Solution
Given: L = 100 cm, r = 9 cm, t = 0.8 cm, ∆V = 20 cm3 , E = 2 ×
2
106 kg/cm , ν = 0.3.
Initial internal volume:
V = πr2 L = π(9)2 (100) = 8100π cm3
Let the hoop strain and longitudinal strain be εθ and εz . Then, for a thin closed
cylinder,
pr pr
σθ = , σz =
t 2t
1 pr ν
εθ = (σθ − νσz ) = 1−
E tE 2
1 pr 1
εz = (σz − νσθ ) = −ν
E tE 2
pr ν 1
Let A = , a1 = 1 − , a2 = − ν. Then
tE 2 2
εθ = a1 A, εz = a2 A
New internal volume after expansion:
V ′ = πr2 L(1 + εθ )2 (1 + εz ) = V (1 + εθ )2 (1 + εz )
∆V
∴ = (1 + a1 A)2 (1 + a2 A) − 1
V
Substitute known values:
20
= (1 + 0.85A)2 (1 + 0.2A) − 1
8100π
7.87 × 10−4 = (1 + 0.85A)2 (1 + 0.2A) − 1
Solving, A = 2.987 × 10−3 .
AtE (2.987 × 10−3 )(0.8)(2 × 106 ) 2
p= = = 73.52 kg/cm
r 9
Hence, pressure exerted by fluid (gauge):
2
p = 73.52 kg/cm = 7.21 MPa
Hoop stress:
pr 73.52 × 9 2
σθ = = = 827.1 kg/cm = 81.1 MPa
t 0.8
Axial stress (for reference):
pr 2
σz = = 413.6 kg/cm = 40.6 MPa
2t
Answers:
2
(a) p = 73.52 kg/cm = 7.21 MPa
2
(b) σθ = 827.1 kg/cm = 81.1 MPa
1
7. Shaft with powers at A B C
Given:
n = 200 rpm
PA = 40 HP, PB = 20 HP, PC = 60 HP
AB: dAB = 50 mm = 0.050 m, LAB = 4.0 m
BC: dBC = 75 mm = 0.075 m, LBC = 2.0 m
2πn 2π(200)
ω= = = 20.94395102 rad/s
60 60
PA = 40×746 = 29840 W, PB = 20×746 = 14920 W, PC = 60×746 = 44760 W
Torque is calculated as
P
T =
ω
29840
TA = = 1424.75505 Nm,
20.94395102
14920
TB = = 712.37753 Nm,
20.94395102
44760
TC = = 2137.13258 Nm.
20.94395102
Thus torques in the 2 sections are
TBC = TC = 2137.13258 Nm,
TAB = TC − TB = 2137.13258 − 712.37753 = 1424.75505 Nm
The shear Stress is calculated using:
Tc
τ=
J
where J is the Polar moment
πd4
J=
32
π(0.050)4
JAB = = 6.13592315 × 10−7 m4
32
π(0.075)4
JBC = = 3.10631110 × 10−6 m4
32
(1424.75505) ∗ (0.025)
τAB = = 5.80497431 × 107 Pa = 58.05 MPa
6.13592315 × 10−7
(2137.13258)(0.0375)
τBC = = 2.5799885823 × 107 Pa = 25.80 MPa
3.10631110 × 10−6
2
Therefore the maximum shear stress in the shaft is 58.05MPa occurring in the
segment AB
Angle of Twist is given by
TL
θ= .
GJ
G is the shear modulus calculated as
G = 0.85 × 106 × 98066.5 = 8.3366525 × 1010 Pa.
Calculating we get
1424.75505 × 4.0
ΩAB = = 0.1114244973 rad,
8.3366525 × 1010 × 6.13592315 × 10−7
2137.13258 × 2.0
ΩBC = = 0.01650733294 rad.
8.3366525 × 1010 × 3.10631110 × 10−6
The twist of A relative to C:
ΩAC = ΩAB + ΩBC = 0.1279318303 rad = 7.333◦ .
TBC = 2137.13 Nm, TAB = 1424.76 Nm
τmax = 58.05 MPa at the section AB
The angle of twist A relative to C ΩAC = 0.12793 rad = 7.33◦
8. Thin cylindrical drum under internal pressure
Given:
D
D = 800 mm = 0.8 m, r= 2 = 0.4 m, L = 3.0 m, t = 10 mm = 0.01 m
p = 25 kgf/cm2
E = 2 × 106 kgf/cm2
ν = 0.25.
pr 25 × 40
σθ = = = 1000 Kg/cm2 ,
t 1
pr 25 × 40
σz = = = 500 Kg/cm2
2t 2×1
1 1000 − 0.25 × 500
εθ = (σθ − νσz ) = = 4.375 × 10−4
E 2 × 106
1 500 − 0.25 × 1000
εz = (σz − νσθ ) = = 1.25 × 10−4
E 2 × 106
3
Now calculating ∆ D and ∆ L
∆D = Dεθ = 0.8 × 4.375 × 10−4 = 3.5 × 10−4 m = 0.35 mm
∆L = Lεz = 3.0 × 1.25 × 10−4 = 3.75 × 10−4 m = 0.375 mm
Change in Volume
Vi = πr2 L = π(40)2 (300) = 1507964.47372
∆D
rf = r + = 400 + 0.175 = 400.175 mm = 40.0175 cm
2
Lf = L + ∆L = 300 + 0.0375 = 300.0375 cm
Vf = π(40.0175)2 (300.0375) = 1509472.8918 cm2
∆V = 1508.41808cm2
∆D = 0.35 mm, ∆L = 0.375 mm, ∆V = 1508.418 m2
9. Pressure rise due to added fluid volume
Given: L = 100 cm, r = 9 cm, t = 0.8 cm, ∆V = 20 cm3 , E = 2 ×
2
106 kg/cm , ν = 0.3.
Initial internal volume:
V = πr2 L = π(9)2 (100) = 8100π cm3
Let the hoop strain and longitudinal strain be εθ and εz . Then, for a thin closed
cylinder,
pr pr
σθ = , σz =
t 2t
1 pr ν
εθ = (σθ − νσz ) = 1−
E tE 2
1 pr 1
εz = (σz − νσθ ) = −ν
E tE 2
pr ν 1
Let A = , a1 = 1 − , a2 = − ν. Then
tE 2 2
εθ = a1 A, εz = a2 A
New internal volume after expansion:
V ′ = πr2 L(1 + εθ )2 (1 + εz ) = V (1 + εθ )2 (1 + εz )
∆V
∴ = (1 + a1 A)2 (1 + a2 A) − 1
V
4
Substitute known values:
20
= (1 + 0.85A)2 (1 + 0.2A) − 1
8100π
7.87 × 10−4 = (1 + 0.85A)2 (1 + 0.2A) − 1
Solving, A = 2.987 × 10−3 .
AtE (2.987 × 10−3 )(0.8)(2 × 106 ) 2
p= = = 73.52 kg/cm
r 9
Hence, pressure exerted by fluid (gauge):
2
p = 73.52 kg/cm = 7.21 MPa
Hoop stress:
pr 73.52 × 9 2
σθ = = = 827.1 kg/cm = 81.1 MPa
t 0.8
2
(a) p = 73.52 kg/cm = 7.21 MPa
2
(b) σθ = 827.1 kg/cm = 81.1 MPa
Given:
L = 1.0 m, D = 0.18 m ⇒ r = 0.09 m, t = 8 mm = 0.008 m
∆V = 20 cm3 = 20 × 10−6 m3 E = 2 × 106 kgf/cm2 = 1.96133 × 1011 Pa ν = 0.3
Vi = πr2 L = π(0.09)2 (1.0) = 8100000π mm3
Inner and Outer radii are:
ri = 90 mm and ro = 90 + 8 = 98 mm
Pressure exerted by the fluid is p = F
A
The force is F = ∆V ρg = 20000 × ρ × 9.81 = 196200ρ
Area is A = πri2 = π × 902 = 8100π
So p = 196200ρ
8100π = 7.71ρ Strains are:
1 pr ν
εθ = (σθ − νσz ) = 1− ,
E tE 2
1 pr 1
εz = (σz − νσθ ) = −ν
E tE 2
Step 3: Volume change (small strains):
∆V pr
2 1 − ν2 + 1
≈ 2εθ + εz = 2 −ν .
V tE
5
Define the coefficient:
ν 1 5
C(ν) = 2 1 − + −ν = − 2ν
2 2 2
Hence:
∆V tE
p= ·
V r C(ν)
∆V 20 × 10−6
V = π(0.09)2 (1.0) = 0.025453 m3 , = = 7.859 × 10−4
V 0.025453
5
C(ν) = − 2(0.3) = 2.5 − 0.6 = 1.9.
2
0.008 × 1.96133 × 1011
p = 7.859 × 10−4 · ≈ 7.2117 × 106 Pa = 7.212 MPa.
0.09 × 1.9
pr 7.2117 × 106 × 0.09
σθ = = = 8.1132 × 107 Pa = 81.13 MPa.
t 0.008
p ≈ 7.21 MPa, σθ ≈ 81.13 MPa