LECTURE 3:SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Involves Storage, Collection, transportation,
and Disposal/Treatment
SOLID WASTE STORAGE ,COLLECTION
AND TRANSPORTATION
INTRODUCTION
To properly manage the refuse from the Municipal,
it is important to collect all the generated solid
waste at the production site and transfer them to
the treatment/disposal sites. This Lecture discusses
the methods involved in the storage and collection
of refuse between production and disposal sites.
Solid waste management
Solid waste management (SWM) is associated with
the control of waste generation, its storage,
collection, transfer and transport, processing and
disposal in a manner that is in accordance with the
best principles of public health, aesthetic
,engineering and other environmental
considerations.
SWM involves waste storage, collection, transport
and disposal/treatment. These phases has to be
integrated in the solid waste management.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
The main purpose of solid waste management is to
minimize the adverse effects on the environment
and human health.
The steps involved in the management of solid
wastes are;
Storage of solid wastes
Collection of solid wastes
Disposal of solid wastes
Utilization of wastes
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES
There are five strategies used in the management of solid wastes as
follows;
Waste avoidance/prevention -This is the most preferred method of
eliminating waste and can be achieved at design, manufacturing and
packing level.
Waste Minimization-can be achieved for opting for less wasteful
alternatives.
Reuse- This involves the reusing of the materials again and again after
it has been used.
Waste Recovery/treat/process- is the process where a waste is
converted through treatment for reuse or remanufacture. Different
treatment methods include landfill, composting, incineration etc.
Disposal – This is the final step where a waste which can no longer
reused, recycled or recovered, is disposed in landfill, or incinerated.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT-
strategies.
4 Rs CONCEPT
4Rs is the waste minimization strategy of waste
management where a waste is minimized by either
reduction, reuse, recycling or recovery.
4 Rs CONCEPT mean Reduction, Reuse, Recycling and
Recovery of solid wastes. This strategy is very
important in the management of solidwaste.
Reduction- Reduce the generation of unnecessary
waste, e.g. carry your own shopping bag when you go
to the market and put all your purchases directly into it
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Reuse- This involves the reusing of the materials again
and again after it has been used. E.g. use of drinking
water bottle for storing kerosene.
Recycle- the process of converting the waste materials
into usable materials. E.g. If computer is no longer
useful, its components may be used to another computer.
Waste recovery –is the use of waste as an input
material to create valuable products as new outputs.
Examples using wastes for bio-energy production or
Biogas production.
SWM ELEMENTS
i. Waste generation: Waste are generated at homes,
institutions, schools, industries etc. The source of the
waste determines the quantity, composition and
characteristics. For example, wastes are generated
from households, commercial areas, industries,
institutions, street cleaning and other municipal
services.
SWM ELEMENTS
(ii)Waste Storage- this is the important SWM system,
because collection cannot take place at the source
or time of their generation. Instead, they have to
be moved from the generation point, stored for
some time until the collection truck comes for
transportation or disposal.
Waste storage can be done at household level or
community level and each have its own storage
container systems.
SWM ELEMENTS
design of storage container
On-site storage- done in households and is of
primary importance due to aesthetic consideration,
public health and economics involved. Some of the
on-site storage containers are plastic containers
(households), conventional dustbins, used oil drums,
large storage bins (institutions).
In Tanzania, the commonly used storage system is
the dustbin (in schools), plastic containers
(households) and paper bags .
SWM ELEMENTS
design of storage container
• Refuse storage usually start from the neighbourhood of
the source, then transferred to intermediate containers
and finally into large containers from which refuse is
collected.
• Refuse in intermediate containers have to be emptied
quite often due to either
small size of the container
the putrescibility and bad odours of the garbage
• The most typical bins used in Tanzania ranges from
“matenga” to SIDO made bins of 0.1 m3.
SWM ELEMENTS
design of storage container
Design criteria for refuse storage
The basic parameter for estimation of refuse storage capacity is the
refuse volume generated.
since this parameter cannot be reliably estimated, the following
sub-parameters may be considered for determination of refuse
storage volume (Vr), to be provided to the community.
(a)The specific refuse weight, W
This value usually varies from 0.17 to 0.49 kg/cap/d. The
average value is probably 0.325 kg/cap/d in urban areas of
Tanzania. However, conservative values of 0.25 and 0.50
kg/cap/d may be used for squatter and serviced areas
respectively.
SWM ELEMENTS
design of storage container
Design criteria for refuse storage.
(b) Consider Frequency of collection of refuse, f
In other areas such as squatters, domestic refuse is irregularly
collected, usually only once a week.
In other parts of the city, refuse is not collected at all in due
to unavailability of refuse collection vehicles.
However, as a temporary measure to clean the city, service is
hired from some private companies whose collection activities
are using human-driven carts and scrap lorries.
As a recommendation, refuse should preferably be collected
twice a week in residential areas to avoid bad smell from
putrescible matter.
SWM ELEMENTS
refuse collection and storage
Design criteria for refuse storage
This depends on refuse, size of containers and number of refuse
collection trucks in operation.
The Frequency of collection of refuse practiced at present is averaged to
twice weekly from residential areas in the city center.
© The bulk density of the refuse, δ
This parameter seems to be about 300 kg/m3 in some municipalities in
Tanzania except in Dar es Salaam where the value was as high as 550
kg/m3 is probably due to high proportion of fine dust.
SWM ELEMENTS
refuse collection and storage
Design criteria for refuse storage
Frequency of collection of refuse, f
In business and market areas where large quantities of refuse
is generated, daily collections are necessary.
Variability of refuse production, V
Degree of filling refuse containers, d
Number of inhabitants, n
SWM ELEMENTS
refuse collection and storage
Design criteria for refuse storage
Based on the assumption that
refuse is collected once a week
containers are filled to 90% capacity
variation of refuse production is 20%
thestorage capacity of refuse container for a family of six
people will be
SWM ELEMENTS
design of storage container
Design criteria for refuse storage
Frequency of collection of refuse, f (Cont’d)
In business and market areas where large quantities of refuse
is generated, daily collections are necessary.
Consider Variability of refuse production, V
Consider Degree of filling refuse containers, d
Consider of inhabitants, n
SWM ELEMENTS
refuse collection and storage
Design criteria for refuse storage .
The refuse containers available in the market have a
capacity of 0.1m3 produced by SIDO.
The capacity of these bins is theoretically adequate to
accommodate generated provided that refuse is
collected once weekly.
However, spare bin is recommended for each
household as a buffer capacity in case of failure in the
collection processes.
SWM ELEMENTS
refuse collection and storage
Spare to be provided for refuse storage
When the bins or large containers are centrally located
such as in block of flats, hotels, etc. attention should
be paid to the design of the storage site for the bins.
The site for the bins should be:-
SWM ELEMENTS
refuse collection and storage
Spare to be provided for refuse storage (Cont’d)
Large enough to store the required number of bins or
containers even in the future.
The storage site should be easily accessible from the flats as
well as from the street.
Enough space has to be provided for shunting, loading and
unloading of containers especially when large containers are
used.
SWM ELEMENTS
refuse collection and storage
(iii) Waste Collection /Collection of Refuse
For hygienic reasons, the required frequency of refuse
collection depends on the climate, especially on the
temperature: the higher the temperature, the faster
organic constituents of the refuse undergo bacterial
decomposition and give rise to foul odours.
Frequency of collection is also influenced by the
quantity of refuse generated, storage space for refuse
and aesthetics of the surroundings.
The collection of refuse must be done in such a way as
to avoid nuisance of the public and of the crew.
SWM ELEMENTS
refuse collection and storage
Therefore Waste Collection, includes gathering of
wastes and hauling them to the location, where the
collection vehicle is emptied, which may be a
transfer station (i.e., intermediate station where
wastes from smaller vehicles are transferred to
larger ones and also segregated), a processing
plant or a disposal site.
SWM ELEMENTS
Collection of solid wastes depends on the following
factors;
number of containers,
frequency of collection,
types of collection services and routes. Typically,
collection is provided under various management
arrangements, ranging from municipal services to
franchised services, and under various forms of
contracts.
SWM ELEMENTS
(iv)Transfer and transport: This functional element involves:
the transfer of wastes from smaller collection vehicles,
where necessary to overcome the problem of narrow
access lanes, to larger ones at transfer stations; the
subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long
distances, to disposal sites.
The factors that contribute to the designing of a
transfer station include the type of transfer operation,
capacity, equipment, accessories and environmental
requirements.
SWM ELEMENTS
(v) Processing: Processing is required to alter the
physical and chemical characteristics of wastes for
energy and resource recovery and recycling. The
important processing techniques include compaction,
thermal volume reduction, manual separation of
waste component.
SWM ELEMENTS
(vi) Recovery and recycling: This includes various
techniques, equipment and facilities used to improve
both the efficiency of disposal system and recovery
of usable material and energy. Recovery involves
the separation of valuable resources from the
mixed solid wastes, delivered at transfer stations or
processing plants. Certain recovered materials like
glass, plastics, paper, etc., can be recycled as they
have economic value
SWM ELEMENTS
(vii) Waste disposal: Disposal is the ultimate end of
all solid wastes regardless of being residential
wastes, industrial, municipal or biomedical wastes.
The disposal methods include but not limited to Land
fill, composts, Incinerator, or other substances that
have no further use to the society.
SWM ELEMENTS