify loads based on the structure's purpose and environment.
subjected to pure tension.
▪ Cables and Arches • Example:
▪ Frames • High-rise buildings: Designed for wind loads using shear walls and tubular
▪ Surface Structures frames.
• Seismic zones: Use ductile frames and connections.
• Design Sequence:
• Start with elements carrying primary loads (e.g., floor slabs).
• Floor slab → Supporting beams → Columns → Foundation.

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1.3 Loads 1.3 Loads

Reference: Structural Reference: Structural
Analysis 6th Ed. SI Edition Analysis 6th Ed. SI Edition
Aslam Kassimali (2020) Aslam Kassimali (2020)

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1.3 Loads 1.3 Loads

• The design loading for a structure is often specified in codes: • Types of load:
• General Building Codes: Minimum load requirements by authorities. • Dead loads
• Design Codes: Technical standards for detailed design. • Weights of various structural members
• Responsibility for design lies with the structural engineer. • Weights of any objects that are attached to the structure (e.g., wind, seismic,
dead, live).

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Example 1.1 Example 1.1

The floor beam in Fig. 1.8 is used to support the 1.8-m width of a The floor beam in Fig. 1.8 is used to support the 1.8-m width of a
lightweight plain concrete slab having a thickness of 100mm. The slab lightweight plain concrete slab having a thickness of 100mm. The slab
serves as a portion of the ceiling for the floor below, and therefore its serves as a portion of the ceiling for the floor below, and therefore its
bottom is coated with plaster. Furthermore, a 2.4-m-high, 300-mm-thick bottom is coated with plaster. Furthermore, a 2.4-m-high, 300-mm-thick
lightweight solid concrete block wall is directly over the top flange of the lightweight solid concrete block wall is directly over the top flange of the
beam. Determine the loading on the beam measured per meter of length beam. Determine the loading on the beam measured per meter of length
of the beam. of the beam.

SOLUTION
Using the data in Tables 1.2 and 1.3, we have

Concrete slab: [0.015 kN (m2  mm)](100 mm )(1.8 m)  2.70 kN m

Plaster ceiling: (0.24 kN m2 )(1.8 m)  0.43 kN m

Block wall: (16.5 kN m3 )(2.4 m)(0.3 m)  11.88 kN m

Total load 15.01 kN m

Ans.

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Example 1.2 (1 of 2)
1.3 Loads The office building shown in the photo has interior columns
• Types of load:
that are spaced 6 m apart in two perpendicular directions.
• Live loads
• Depends on the purpose for which the building is designed
Determine the reduced live load supported by a typical
• These loadings are generally tabulated in local, state or national code. interior column located at ground level. The column only
supports the floor above it.

Fig. 1.9
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Example 1.2 (2 of 2)
1.3 Loads
SOLUTION
• Types of load:
As shown in Fig. 1.9, each interior column has a tributary area or • Other types (e.g., wind, seismic, snow, rain, railway bridge loads, Impact loads)
effective loaded area of AT  (6 m)(6 m)  36 m2 . The live load is
taken from Table 1.4: L 0  2.39 kN m2  4.79 kN m2 . Since KLL  4,
then 4 AT  4(36 m2 )  144 m2  37.2 m2 . The live load can therefore
be reduced using Eq. 1.1. Thus,
 4.57 
L  2.39  0.25    1.508 kN m
2

 144 
The load reduction here is (1.508 2.39)100%  63.1%  50%. (OK)
Therefore,
F  (1.508 kN m2 )(36 m2 )  54.28 kN  54.3 kN Ans.

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Copyright
1.4 Structural Design
• Material uncertainties occur due to
– variability in material properties
– residual stress in materials
– intended measurements being different from fabricated sizes This work is protected by United Kingdom copyright laws and is
– material corrosion or decay
provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses
• Many types of loads can occur simultaneously on a structure and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part
of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the
integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials
• Allowable-stress design (ASD)
from it should never be made available to students except by
– In working-stress design, the computed elastic stress in the material must not exceed the
allowable stress along with the following typical load combinations as specified by the ASCE 7-10 instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All
Standard recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions
– Dead load and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of
– 0.6 (dead load) + 0.6(wind load) other instructors who rely on these materials.
– 0.6 (dead load) + 0.7(earthquake load)
• Strength design or LRFD (load and resistance factor design)
– In strength design is material uncertainty and load uncertainty are separately determined
– This method uses load factors applied to the loads or combination of loads
– 1.4 (Dead load)
– 1.2 (dead load) + 1.6 (live load) + 0.5 (snow load)
– 0.9 (dead load) + 1.0(wind load)
– 0.9 (dead load) + 1.0 (earthquake load)
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