Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

3. Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Note

( )

( )
( )
( )
√ √
. /

Some important Properties -

( )
2. ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

1
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Graph:-

2
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

3
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

4
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

5
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

6
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Ex: Find:

. ( )/

Sol. 5
√
Let ( ) y
3
( ( ))

2. ( )

Sol. u

Let
y
a
( )
√

3. ( )
u
Sol. 𝑢 𝑎

Let y
a

( )

4. ( )
10
Sol 8

Let y

( )

5. ( ( ))
Sol 10
8
Let
y

7
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

( )

( )( ) ( )( )

Q/ Prove that: ( )

Proof:-Let

( ) ‫لــــاوـــىن حــــفــظ‬

( ) ( )

H.W
Q/Evaluate the following:-

1. ( ( ))
√

2. ( ( ))

3. ( )

8
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

[Link] Hyperbolic Functions

The hyperbolic sine and hyperbolic cosine function define as:

9
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Remark
1)
Proof

2)
Proof

3)
Proof

( ) ( )

4) ( )
Proof :

( ) ( )
( )
( )

10
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Notes :- (H.W)
1) ( )
2)
3)

5)

11
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

[Link] & Continuity

Def.:- By ( ) (L is finite)
We means that ( ) approches to (L) as ( x ) approaches to (a)
Def.:- By ( ) we means that (x) approaches to (a) from the right

Similarly we define a

( ) , (x) approaches to (a) from the left

a

f(x)= - : ‫مثال‬

X Y
3 3/2
-1 -3/2
1 ∞

Notes: - If ( ) ( ) , then we say that the limit exist and

( ) Otherwise the limit does not exist .

12
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Ex:- Find ( ) ( ) and ( ) if it exist .

1) ( ) , - (a=2)
1.5

0.5

0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-0.5

-1

-1.5

Sol (1):-
( )

( )

( ) ( )

The limit not exist

2) ( ) { } (a=1, a=2)

13
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Sol (2):- at a=1

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

The limit exist & ( ) 1 2

at a=2
( ) ( )

( ) ( )

The limit exist & ( )

Theorem: If ( ) ( ) exist

1)

2)

3) ( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( )

4) ( ) ( )

5) ( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
6)
( ) ( )

7) ∞

14
‫‪Artificial Intelligence Engineering‬‬ ‫‪Math- 1st Class‬‬

‫غيش يعشفة ‪Notes: - ( 1 ) The following symbol are undefined‬‬

‫∞‬
‫{‬ ‫∞‬ ‫∞‬ ‫∞‬
‫∞‬
‫∞‬
‫∞ ‪But we can write :‬‬ ‫∞‬ ‫∞‬
‫كًية‬ ‫كًية‬
‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫∞=‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫‪=∞ ,‬‬
‫كًية‬ ‫كًية‬

‫‪Methods of find the limits:‬‬

‫اسبنيت انحم انًًكٍ اججبعهب في حم اسئهة انغبيبت‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬انحعىيض انًجبششارا كبٌ انُبجج يعشف‪.‬‬
‫‪-2‬ثبسحخذاو طشق انححهيم انًخحهفة او انًشافك ارا كبَث نيسث دوال يثهثية‪.‬‬
‫فهُبك ثالخ طشق نهحم‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ارا كبَث ∞‬
‫اوال‪ :‬ارا كبَث دوال كسشية َقسى عهى اكجش اس يىجىد في انجسظ او انًقبو‪.‬‬
‫ثاوٍا‪:‬ارا كبَث دوال غيشكسشية ونيسث يثهثية َحىنهب انى دوال كسشية ثبنضشة في انًشافك ثى َقسى عهى‬
‫اكجش اس يىجىد في انًقبو‪.‬‬

‫فبٌ‬ ‫يثال و عُذيب ∞‬ ‫انى يحغيش اخش و نيكٍ‬ ‫ثانثا‪:‬ارا كبَث دوال يثهثية َحىل‬

‫‪ -4‬ثبسحخذاو انقســــًة انطــــــىيهة ارا كبَث‪:‬‬

‫‪ )1‬انذانة كسشية ( يكىَة يٍ ثسظ ويقبو عهى شكم (يحعذدات حذود فقظ))‬
‫‪ )2‬دسجة انجسظ أكجش يٍ دسجة انًقبو‬
‫‪ )3‬جزوس انًقبو هي جزوس انجسظ ( يبيجعم انًقبو صفش يجعم انجسظ صفش)‬
‫وال جكىٌ ∞‬ ‫‪)4‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
‫‪Artificial Intelligence Engineering‬‬ ‫‪Math- 1st Class‬‬

‫‪Limit of Algebraic function‬‬

‫* انتعىٌض انمثاشر‪:‬‬

‫‪Ex:-‬‬

‫*انتحهٍم واالختصار‪:‬‬
‫‪Ex:-‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫)‪1‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫()‬ ‫)‬

‫(‬ ‫()‬ ‫)‬

‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫(‬ ‫()‬ ‫)‬

‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫√)‬
‫√‬ ‫√‬
‫* انضرب تانعامم انمىسة ( انمرافك) ‪:‬‬
‫( √‪ )√ -‬أو (عذد او دانة ‪ )√ -‬أو ( √‪ -‬عذد او دانة)‬
‫√‬ ‫√‬
‫‪Ex:-‬‬

‫√(‬ ‫√() √‬ ‫) √‬
‫√(‬ ‫) √‬

‫√(‬ ‫) √‬ ‫√‬
‫* انمسمح عهى اكثر أس‪:‬‬

‫‪Ex:-‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

∞ ∞ ∞

∞ ∞

Ex:-

Ex:-

Ex:- (√ √ )

(√ √ )(√ √ )
(√ √ )
( )
√ √ √ √

√ √

√ √

√ √
17
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

‫*انمسمح انطىٌهح‬

Ex:-

( )

=80
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
0 0

18
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Limit of Trigonometric Functions:

‫غــــاٌح انــدوال انمـــثهـــٍح‬

Ex:- Find limit of the following functions:-

1)

2)

3)
( )

( ) ( )

4)

19
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

5)

( )

( )

6)

( ) ( )

4 5 4 5

( )

( )
4 5

7)

( ) ( ) ( )

8)

( )

20
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Special Cases:
Find the limit of :-

1) ‫غـــٍر ممكـــه‬
Sol:-

Let

( )

2) ‫غٍر ممكه‬

Let

( )

3) ( )

Let ∞

21
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

( )
)

Sol:-
Let
,

( ) ( )

( )

( )
( )

22
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

The sandwich theorem

Suppose that ( ) ( ) ( ) for all x in some open interval containing a ,
except possibly at itself. Suppose also that
( ) ( )

Then ( )
The graph of is sandwiched between the graphs of and

Ex 1:- Appling the sandwich Theorem, given that

( )

Find ( )
Sol:-
Since

( . /)

( . /)

The sandwich Theorem implies

that
( )

23
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Ex 2:- Appling the sandwich Theorem, to confirm

Sol
( ) ( )

Ex 3:- Prove that

Proof:

24
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

The Continuity
Def.:- A function ( ) is said to be continuous at a point a if :-
1) f (a) exists (i.e. a is in the domain of f )
2) ( ) exists (i.e. f has a limit at x → a )

3) ( ) ( )

Otherwise the function is discontinuous

Examples:- Test the continuity of

1) ( )

( )
is discontinuous at x=2 2

2) ( ) 2 3

( ) ( )

( ) dose not exists

is discontinuous at x = 1

25
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

10

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

3) ( ) is continuous at x = 2 because

(1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

But ( ) is discontinuous at x = 0 because ( ) ∞ is not exist .

Remark: - If a function is continuous at all points of an interval , then
it is said to be continuous at that interval.
Ex:- ( ) is continuous in ( ∞ ) and ( ∞) but it is discontinuous at
( ∞ ∞) and (-5, 5) , (-3, 3) , (-2,4), (-1,3),…

Theorem: If the function f(x) & g(x) are continuous at x = a , then all of the
following combinations are continuous at x = a :-
1. ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( )
3. ( ) ( )
( )
4. Furthermore , if ( ) , then is continuous at x = a .
( )

Ex:- The following functions are continuous at every value of

( ) ( ) ( )
26
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

*The following function is continuous at every value of x except x = 5 and x = -

2

( )
( )( )

Step Function: - [the Greatest integer function [ ] ]

Def.:- x- For each real number x , the value [ ] is the greatest integer that is
less than or equal to x ( ).
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
Notes: - that
4

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1

-2

-3

27
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Now: Show whether the step function [ ] is continuous or not at x =1, x=2 .
Sol:-
at x = 1
( ) [ ] , ( )

( )

at x = 2
( ) [ ] , ( )

( )

The fun. is discontinuous at x = 1 & x = 2

28
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Solved Problem’s
Evaluate the limit in each of the following:
1.

2. ( )

3. ( )
( )
4.
( )

5.

6. √ √ ( ) √

7. ( )

8. ( )( )

( )( )
9. ( )( )

( )
10. ( )

( )( √ ) ( )( √ )
11.
√ ( √ )( √ )

( )
( )( )
12. ( ) ( )
∞

In the following, interpret as an abbreviation for or .

Evaluate the limit by first dividing numerator and denominator by the highest
power of present and then using

29
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

1.

2.

3.

4. ∞

( ) ( )
5. Given ( ) find

Since ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )

Evaluate the limit in each of the following:-

( )
1.

Let

( ( ) ) ( )

30
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

2. ( )

Let

( )
( )
( )

√
3.

√ √ √
√

( √ )

( √ )

( √ )

4 5
( √ )
31
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

4.
( )( )

( )

( ) ( )

5.

Let

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
By ( ( ) )

( )
( )

( )
( )( )
( )

( )

32
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

( )

( )( )

Q8/ Is ( ) { Continuous at x=1

Sol:
1) ( )
( ) ∞ Exists
2) ( )

( ) ∞ Exists

3) ( ) ( )

( ) Continuous at x=1

Q9/ Is ( ) { Continuous at x=1

Find the value of (a)

Sol:-
( ) cont. at x=1
( ) ( )
1) ( ) ( )
2) ( )

33
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

[Link]

( ) ( )
If ( ) is a continuous function on [ ], then if exists at

a point ( ) we call this limit as the derivative of ( ) at and denoted

( )
By ( ) or or or

Note: The derivative of a function ( ) at the point ( ) is the slope of the

tangent line to the curve of ( ) at the point ( ( ))

Ex:-(1) Use the definition of ( ) to find the derivative of ( ) √

(2) Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve of

( ) √ at .

( ) ( )
Sol : (1) * ( ) +

√ √ (√ √ )(√ √ )
( )=
(√ √ )

(√ ) √

(2) ( ) √ , Tangent point ( )

( ) ( )
√

( ) ( )

The equation of the normal line is ( )

34
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Theorem:

(1) ( )
(2) ( )
(3) ( )
(4) ( )
(5) ( )
(6) ( )
Proof (1):
Let ( )
( ) ( )

( )

( )

( )

Theorem:

(1) ( )
(2) ( )
(3) ( ( ) ( )) ( ( )) ( ( ))
(4) ( ( )) ( ( ))
(5) ( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( ( ))
( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( ( ))
(6) ( ( )
)
( ( ))

(7) ( )

35
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Ex: Find if :

) ( ) ( ) ( )

) ( ) ( ) ( )( )

( )
) ( ) ( )( )
( )
) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
) ( ) ( )( )
) ( )
) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
) ( )
( ) ( )[ ]
) ( )
( )
) ( )
( ( ) ( ( )) ( ))

( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
)
( ) ( )
H.W

Q/ Find if :

1. ( )
2. ( ) ( )

3.Y (3 ( ))
( ( ))
4. ( )

36
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Higher order derivative:

1) Second derivative is:

( )

Symbol ( )

2) Third derivative is:

. /

Symbol ( )

3) Fourth derivative is:

. /

( )
Symbol ( )( )

Ex: find if :

37
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Theorem: (chain rule)

If ( ) and ( ) then:

Theorem: (parametric rule)

1) If ( ) and ( ) then:

( )
( )

( )

Ex(1): Find if &

( )

( ) ( )
.‫عىد اشتماق اندانح انمثهثٍح وشتك اعتٍادٌا ً تحسة انمىاوٍه انساتمح مضروتا ً فً مشتمح انزاوٌح‬

38
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Ex(2): If ( ) & find

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( )

Ex(3): If find

( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )

Ex(4): find if and

( )

( )( )

( ( ) )( ) ( )( )

39
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Ex(5): find if

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( ( )( )) ( )

( )
[ ( ) ( ) ]( )
( ) [ ( )]
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] ( )( )

Ex(6): find if

40
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

L' Hopital's Rule:

Theorem:
Suppose that ( ) ( ) or ( ) ( ) ∞ and ( ) ( ) exist
such that ( ) then:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Ex(1) :

Ex(2) :

Ex(3) :

Implicit differentiation:
Let ( ) …. (1)

To find we differentiate both sides of (1) with respect to .

treating ( )as a function of ( ) then we find , this method is called implicit

differentiation.

Ex: Find if:

)
ً‫شروط االشتماق انضمى‬
ً‫(عىد اشتماق انممدار انمىجىد ف‬ ‫كدانح تانىسثح انى‬ ‫ووعامم‬‫) وشتك انطرفٍه تانىسثح انى‬1
.) ً‫وضرته ف‬
.‫) وىمم انحدود انتً تحتىي عهى انمشتمح ) ( انى انطرف االٌسر وانثمٍح انى انطرف األٌمه‬2

41
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

.( ) ‫) تىاسطح عمهٍاخ رٌاضٍح ممكه إٌجاد‬3

) ( ) ( )
( )[ ] ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

[ ]

) ( )

( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
42
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

( ) ( )

[ ( ) ] ( )

( )

( )

Ex: Find the equation of tangent and normal for the curve:
( ) at ( )
( )[ ]
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ( )) ( )
( )
( )
( )
The tangent line: ( )

The normal line: ( )

(H.W.)

Q1/ Find if =5

Q2/ if and at t=2

Q3/ Find if y= and

Q4/Use L' Hopital's Rule to find the following:-

1: .

√ ( )
2.

43
‫‪Artificial Intelligence Engineering‬‬ ‫‪Math- 1st Class‬‬

‫‪Derivative of logarithm functions:‬‬

‫دانح نــ‪x‬‬
‫‪a) If‬‬ ‫) (‬

‫) (‬
‫‪b) If‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬

‫‪Ex: Find‬‬ ‫‪if :‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫) (‬

‫‪2.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫‪3.‬‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) () (‬

‫) (‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫‪5.‬‬ ‫√‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫√‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫√‬

‫‪6.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫‪Sol:‬‬

‫(‬ ‫()‬ ‫)‬

‫(‬ ‫()‬ ‫)‬
‫مــــــالحظـــــح‪:‬أن اندوال انهىغارتمٍح تساعدوا فً إٌجـــــاد مشتمح تعض اندوال انتً التىجد نها لاعــــــدج‬
‫ثاتتح نالشتماق مثالً دوال معمدج جدا ً او متغٍراخ مرفىعح الس متغٍراخ‪.‬‬

‫‪44‬‬
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Ex : Find if:
1.
Sol:

( )
( )
2.
Sol:

( )

( )

45
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Derivative of Exponential functions:

1) If ́
2) If ́

Ex: - Find if :-

1) ́
2) ́ ( )
3) ́ ( )
4) ́ ( )
5) ( ) ́ ( )( )
6) ( )

Sol.
̀ ( )( ̀)
̀ ( ) ̀ ( )
̀ ̀ ( ) ( )
̀( ( )) ( )
( )
̀
( )
7) ( )
Sol. ( )
( )

̀ ( ) ( )

46
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Solved Problems & Home Works

Ex: Find if:

1. ( )√
Sol:
√ ( )

√ ( )
√

( )√ .√ ( ) /
√

2
Sol:

[ ]

47
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

( )
3. √
√

Sol:

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

[ ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )]

0 ( ) ( ) . ( ) ( )/1

[ ( )]

[ ]

√
4.
Sol:

( ( ) ) ( )

( ) ( )

[ ]

5. ( )
√
( )
( )
√

( )
48
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

[ ]

Ex: Solve the following equation:

Sol:.

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Ex: - find if:-

1.
Sol. ( ̀) ( )
( )
̀

2. ( )
Sol. ( )
( )

49
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

̀
( )

̀ ( ( ))

H.W. Find if:

( ( ))
1.
( )
2. ( )
3.
H.W: Find:

1) ( )

2) ( )

3) If

Ex: Prove that: ( )

Proof
( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )

50
Artificial Intelligence Engineering Math- 1st Class

Ex: Solve in terms of

Sol

( )

( )

( )

( ) ( )

Ex: Prove that

1) ( )

Proof

( )

2)
Proof

Use L' Hopit

51