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NLM

The document discusses the laws of motion and friction, outlining fundamental forces such as gravitational and electromagnetic forces, as well as contact and field forces. It explains Newton's laws of motion, inertia, and the concepts of pseudo force in non-inertial frames of reference. Additionally, it covers friction types, the angle of repose, and practical applications of these principles in various scenarios.

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Arya Banerjee
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15 views11 pages

NLM

The document discusses the laws of motion and friction, outlining fundamental forces such as gravitational and electromagnetic forces, as well as contact and field forces. It explains Newton's laws of motion, inertia, and the concepts of pseudo force in non-inertial frames of reference. Additionally, it covers friction types, the angle of repose, and practical applications of these principles in various scenarios.

Uploaded by

Arya Banerjee
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
= 05|LAWs OF MOTION & FRICTION E 5 oduct pai te imenval of time from 10 tthen the F push or pull that one object exerts on another Forces in nature There are four fundamental forces in nature * Gravitational force * Electromagnetc force \ anquave = oa wer oa Types of forces on macroscopic objects impulse = [fat » shaded area (a) Field Forces or Range Forces : ‘These are the forces in which contact between two objects 1s not necessary. Impulse = Fat Ex. (i) Gravitational force between two bodies Impulse - Momentum the (i) Electrostatic force between two charges. || Impulse of a force is equal to the change of momentum Fat = AP (b) Contact Forces : Newton's third law of motion : W constant force acts for an interval At then : Contact forces exist only as long as the objects|| Whenever a particle A exerts a force on another are touching each other. particle B, B simultaneously exerts a force on A with Ex. (i) Normal force. (ii) Frictional force the same magnitude inthe oppesite retion. ; Spring Force (According to Hooke's law) {c) Attachment to Another Body : In equilibrium FI &k is spring constant) Tension (T) in a string and spring force F = kad comes in this group Natural length ! F xX _. for Galileo's law of Inertia) Note - Spring force is non impulsive in nature. Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform|| Ex. If the lower spring is cut, find motion in a straight fine unless compelled by an acceleration of the blocks, a ‘external unbalanced force to change that state. immediately alter cutting the Inertia : Inertia is the property of the body due to * 3g @ which body opposes the change of it's state. Inertia || SOL Initial stretches Kae = FS oy of a body is measured by mass of the body. inertia x mass) Newton's second law ad Hae On cutting the lower spring, by virtue of non- impulsive nature of spring the stretch in upper spring Bod mgm remains same immediately after cutting the spring. Pag ghmem eae Thus, (Linear momentum = md) Lower block Hh: 2mg=2me = 2=4 For constant mass system F = ma ong kod ft the product of the mass and velocity of a body 3 Le. momentum p = mv Upper block : ifs W328) ng * SI Unit «kg ms" =ma=a=2g mg + Dimensions [ML T') a When two bodies of masses m, and m, are kept on} | Case - 1: the frictionless surface and a force F is applied on, cone body, then the force with which one body presses the other at the point of contact is called force of contact. These two bodies will move with same acceleration a. Let m, > m, now for mass m,,m,g~T = ma (i) When the force F acts on the body with mass m,as|| for massm,T-m,g=m,a , shown in figure (i) : F = (m, + mJa (rm), net pulling force Acceleration = a = ty (m, +m,)° ~ total mass to be pulled| Tension = T = —2TAM_g . 2xProductofmames , (m,+m,)"~ — Sumof twomasses Fig (1) When the force F acts on mass m, Reaction at the suspension of pulley : If the force exerted by m, on m, is f, (force of ReoT= 4mm contact) then for body m,: (F- f,) = ma (m, +m,) a— ao ee Fig. lla). F.B.D. representation of action and reaction forces. For body m, = feng eaten ed en: § = m,+m, Pulley qqeten ; For mass m,: mg~-T=m,a A single fixed pulley changes the direction of force] } Acceleration: only and in general, assumed to be massless and}} ma gig ¢__TAM: frictionless. (m, +m,) (m, +m,) « Inertial frames of reference : A reference frame which is either at rest or in uniform motion along the straight line. A non-accelerating frame of reference Is called an inertial frame of reference. All the fundamental laws of physics have been formulated in respect of inertial frame of reference. + Non-inertial frame of reference : An accelerating frame of reference is called a non-inertial frame of reference. Newton's laws of motion are not directly applicable in such frames, before application we must ‘add pseudo force. Pseudo force: Torce on a body due to acceleration of non-inertial frame is called fictitious or apparent or pseudo Torce] The and is given by F = -ma,, where 4) is acceleration of non-inertial frame with respect to an inertial frame and m is mass of the particle or body. The direction of pseudo force must be opposite to the direction of acceleration of the non-inertial frame, When we draw the free body diagram of a mass, with respect to an inertial frame of reference we apply only the real forces (forces which are actually acting on the mass). But when the free body diagram is drawn, from a non-inertial frame of reference a pseudo force (in addition to all real forces) has to be applied to make the equation F = ma to be valid in this frame also. (a) If the lift moving with constant velocity v upwards or downwards. In this case there is no accelerated motion hence no pseudo force experienced by observer inside the lift. ‘So apparent weight W'=Mg=Actual weight. J(b) If the lift is accelerated upward with constant acceleration a. Then forces acting on the man w.r-t. observed inside the lift are (i) Weight W=Mg downward (i) Fictitious force Fy=Ma downward. So apparent weight W’=W+F,=Mg+Ma=M(g+a) (c) If the lift is accelerated downward with acceleration ag. Thenas in Case (c). Apparent weight W’ =Mig-a) is negative, ie., the man will be accelerated downward and will stay at the ceiling of the lift. Beats hrs ee P — ee Friction is the force of two surfaces in contact, or the force of a medium acting on a moving object. (ie. air on aircraft.) Frictional forces arise due to molecular interactions. In some cases friction acts as a supporting force and in some cases it acts as opposing force : * Cause of Friction: Friction is arises on account atomic or molecular forces of attraction ee renee eae lat em cl ca contact. ‘* Angle of repose : The maximum angle of an inclined plane for which a block remains stationary on the plane. * Types of friction er oar No. of constraint equations = no. of strings Method Il : Method of virtual work : The sum of scalar products of forces applied by connecting links of constant length and displacement of corresponding contact points equal to zero. Here 2a, = a, = a, + 2a) =0= 2a, =a, Method Ht: ~Ta, + 2Ta, = 0 => 2a, =a, » Key points . > comelenae always fly at low altitudes because according to Newton's Ill law of motion as aeroplane displaces air & at low altitude density of air is high. * Rockets move by pushing the exhaust gases out so they can fly at low & high altitude. * Pulling a lawn roller is easier than pushing it because pushing increases the apparent weight and hence friction. © A moongphaliwala sells his moongphali using a weighing machine in an elevator. He gain more profit if the elevator is accelerating up because the apparent weight of an object increases in an elevator while accelerating upward. * Pulling (figure 1) is easier than pushing (figure Il) on a rough horizontal surface because normal reaction is less in pulling than in pushing. F Pal Pg. ‘* While walking on ice, one should take small steps to avoid slipping, This is because smaller step increases the normal reaction and that ensure smaller friction. * A man in a closed cabin (lft) falling freely does not experience gravity as inertial and gravitational mass. have equivalence. * Acceleration of block down as inclined plane (Rough) a = glsind - ,c0s8) y S LAWS of MO - NEWTON'S LAWS oF MOTION | @ Coustyorat me bors gs —3, Velo ty of M7 Kio Or We Olen Velo ei ( of bloke vithe | fesPeck Jo webs A s— >! ® 0 “fs svar Dons Ono @ Wedge coat rei tk ? r relakion blo on, Log. 2 Ge 20) Pe vfs @ Iv ©-8mfs> O none For, he oy For Bem oo—_ Vee Fac Fora. a> ; ——— for BS gx a, Vp= 2 fs U,. =(Fx2) 2 14—fs5 Find reels of spr belong @Als @Oiz fo-pnpe Bie “Qa » (lo-<) (> 2 (leri)a z 3 Fame (Ste) =™2%0-O ae “if Ge mi(dre) —T 2 m, ao -@ |re0=3 (ore) of 2 m, so TW == (m) -mh2) C940) Sorted e. SC” fo PO To mg tet me (949) DT= h(a 46 (12) ats 60D Se to + Not fore = 272 189 3 , Reding of sping bole = 22 ee = 12 9 By Tu 2 diffrent experiments an objet of mas Sky raeving with @ speed of 26n/5 Wh 2 diffrent walls end comes to Test within 2 secoubs QS seconds Choose Ha correct opho~—> JA) Tnprdse ond ova. force octing on object will be Some for bof Ha Oses Tinpdse will be some for bolt tha corey but He 2v9- foree will Le di flere. {J Ava. foree will be Seme for bo fy the coder but impulse uill be Li ferent BI Avs force ord impulse willbe d:fferent beg botr the adver. ree - 7 r | Qy An obs cok of mes shy ir Horem Verbally uprerd fromnte greed. The air verisbre Preduees a constenk reterding force of WN trronnheut te mofion +The rahio of Pee of 05 bo Hime f descent will be equal i! Be Oa.G OB:hk O223 Penis bree fovee 2 JoN Dd mea ilo ae ee oe > Me = Ede vel jars Omtsk (J-6) = (lot) = 3 Ddasck (Qre) (eo D-12 t,-j2H tat ae , res ty NB 2h t,> a | Connected bya light String Doing over a Sm cof leg ht pels PR a smooth inctined Plone > shoun jn fhe fyure- The Sys dean is o¥ reat . The fever. exerted by Fhe mckined Of mors my will be 2 © son ® son A) 2 bot, of mamerms ty Bra = 36 ove Plone on tee body wg cos@O zc Soak ~ qe : *é “ . | The pon will toy ‘ ice he is ot Yeast fede = Mee the. ta wn oo ecealerads wifia Spe F oe 7 | fe ® Frick on (tm incline Plone) PR frichion co-efficient Lt, fnB =n 8 me Ve siekoney Stokes Oy Fsqo Fick ceecleratron, of lo ky weeks Fanon bh Shy dfok blotk 2 MW (0.4 ¥5 x10) = 20 \ Fricke Yu © B10 Wy = 20 by. Fim d/o Loy DB gromd= MN = O02 X16n10 = 20N fa 20N vote t, NA cecelereben = OMe? eo

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