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The document provides calculations related to the internal pressure, stresses, and strains in cylindrical structures under various conditions. It includes detailed formulas for hoop and axial stresses, shear stresses in shafts, and the resulting changes in volume and dimensions due to applied pressures. Key results include pressures of approximately 7.21 MPa and hoop stresses of around 81.1 MPa for the cylindrical drum and shaft.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views6 pages

Solid

The document provides calculations related to the internal pressure, stresses, and strains in cylindrical structures under various conditions. It includes detailed formulas for hoop and axial stresses, shear stresses in shafts, and the resulting changes in volume and dimensions due to applied pressures. Key results include pressures of approximately 7.21 MPa and hoop stresses of around 81.1 MPa for the cylindrical drum and shaft.

Uploaded by

ce24btech11029
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Solution

Given: L = 100 cm, r = 9 cm, t = 0.8 cm, ∆V = 20 cm3 , E = 2 ×


2
106 kg/cm , ν = 0.3.
Initial internal volume:
V = πr2 L = π(9)2 (100) = 8100π cm3
Let the hoop strain and longitudinal strain be εθ and εz . Then, for a thin closed
cylinder,
pr pr
σθ = , σz =
t 2t
1 pr  ν
εθ = (σθ − νσz ) = 1−
E tE  2
1 pr 1
εz = (σz − νσθ ) = −ν
E tE 2
pr ν 1
Let A = , a1 = 1 − , a2 = − ν. Then
tE 2 2
εθ = a1 A, εz = a2 A
New internal volume after expansion:
V ′ = πr2 L(1 + εθ )2 (1 + εz ) = V (1 + εθ )2 (1 + εz )
∆V
∴ = (1 + a1 A)2 (1 + a2 A) − 1
V
Substitute known values:
20
= (1 + 0.85A)2 (1 + 0.2A) − 1
8100π
7.87 × 10−4 = (1 + 0.85A)2 (1 + 0.2A) − 1
Solving, A = 2.987 × 10−3 .

AtE (2.987 × 10−3 )(0.8)(2 × 106 ) 2


p= = = 73.52 kg/cm
r 9
Hence, pressure exerted by fluid (gauge):
2
p = 73.52 kg/cm = 7.21 MPa
Hoop stress:
pr 73.52 × 9 2
σθ = = = 827.1 kg/cm = 81.1 MPa
t 0.8
Axial stress (for reference):
pr 2
σz = = 413.6 kg/cm = 40.6 MPa
2t
Answers:
2
(a) p = 73.52 kg/cm = 7.21 MPa
2
(b) σθ = 827.1 kg/cm = 81.1 MPa

1
7. Shaft with powers at A B C
Given:
n = 200 rpm
PA = 40 HP, PB = 20 HP, PC = 60 HP
AB: dAB = 50 mm = 0.050 m, LAB = 4.0 m
BC: dBC = 75 mm = 0.075 m, LBC = 2.0 m

2πn 2π(200)
ω= = = 20.94395102 rad/s
60 60
PA = 40×746 = 29840 W, PB = 20×746 = 14920 W, PC = 60×746 = 44760 W
Torque is calculated as
P
T =
ω
29840
TA = = 1424.75505 Nm,
20.94395102
14920
TB = = 712.37753 Nm,
20.94395102
44760
TC = = 2137.13258 Nm.
20.94395102
Thus torques in the 2 sections are

TBC = TC = 2137.13258 Nm,

TAB = TC − TB = 2137.13258 − 712.37753 = 1424.75505 Nm


The shear Stress is calculated using:
Tc
τ=
J
where J is the Polar moment
πd4
J=
32
π(0.050)4
JAB = = 6.13592315 × 10−7 m4
32
π(0.075)4
JBC = = 3.10631110 × 10−6 m4
32

(1424.75505) ∗ (0.025)
τAB = = 5.80497431 × 107 Pa = 58.05 MPa
6.13592315 × 10−7
(2137.13258)(0.0375)
τBC = = 2.5799885823 × 107 Pa = 25.80 MPa
3.10631110 × 10−6

2
Therefore the maximum shear stress in the shaft is 58.05MPa occurring in the
segment AB

Angle of Twist is given by


TL
θ= .
GJ
G is the shear modulus calculated as

G = 0.85 × 106 × 98066.5 = 8.3366525 × 1010 Pa.

Calculating we get
1424.75505 × 4.0
ΩAB = = 0.1114244973 rad,
8.3366525 × 1010 × 6.13592315 × 10−7
2137.13258 × 2.0
ΩBC = = 0.01650733294 rad.
8.3366525 × 1010 × 3.10631110 × 10−6
The twist of A relative to C:

ΩAC = ΩAB + ΩBC = 0.1279318303 rad = 7.333◦ .

TBC = 2137.13 Nm, TAB = 1424.76 Nm


τmax = 58.05 MPa at the section AB
The angle of twist A relative to C ΩAC = 0.12793 rad = 7.33◦

8. Thin cylindrical drum under internal pressure


Given:
D
D = 800 mm = 0.8 m, r= 2 = 0.4 m, L = 3.0 m, t = 10 mm = 0.01 m

p = 25 kgf/cm2
E = 2 × 106 kgf/cm2
ν = 0.25.

pr 25 × 40
σθ = = = 1000 Kg/cm2 ,
t 1
pr 25 × 40
σz = = = 500 Kg/cm2
2t 2×1
1 1000 − 0.25 × 500
εθ = (σθ − νσz ) = = 4.375 × 10−4
E 2 × 106
1 500 − 0.25 × 1000
εz = (σz − νσθ ) = = 1.25 × 10−4
E 2 × 106

3
Now calculating ∆ D and ∆ L

∆D = Dεθ = 0.8 × 4.375 × 10−4 = 3.5 × 10−4 m = 0.35 mm

∆L = Lεz = 3.0 × 1.25 × 10−4 = 3.75 × 10−4 m = 0.375 mm


Change in Volume

Vi = πr2 L = π(40)2 (300) = 1507964.47372


∆D
rf = r + = 400 + 0.175 = 400.175 mm = 40.0175 cm
2
Lf = L + ∆L = 300 + 0.0375 = 300.0375 cm
Vf = π(40.0175)2 (300.0375) = 1509472.8918 cm2
∆V = 1508.41808cm2

∆D = 0.35 mm, ∆L = 0.375 mm, ∆V = 1508.418 m2

9. Pressure rise due to added fluid volume


Given: L = 100 cm, r = 9 cm, t = 0.8 cm, ∆V = 20 cm3 , E = 2 ×
2
106 kg/cm , ν = 0.3.
Initial internal volume:

V = πr2 L = π(9)2 (100) = 8100π cm3

Let the hoop strain and longitudinal strain be εθ and εz . Then, for a thin closed
cylinder,
pr pr
σθ = , σz =
t 2t
1 pr  ν
εθ = (σθ − νσz ) = 1−
E tE 2
 
1 pr 1
εz = (σz − νσθ ) = −ν
E tE 2
pr ν 1
Let A = , a1 = 1 − , a2 = − ν. Then
tE 2 2
εθ = a1 A, εz = a2 A

New internal volume after expansion:

V ′ = πr2 L(1 + εθ )2 (1 + εz ) = V (1 + εθ )2 (1 + εz )

∆V
∴ = (1 + a1 A)2 (1 + a2 A) − 1
V

4
Substitute known values:
20
= (1 + 0.85A)2 (1 + 0.2A) − 1
8100π
7.87 × 10−4 = (1 + 0.85A)2 (1 + 0.2A) − 1
Solving, A = 2.987 × 10−3 .

AtE (2.987 × 10−3 )(0.8)(2 × 106 ) 2


p= = = 73.52 kg/cm
r 9
Hence, pressure exerted by fluid (gauge):
2
p = 73.52 kg/cm = 7.21 MPa

Hoop stress:
pr 73.52 × 9 2
σθ = = = 827.1 kg/cm = 81.1 MPa
t 0.8
2
(a) p = 73.52 kg/cm = 7.21 MPa
2
(b) σθ = 827.1 kg/cm = 81.1 MPa
Given:

L = 1.0 m, D = 0.18 m ⇒ r = 0.09 m, t = 8 mm = 0.008 m

∆V = 20 cm3 = 20 × 10−6 m3 E = 2 × 106 kgf/cm2 = 1.96133 × 1011 Pa ν = 0.3

Vi = πr2 L = π(0.09)2 (1.0) = 8100000π mm3


Inner and Outer radii are:

ri = 90 mm and ro = 90 + 8 = 98 mm

Pressure exerted by the fluid is p = F


A
The force is F = ∆V ρg = 20000 × ρ × 9.81 = 196200ρ
Area is A = πri2 = π × 902 = 8100π
So p = 196200ρ
8100π = 7.71ρ Strains are:

1 pr  ν
εθ = (σθ − νσz ) = 1− ,
E tE 2
 
1 pr 1
εz = (σz − νσθ ) = −ν
E tE 2
Step 3: Volume change (small strains):

∆V pr  
2 1 − ν2 + 1

≈ 2εθ + εz = 2 −ν .
V tE

5
Define the coefficient:
 
 ν 1 5
C(ν) = 2 1 − + −ν = − 2ν
2 2 2

Hence:
∆V tE
p= ·
V r C(ν)
∆V 20 × 10−6
V = π(0.09)2 (1.0) = 0.025453 m3 , = = 7.859 × 10−4
V 0.025453
5
C(ν) = − 2(0.3) = 2.5 − 0.6 = 1.9.
2
0.008 × 1.96133 × 1011
p = 7.859 × 10−4 · ≈ 7.2117 × 106 Pa = 7.212 MPa.
0.09 × 1.9

pr 7.2117 × 106 × 0.09


σθ = = = 8.1132 × 107 Pa = 81.13 MPa.
t 0.008

p ≈ 7.21 MPa, σθ ≈ 81.13 MPa

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