ANSWER KEY

SECTION A

Ans 1. A is false but R is true

Ans 2. (a) 133

Ans 3. (i) 5 1 4 2 3

Ans 4. (d) Regression

Ans 5. (A) i and iii

Ans 6. (b) secondary trait

Ans 7. (c) (iii) and (iv)

Ans 8. (c) A is true but R is false.

Ans 9. (c) Hardiness

Ans 10. (a) Positive attitude

Ans 11. (c) Grandeur

Ans 12. (c) Delusions

Ans 13. (c) Social Anxiety Disorder

Ans 14. (a) Latency

SECTION B

Ans 15. Arjun has a high interest in painting but may have a lower aptitude for it.
Interest refers to liking or preference for an activity, while aptitude is the capability to perform
that activity successfully. Thus, despite his strong interest, his aptitude in painting may need
further development.

Ans 16. According to her each sex has attributes to be admired by the other and neither sex can
be viewed as superior or inferior.
ANSWER KEY

. She countered that women are more likely to be affected by social and cultural factors than by
biological factors.

Ans 17. According to psychology, stress is not always negative; it can be positive when
perceived as a challenge. (Eustress)
. Abhinav viewed the stressful event (job loss) as a challenge which motivated him leading to
take constructive action (enrolling in a course).
.This also shows that stress depends on how an individual perceives and interprets an event.

Or

Ans 17. This is a type of life event. We learn to cope with small everyday changes but major like
events can be stressful because the disturb our routine and can cause upheaval.
Other sources of stress are daily life hassles and traumatic events.

Ans 18. People affected by obsessive-

compulsive disorder are unable to
control their preoccupation with specific
ideas or are unable to prevent themselves
from repeatedly carrying out a particular
act or series of acts that affect their
ability to carry out normal activities.
Obsessive behaviour is the inability to
stop thinking about a particular idea or
topic. The person involved, often finds
these thoughts to be unpleasant and
shameful.
Whereas, Compulsive behaviour is the
need to perform certain behaviours over
and over again. Many compulsions deal
with counting, ordering, checking,
touching and washing.

Ans 19. Rani may be suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), where excessive and
uncontrollable worry about multiple life areas is a primary symptom.
Other symptoms include hypervigilance which involves constantly scanning the environment for
danger. It is also marked by motor tension as a result of which the person is unable to relax, is
restless and shaky.

SECTION C

Ans [Link] psychometric approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities.

ANSWER KEY

. It expresses the individual’s performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.

Eg. Two Factor theory of intelligence by Spearman, multiple intelligence theory of Gardner.
On the other hand, the information processing approach describes the processes people use in
intellectual reasoning and problem solving.
.The major focus of this approach is on how an intelligent person acts. Rather than
focusing on structure of intelligence or its
underlying dimensions, information processing approaches emphasise studying cognitive
functions underlying
intelligent behaviour.
Eg: Triarchic theory of intelligence by Sternberg, PASS Model

Or

Ans 20. intelligence comes mainly from studies on twins and adopted children. The
intelligence of identical twins reared
together correlate almost 0.90. Twins
separated early in childhood also show considerable similarity in their intellectual, personality
and behavioural characteristics.
. The intelligence of identical twins reared in different environments correlate 0.72, those of
fraternal twins reared together correlate almost 0.60, and those of brothers and sisters reared
together correlate about 0.50, while siblings reared apart correlate about 0.25.
. Another line of evidence comes from the
studies of adopted children, which show that children’s intelligence is more
similar to their biological rather than
adoptive parents.
. With respect to the role of environment,
studies have reported that as children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer
to that of their adoptive parents.
. Children from disadvantaged homes
adopted into families with higher socio-
economic status exhibits a large increase in
their intelligence scores.
. There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good
family background, and quality schooling increases intelligence. . There is a general consensus
among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature)
and environment (nurture). Heredity can best be viewed as something that sets a range within
which an individual’s development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the
environment.

Ans 21. Anita is using the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). This test was developed by
Morgan and Murray. The test consists of 30 black and white picture cards and one blank card.
Each picture card depicts one or more people in a variety of situations. The subject is asked to
tell a story describing the situation presented in the What led up to the situation, what is
ANSWER KEY

happening at the moment, what will happen in the future, and what the characters are feeling
and thinking?
. This technique helps in assessing personality by uncovering hidden emotions, desires, and
conflicts, as the stories reflect the individual's own experiences and inner world.
. Projective techniques were developed to
assess unconscious motives and feelings.
These techniques are based on the
assumption that a less structured or
unstructured stimulus or situation will allow the individual to project her/his
feelings, desires and needs on to that
situation.

Ans 22. Selye studied this issue by subjecting animals to a variety of stressors such as high
temperature, X-rays and insulin injections, in the laboratory over a long period of time. He also
observed patients with various injuries and illnesses in hospitals. Selye noticed a similar pattern
of bodily response in all of them. He called
this pattern the General Adaptation
Syndrome (GAS).
The three stages-
1. Alarm reaction stage: The presence
of a noxious stimulus or stressor leads to activation of the adrenal- pituitary-cortex system. This
triggers the release of hormones producing the stress response. Now the individual is ready for
fight or flight.
2. Resistance stage: If stress is prolonged,
the resistance stage begins. The para-
sympathetic nervous system calls for more cautious use of the body’s resources. The organism
makes efforts to cope with the threat, as through confrontation.
3. Exhaustion stage: Continued exposure
to the same stressor or additional stressors drains the body of its resources and leads to the
third stage of exhaustion. The physiological systems involved in alarm reaction and resistance
become ineffective and susceptibility to stress-related diseases such as high blood pressure
becomes more likely.
Selye’s model has been criticised for assigning a very limited role to psychological factors in
stress. Researchers have reported that the psychological appraisal of events is important for the
determination of stress. How people respond to stress is substantially influenced by their
perceptions, personalities and biological constitutions.

Ans 23. ADHD stands for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. It’s a neurodevelopmental

disorder, which means it affects how your brain develops.
-Features
(1) Inattention
Children who are inattentive find it difficult to sustain mental effort during work or play.

They have a hard time keeping their minds on any one thing or in following instructions.
ANSWER KEY

Common complaints are that the child does not listen, cannot concentrate, does not follow
instructions, is disorganised, easily distracted, forgetful, does not finish assignments, and is
quick to lose interest in boring activities.

(2) Hyperactivity
It takes many forms-
They may fidget, squirm, climb, or run around aimlessly and talk incessantly.
they are described as "driven by motor" and "always on the go" by their parents and teachers.
Boys are four times more likely to be given this diagnosis than girls.

(3) Impulsivity
Children are unable to control their immediate reactions or to think before they act.
They find it difficult to wait or take turns, have difficulty resisting immediate temptations or
delaying gratifications.

SECTION D

Ans 24. Cultural differences, not intelligence, may have influenced results.
Intelligence test can be culture fair or cultural biased.
Many intelligence tests show bias to culture in which they are developed.
. Tests developed in America and Europe represent an urban and middle-class cultural ethos.
. Hence educated middle class white subjects generally perform well on these tests.
. The items do not respect the cultural perspective of Asians and African or Hispanics.
. Psychologists have tried to develop test that are cultural fair and does not discriminate against
individuals. Items are constructed in such a manner that they assess experiences common to all
cultures or have questions in which language usage is not required.
Nonverbal and performance test help reduce the cultural bias usually associated with these
tests.

Or

Ans 24. Giftedness is exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide
variety of areas.
. Whereas Talent is a narrower term
and refers to remarkable ability in a specific field (e.g., spiritual, social,
aesthetic, etc.). The highly talented are
sometimes called ‘prodigies.
ANSWER KEY

. Gifted children show early signs of intellectual superiority. Even during infancy and early
childhood, they show larger attention span, good recognition memory, preference for novelty,
sensitivity to environmental changes, and early appearance of language skills. To equate
giftedness with brilliant academic
performance is not correct. Athletes who
show superior psychomotor ability are
also gifted. Each gifted student possesses different strengths, personalities and characteristics.
Some important characteristics of gifted children are:
• Advanced logical thinking, questioning
and problem-solving behaviour.
• High speed in processing information.
• Superior generalisation and discrimination ability.
• Advanced level of original and creative
thinking.
• High level of intrinsic motivation and self-esteem.
• Independent and non-conformist thinking.
• Preference for solitary academic activities for long periods.
Performance on intelligence tests is not
the only measure for identifying the gifted.
Many other sources of information, such as
teachers’ judgment, school achievement
record, parents’ interviews, peer and self-
ratings, etc. can be used in combination
with intellectual assessment.

Ans 25. Jung claimed that there was a

collective unconscious consisting of
archetypes or primordial images.
. These are not individually acquired, but are inherited. The God or the Mother Earth is a good
example of archetypes.
. They are found in myths, dreams and arts of all mankind. It is an archetype that
is expressed in many ways.
. Here, snakes have historically been predators and threats to early human ancestors. This fear
might be ingrained in human psyche even in cultures where snakes are rare.
. Therefore the above case is an example of ancestral inheritance of danger and fear.
(Inheritance of Archetypes found in Collective unconsciousness).

Ans 26. Prolonged stress can weaken the immune system, making the body more vulnerable to
infections.
. Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to the release of
cortisol.
ANSWER KEY

. While cortisol helps in managing immediate stress, chronic elevation suppresses the immune
response by reducing the production of lymphocytes (white blood cells) and can affect natural
killer cell cytotoxicity.
In Anil's case, continuous job stress likely weakened his immunity, reducing his ability to fight
off the cold virus and leading to a longer recovery time.

Ans 27. While speaking in public, the patient changes topics frequently. This is a symptom of
derailment. This is one of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia; is the descriptive term to a
group of psychotic disorders in which personal, social and occupational functioning deteriorate
as a result of disturbed thought processes, strong perceptions, unusual emotional states, and
motor abnormalities. .

Symptoms of schizophrenia:
•Positive Symptoms—comprise excesses of symptoms such as thought, emotion, and
behaviour.
•Negative Symptoms—deficits of thought, emotion and behaviour.
• Psychomotor Symptoms.
Positive Symptoms of Pathological Excesses:
[Link] Thinking and Speech:
•People with schizophrenia may not be able to think logically, and may speak in peculiar ways.
•Formal thought disorders refer to problems in the organization of ideas and in speaking.
•These include derailment, i.e., rapidly shifting from one topic to another so that the normal
structure of thinking becomes illogical (loosening of association, derailed).
•Inventing new words, phrases, i.e., neologism and persistent and inappropriate repetition of the
same thoughts.
[Link]: It is a false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds. It is not affected by
emotional argument, and has no basis in reality.
•Delusion of Persecution: belief that they are being plotted against, attacked or deliberately
victimized.
•Delusions of Reference: in which they attach special and personal meaning to the actions of
others or to objects and event.
•Delusions of Grandeur: people believe themselves to be specially empowered with
supernatural powers.
•Delusions of Control: they believe that their feelings, thoughts and actions are controlled by
others.
3. Hallucinations: Perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli.
• In Auditory hallucinations patients hear sounds or voices that speak words, phrases and
sentences directly to the patients (second person hallucination) or talk to one another referring
to the patient as he/she (third person hallucination).
•Tactile hallucinations (i.e., forms of tingling, burning).
•Somatic hallucinations (i.e., something happening inside the body such as a snake crawling
inside one’s stomach)
•Visual hallucinations (i.e., vague perceptions of colour or distinct visions of people or objects).
•Gustatory hallucinations (i.e., food or drink taste strange).
ANSWER KEY

•Olfactory hallucinations (i.e., smell of smoke).

4. Inappropriate Effect, i.e., emotions that are unsuited to the situation.
Negative symptoms are ‘pathological deficits’
•Alogia—poverty of speech, i.e., a reduction in speech and speech content.
•Blunted effect—reduced expression of emotions.
•Flat effect—no expression of emotions.
•Avolition—social withdrawal.
Psychomotor Symptoms:
•Schizophrenics move less spontaneously or make odd gestures. These symptoms may take
extreme forms known as catatonia.
•Catatonic stupor: motionless and silent for long stretches of time.
•Catatonic rigidity: maintaining a rigid, upright posture for hours.

SECTION E

Ans 28. Intelligence in the Indian tradition can be termed as integral intelligence, which
gives emphasis on connectivity with the
social and world environment.
. Indian thinkers view intelligence from a holistic perspective where equal attention is paid to
cognitive and non-cognitive processes as well as their integration.
. The Sanskrit word ‘buddhi’ which is often used to represent intelligence is far more pervasive
in scope than the western concept of intelligence.
. Buddhi, according to J.P. Das, includes such skills as mental effort, determined action,
feelings, and opinions along with cognitive competence such as knowledge, discrimination, and
understanding. Among other things, buddhi is the knowledge of one’s own self based on
conscience, will and desire. Thus, the notion of buddhi has affective and motivational
components besides a strong cognitive component.

Unlike the western views, which primarily focus on cognitive parameters, the following
competencies are identified as facets of intelligence in the Indian tradition:
• Cognitive capacity (sensitivity to context, understanding, discrimination, problem solving, and
effective communication).
• Social competence (respect for social
order, commitment to elders, the young and the needy, concern about others, recognising
others’ perspectives).
• Emotional competence (self- regulation and self-monitoring of emotions, honesty, politeness,
good conduct, and self-evaluation).
. Entrepreneurial competence (commitment, persistence, patience, hard work, vigilance, and
goal-directed behaviours).

Or
ANSWER KEY

Ans28. IQ refers to intelligence, which is "the global capacity to understand the world, think
rationally, and use available resources effectively when faced with challenges".

EQ refers to emotional intelligence which is "the ability to perceive, express, understand and
regulate emotions”
It is a set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression, regulation of emotions.
-Characteristics of emotionally intelligent person
. Perception and sensitivity to feelings and emotions.
. Ability to control and regulate emotions.
. To understand the powerful influence of nature and intensity of your emotions.
. being sensitive to emotions in others by noting their body language, voice tone and facial
expressions.

. A good IQ and scholastic record are not enough to be successful in life.

. One may find many people who are academically talented but are still unsuccessful in their
own life
. They experience problems in family, workplace and personal relationships.
. Some psychologist believes that the source of their difficulty maybe a lack of emotional
intelligence.
. This concept was first introduced by Mayer and Salovey who considered it as the ability to
monitor one's own and other’s emotions, to discriminate among them and to use the information
to guide one’s thinking an actions.

Ans 29. Self refers to the totality of an

individual’s conscious experiences, ideas,
thoughts and feelings with regard to herself
or himself.

- Cognitive aspects of self

Self-esteem
Self-esteem is an important aspect of our
self. As persons we always make some
judgment about our own value or worth.
This value judgment of a person about
hersel“I am the one usually chosen for the games”, or “I am highly liked by my peers”.

Studies indicate that by the age of 6 to

7 years, children seem to have formed self-
esteem at least in four areas: academic
competence, social competence, physical/
athletic competence, and physical
appearance, which become more refined
with age.
ANSWER KEY

Studies have shown that warm and positive

parenting helps in the development of high
self-esteem among children as it allows
them to know that they are accepted as
competent and worthwhile.

Self-efficacy
People differ in the extent to which they believe they themselves control their life outcomes or
the outcomes are controlled by luck or fate or other situational factors, e.g. passing an
examination.
The notion of self-efficacy is based on
Bandura’s social learning theory.
Bandura’s initial studies showed that
children and adults learned behaviour by
observing and imitating others.

- Behavioral Aspects of Self

Self-regulation
Self-regulation refers to our ability to
organise and monitor our own behaviour
(will power).
. Learning to delay or defer the gratification of needs is called self-control. Self-control plays a
key role in the fulfilment of long-term goals. Indian cultural tradition provides us with certain
effective mechanisms (e.g., fasting in vrata or roza and non- attachment with worldly things) for
developing self-control.

- Techniques of self-control
. Observation of own behaviour - This provides us with necessary information that may be used
to change, modify, or strengthen certain aspects of self.
. Self-instruction - We often instruct ourselves to do something and behave the way we want to.
. Self-reinforcement - this involves rewarding behaviours that have pleasant outcomes.

Or

Ans29. Observation of behaviour serves as the basis of behavioural analysis. The observer
report can obtain data from interview, observation, ratings, nomination, and situational tests.
Here are key features of behavioural analysis:

Interview: Interview is a commonly used method for assessing [Link] mainly deals with
talking to the person by asking specific questions.
Interview can be structured or unstructured based on the goal and purpose of the assessment.
Unstructured Interview: In unstructured interviews, the interviewer seeks to develop an
impression about a person by asking a number of questions.
ANSWER KEY

The way a person presents her/ himself and answers the questions carries enough potential to
reveal her/his personality.
Structured Interview:addresses very specific questions and follow a set procedure. This is often
done to make objective comparison of persons being interviewed.

Observation: Behavioural observation is another method which is very commonly used for the
assessment of personality.
For Behaviour observation it requires careful training of the observer, and a fairly detailed
guideline about analysis of behaviours in order to assess the personality of a given [Link]
cannot be carried out by untrained people.
For example, a clinical psychologist will observe his/her client interaction with family members
and home [Link] careful observation only the clinical psychologist will be able to comment
on client’s personality.

Behavioural Ratings: Behavioural ratings are frequently used for assessment of personality in
educational and industrial settings.
Behavioural ratings are generally taken from people who know the assessee over a period of
time.
They attempt to put individuals into certain categories in terms of their behavioural qualities. The
categories may involve different numbers or descriptive terms.

Nomination:

This method is often used in obtaining peer assessment.

It can be used with persons who have known each other for a long time.
Each person has to choose one or more persons from the group with whom they would like to
work, interact or do a [Link] person later has specified the reason for her/his choices.
Nominations received is analysed to understand the personality and behavioural qualities of the
person.
This test is highly dependable and can be biased.

Situational Tests:
situational stress test is one of the commonly used tests for personality assessment.
It provides us with information about how a person behaves under stressful situations.
The test requires a person to perform a given task with other persons who are instructed to be
non-cooperative and interfering.
The person is instructed to play a role for which s/he is observed. A verbal report is also
obtained on what s/he was asked to do.
The situation may be realistic one, or it may be created through a video play.

SECTION F
Case Study 1
ANSWER KEY

Ans 30.1 Ananya is making a challenge appraisal during the primary appraisal stage, seeing the
situation as an opportunity for growth with more confident expectations of the ability to cope with
a specific situation, potential to overcome and even profit from the event rather than seeing it as
a threat.

Ans 30.2 In the primary appraisal, Ananya assesses the expanded syllabus as a challenge (not
a threat).
.In the secondary appraisal, she evaluates her resources and coping abilities, realizing she has
already prepared most of the content and can manage the extra material by organizing a study
schedule.

Case Study 2

Ans 31.1Sarah may be suffering from Anorexia Nervosa, a disorder characterized by an

extreme fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image that leads to self-imposed starvation.

Ans 31.2 Bulimia Nervosa

. Binge eating disorder