STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 1
271
CHAPTER 8
DEFLECTIONS
1- 1
8.1
DEFLECTION DIAGRAMS AND THE ELASTIC CURVE
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Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
▪ Deflections of structures can come from loads, temperature, fabrication
errors or settlement
▪ In design, deflections must be limited in order to prevent cracking of
attached brittle materials
▪ A structure must not vibrate or deflect severely for the comfort of occupants
▪ Deflections at specified points must be determined if one is to analyze
statically indeterminate structures
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Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
▪ In this topic, only linear elastic material response is considered
▪ This means a structure subjected to load will return to its original
undeformed position after the load is removed
▪ It is useful to sketch the shape of the structure when it is loaded in order to
visualize the computed results & to partially check the results
▪ This deflection diagram rep the elastic curve for the points at the centroids
of the cross-sectional areas along each of the members
▪ If the elastic curve seems difficult to establish, it is suggested that the
moment diagram be drawn first
▪ From there, the curve can be constructed
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Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
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Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
▪ Due to pin-and-roller support, the disp at
A & D must be zero
▪ Within the region of –ve moment, the
elastic curve is concave downward
▪ Within the region of +ve moment, the
elastic curve is concave upward
▪ There must be an inflection point where the
curve changes from concave down to
concave up
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Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
Example 8.1
Draw the deflected shape of each of the beams.
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Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
Example 8.1 (Solution)
In (a), the roller at A allows free rotation with no deflection while the fixed
wall at B prevents both rotation & deflection. The deflected shape is shown by
the bold line.
In (b), no rotation or deflection occur at A & B
In (c), the couple moment will rotate end A. This will cause deflections at both
ends of the beam since no deflection is possible at B & C. Notice that segment
CD remains un-deformed since no internal load acts within it.
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Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
Example 8.1 (Solution)
In (d), the pin at B allows rotation, so the slope of the deflection curve will
suddenly change at this point while the beam is constrained by its supports.
In (e), the compound beam deflects as shown. The slope changes abruptly on
each side of B.
In (f), span BC will deflect concave upwards due to load. Since the beam is
continuous, the end spans will deflect concave downwards.
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8.2
ELASTIC-BEAM THEORY
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Elastic-Beam Theory
▪ To derive the M-V and M- relations, we look at an initially straight beam
that is elastically deformed by loads applied perpendicular to beam’s x-axis &
lying in x-v plane of symmetry
▪ Due to loading, the beam deforms under shear & bending
▪ If beam L >> d, greatest deformation will be caused by bending
▪ When M deforms the beam element, the angle between the cross sections
becomes d
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Elastic-Beam Theory
▪ The arc dx that rep a portion of the elastic curve intersects the neutral axis
▪ The radius of curvature for this arc is defined as the distance, , which is
measured from ctr of curvature O’ to dx
▪ Any arc on the element other than dx is subjected to normal strain
▪ The strain in arc ds located at position y from the neutral axis is
= (ds'−ds) / ds
ds = dx = d and ds' = ( − y )d
( − y )d − d 1
= =−
d y
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Elastic-Beam Theory
▪ If the material is homogeneous & behaves in a linear manner, then Hooke’s
law applies: = / E
▪ The flexure formula also applies: = − My / I
▪ Combining these eqns, we have:
1 M
=
EI
= the radius of curvature at a specific point on the elastic curve
M = internal moment in the beam at the point wher e is to be determined
E = the material' s modulus of elasticity
I = the beam' s moment of inertia computed about the neutral axis
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Elastic-Beam Theory
EI = flexural rigidity; dx = ρdθ
M
dθ = dx
EI
d 2 v / dx 2
1
v − axis as + ve , =
[1 + (dv / dx) 2 ]3 / 2
M d 2 v / dx 2
Therefore, =
EI [1 + (dv / dx) 2 ]3 / 2
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Elastic-Beam Theory
▪ This eqn rep a non-linear second-order differentiation eqn
▪ v=f(x) gives the exact shape of the elastic curve
▪ The slope of the elastic curve for most structures is very small
▪ Using small deflection theory, we assume dv/dx ≈ 0
d 2v M
2
=
dx EI
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8.3
THE DOUBLE INTGEGRATION METHOD
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The Double Integration Method
▪ M = f(x), successive integration of eqn 8–4 will yield the beam’s slope
▪ tan = dv/dx = M/EI dx
▪ Eqn of elastic curve
▪ v = f(x) = M/EI dx
▪ The internal moment in regions AB, BC & CD must be written in terms of x1,
x2 and x3
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The Double Integration Method
▪ Once these functions are integrated & the constants determined, the
functions will give the slope & deflection for each region of the beam
▪ It is important to use the proper sign for M as established by the sign
convention used in derivation
▪ +ve v is upward, hence, the +ve slope angle, will be measured
counterclockwise from the x-axis
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The Double Integration Method
▪ The constants of integration are determined by evaluating the functions for
slope or displacement at a particular point on the beam where the value of
the function is known
▪ These values are called boundary conditions
▪ Here x1 and x2 coordinates are valid only within the regions AB & BC,
respectively
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The Double Integration Method
▪ Once the functions for the slope & deflection are obtained, they must give
the same values for slope & deflection at point B
▪ This is so for the beam to be physically continuous
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The Double Integration Method
Example 8.4
The cantilevered beam is subjected to a couple moment M0 at its end.
Determine the eqn of the elastic curve. EI is constant.
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The Double Integration Method
Example 8.4 (Solution)
By inspection, the internal moment can be represented throughout the beam
using a single x coordinate. From the free-body diagram, with M acting in +ve
direction, we have:
M = Mo
Integrating twice yields: d 2v
EI 2 = M o
dx
dv
EI = M o x + C1
dx
M o x2
EI v = + C1 x + C2
2
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The Double Integration Method
Example 8.4 (Solution)
Using boundary conditions, dv/dx = 0 at x = 0 & v = 0 at x = 0, then
C1 = C2 =0.
Substituting these values into earlier eqns, we get:
with = dv / dx
Mox M o x2
= ; v =
EI 2 EI
Max slope & disp occur at A (x = L) for which
MoL M o L2
A = ; vA =
EI 2 EI
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The Double Integration Method
Example 8.4 (Solution)
The +ve result for A indicates counterclockwise rotation & the +ve result for
vA indicates that it is upwards.
In order to obtain some idea as to the actual magnitude of the slope, consider
the beam to:
Have a length of 3.6 m
Support a couple moment of 20 kN • m
Be made of steel having Est = 200 GPa
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The Double Integration Method
Example 8.4 (Solution)
If this beam were designed w/o a fos by assuming the allowable normal stress
= yield stress = 250 N/mm2,
Then a W6 x 9 would be found to be adequate
20 kN • m(3.6m)
A = 6 2 6 −12 4
= 0.0529 rad
[200 (10 ) kN/m ][6.8(10 )(10 )]m
20 kN • m(3.6m) 2
vA = 6 2 6 −12 4
= 95 .3 mm
2[200 (10 ) kN/m ][6.8(10 )(10 )] m
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The Double Integration Method
Example 8.4 (Solution)
Since 2A = 0.00280 rad2 << 1, we have obtained larger values for max and
v than would have been obtained if the beam were supported using pins,
rollers or other supports.
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8.4
MOMENT-AREA THEOREMS
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Moment-Area Theorems
• If we draw the moment diagram for the beam & then divide it by the flexural
rigidity, EI, the “M/EI diagram” results
M
d = dx
EI
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Moment-Area Theorems
▪ d on either side of the element dx = the lighter shaded area under the M/EI
diagram
▪ Integrating from point A on the elastic curve to point B, we have
M B
B/ A = dx
A EI
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Moment-Area Theorems
▪ This eqn forms the basis for the first moment-area theorem
▪ Theorem 1
- The change in slope between any 2 points on the elastic curve equals the
area of the M/EI diagram between the 2 points
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Moment-Area Theorems
▪ The second moment-area theorem is based on the relative derivation of
tangents to the elastic curve
▪ Shown in Fig 8.15(c) is a greatly exaggerated view of the vertical deviation
dt of the tangents on each side of the differential element, dx
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Moment-Area Theorems
▪ Since slope of elastic curve & its deflection are assumed to be very small, it
is satisfactory to approximate the length of each tangent line by x & the arc
ds’ by dt
▪ Using s = r (where r=x) dt = xd
▪ Using eqn 8.2, d = (M/EI) dx
▪ The vertical deviation of the tangent at A wrt the tangent at B can be found
by integration
M B
t A/ B = x dx
A EI
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Moment-Area Theorems
▪ Recall that centroid of an area x dA = xdA
▪ Hence
M B
t A/ B = x dx
A EI
x = distance from the vertical axis through
A to the centroid of the area between A & B.
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Moment-Area Theorems
▪ Theorem 2
- The vertical deviation of the tangent at a point (A) on the elastic curve wrt
the tangent extended from another point (B) equals the “moment” of the
area under the M/EI diagram between the 2 points (A & B)
- This moment is computed about point A where the derivation is to be
determined
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Moment-Area Theorems
▪ Provided the moment of a +ve M/EI area from A to B is computed, it
indicates that the tangent at point A is above the tangent to the curve
extended from point B
▪ -ve M/EI areas indicate that the tangent at A is below the tangent extended
from B
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Moment-Area Theorems
▪ It is important to realise that the moment-area theorems can only be used
to determine the angles & deviations between 2 tangents on the beam’s
elastic curve
▪ In general, they do not give a direct solution for the slope or disp. at a point
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Moment-Area Theorems
Example 8.6
Determine the slope at points B & C of the beam. Take E = 200 GPa,
I = 360(106) mm4
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Moment-Area Theorems
Example 8.6 (Solution)
It is easier to solve the problem in terms of EI & substitute the numerical data
as a last step.
The 10 kN load causes the beam to deflect.
Here the tangent at A is always horizontal.
The tangents at B & C are also indicated.
By construction, the angle B/A between tan A and tan B is equivalent to B.
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Moment-Area Theorems
Example 8.6 (Solution)
B = B/ A; C = C / A
Applying Theorem 1, B/A is equal to the area under the M/EI diagram between
points A & B.
50 kN • m 1 100 kN • m 50 kN • m
B = B / A = − (5 m) − − (5 m)
EI 2 EI EI
375 kN • m 2
=−
EI
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Moment-Area Theorems
Example 8.6 (Solution)
Substituting numerical data for E & I
375 kN • m 2
B = 6 2 6 −12 4
= −0.0052 1 rad
[200 (10 ) kN/m ][360 (10 )(10 ) m ]
The –ve sign indicates that the angle is measured clockwise from A.
In a similar manner, the area under the M/EI diagram between points A & C
equals (C/A).
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Moment-Area Theorems
Example 8.6 (Solution)
1 100 kN • m 500 kN • m 2
C = C / A = − (10 m) = −
2 EI EI
Substituti ng numerical values of EI, we have :
− 500 kN • m 2
C = 6 2 6 −12 4
= −0.00694 rad
[200 (10 ) kN/m ][360 (10 )(10 )m ]
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8.5
CONJUGATE-BEAM METHOD
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Conjugate-Beam Method
▪ The basis for the method comes from similarity of equations
▪ To show this similarity, we can write these eqns as shown
dV d 2M
=w =w
dx dx2
d M d 2v M
= =
dx EI dx2 EI
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Conjugate-Beam Method
▪ Or integrating,
V = wdx M = wdxdx
M M
v =
= dx dx dx
EI
EI
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Conjugate-Beam Method
• Here the shear V compares with the slope θ , the moment M compares with
the disp v & the external load w compares with the M/EI diagram
• To make use of this comparison we will now consider a beam having the
same length as the real beam but referred to as the “conjugate beam”
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Conjugate-Beam Method
• The conjugate beam is loaded with the M/EI diagram derived from the load
w on the real beam
• From the above comparisons, we can state 2 theorems related to the
conjugate beam
• Theorem 1
- The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically equal to the shear at
the corresponding point in the conjugate beam
▪ Theorem 2
- The disp. of a point in the real beam is numerically equal to the moment at
the corresponding point in the conjugate beam
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Conjugate-Beam Method
• Consequently from Theorems 1 & 2, for a pin or roller support at the end of
a real beam, the conjugate beam must be supported by a pin or roller since
this support has zero moment but has a shear or end reaction
• When the real beam is fixed supported, both slope and displacement at the
support are zero. The conjugate beam has a free end since at this end there
is zero shear & moment
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Conjugate-Beam Method
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Conjugate-Beam Method
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Conjugate-Beam Method
Example 8.14
Determine the max deflection of the steel beam. The reactions have been
computed. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4
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Conjugate-Beam Method
Example 8.14 (Solution)
The conjugate beam loaded with the M/EI diagram is shown. Since the M/EI
diagram is +ve, the distributed load acts upward.
The external reactions on the conjugate beam are determined first and are
indicated on the free-body diagram.
Max deflection of the real beam occurs at the point where the slope of the
beam is zero.
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Conjugate-Beam Method
Example 8.14 (Solution)
Assuming this point acts within the region 0x9 m from A’ we can isolate the
section.
Note that the peak of the distributed loading was determined from
proportional triangles,
w / x = (18 / EI ) / 9
V'= 0
+ Fy = 0
45 1 2 x
− + x = 0
EI 2 EI
x = 6.71m (0 x 9m) OK
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Conjugate-Beam Method
Example 8.14 (Solution)
Using this value for x, the max deflection in the real beam corresponds to the
moment M’. Hence,
With anticlockwise moments as + ve, M = 0
45 1 2(6.71) 1
(6.71) − 6.71 (6.71) + M ' = 0
EI 2 EI 3
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Conjugate-Beam Method
Example 8.14 (Solution)
201 .2kNm3
max = M '= −
EI
− 201 .2kNm3
=
[200 (10 6 )kN / m 2 ][60(10 6 )mm 4 (1m 4 /(10 3 ) 4 mm 4 )]
= −0.0168 m = −16.8mm
The –ve sign indicates the deflection is downward.
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you