Residential Building Electrification

Prof. M. Rizwan
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
DELHI, INDIA
23-02-2026 1
 OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

Introduction to
Electrical
estimation & Catalogues
Schedule
costing

Market Survey Determination of

Recording of
and source required quantity
estimates
selection ofmaterial

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 Residential Building Electrification

Residential building electrification refers to the process of supplying and distributing

electrical power in homes to support various electrical appliances, lighting, heating, and

other essential utilities. It involves the proper design, installation, and maintenance of

electrical systems to ensure safety, efficiency, and reliability.

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 Electrical Symbols

Electrical symbols are standardized graphical representations of electrical and electronic

components used in circuit diagrams. These symbols help engineers, electricians, and

technicians to design, analyze, and troubleshoot electrical circuits efficiently. Instead of using

detailed descriptions, electrical symbols provide a simplified way to communicate complex

circuits universally.

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 Electrical Symbols

Importance of Electrical Symbols

❖ Simplification of Circuits – They help represent electrical components concisely.
❖ Universal Understanding – Standard symbols are recognized globally, reducing
confusion.
❖ Improved Communication – They make it easier for engineers and technicians to
share circuit designs.
❖ Time Efficiency – Symbols make it quicker to design, modify, and analyze circuits.
❖ Error Reduction – A well-documented circuit using standard symbols minimizes
misinterpretation and wiring errors.

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 Electrical Symbols

Power Supply Symbols

❖ Battery (🗲) – Represents a DC power source

❖ Cell – Single unit of a battery

❖ AC Supply – Alternating current source

❖ DC Supply – Direct current source

❖ Ground/Earth – Common reference point for electrical circuits

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 Electrical Symbols

Wires and Connections

❖ Wire – A conductor for current flow

❖ Connected Wires – Indicated with a dot at junctions

❖ Unconnected Wires – Crossing wires without connection (no dot)

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 Electrical Symbols

Passive Components

❖ Resistor – Limits current flow

❖ Variable Resistor (Rheostat, Potentiometer) – Adjustable resistance

❖ Capacitor (Polarized & Non-Polarized) – Stores electrical energy

❖ Inductor – Stores energy in a magnetic field

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 Electrical Symbols
Active Components

❖ Diode – Allows current in one direction

❖ LED (Light Emitting Diode) – Emits light when current flows

❖ Zener Diode – Allows reverse voltage beyond a threshold

❖ Transistor (NPN/PNP) – Acts as a switch or amplifier

❖ MOSFET (N-Channel/P-Channel) – Used in power and digital circuits

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 Electrical Symbols
Switches and Relays

❖ SPST (Single Pole Single Throw) Switch – Basic ON/OFF switch

❖ SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) Switch – Used for circuit selection

❖ Push Button – Momentary switch (Normally Open or Normally Closed)

❖ Relay – Electrically operated switch

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 Electrical Symbols

Measuring Instruments

❖ Voltmeter – Measures voltage

❖ Ammeter – Measures current

❖ Ohmmeter – Measures resistance

❖ Multimeter – Combination of voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter

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 Electrical Symbols

Lamps and Indicators

❖ Bulb/Lamp – Emits light when current passes

❖ Indicator LED – Shows circuit status

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 Electrical Symbols

Motors and Generators

❖ DC Motor – Converts electrical to mechanical energy

❖ AC Motor – Used in industrial applications

❖ Generator – Converts mechanical to electrical energy

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 Electrical Symbols

Logic Gates

❖ AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR Gates – Basic digital components

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 Electrical Symbols

Advantages of Electrical Symbols

❖ Simplifies Circuit Representation – Electrical symbols make circuit diagrams easier to
understand and interpret.
❖ Universal Standardization – Engineers and electricians worldwide can use and understand
the same symbols, reducing errors.
❖ Saves Time and Space – Instead of lengthy descriptions, symbols represent components
concisely.
❖ Improves Communication – Symbols eliminate language barriers, facilitating communication
among professionals.
❖ Enhances Troubleshooting – Standardized diagrams help in quickly identifying faults in
circuits.

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 Electrical Symbols

Requirement of Electrical Symbols

❖ Circuit Design – Essential for creating and analyzing electrical and electronic circuits.

❖ Installation & Maintenance – Used in wiring diagrams for electrical installations in homes

and industries.

❖ Education & Training – Helps students and engineers learn circuit concepts effectively.

❖ Standardized Documentation – Ensures consistency in technical drawings and

blueprints.

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 Concept of wiring diagram

Electrical symbols are graphical representations used in circuit diagrams to depict electrical and

electronic components. These symbols provide a standardized way to communicate complex

electrical circuits clearly and efficiently.

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 Concept of wiring diagram

WIRING DIAGRAM

Is a graphic illustration of an electrical circuits.

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 Concept of wiring diagram

TYPES OF WIRING DIAGRAM

❖ PICTORIAL DIAGRAM

❖ SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

❖ LINE DIAGRAM

❖ ACTUAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM

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 Concept of wiring diagram
Identify the Types of Wiring Diagram and Its Components

PICTORIAL DIAGRAM
(One lamp controlled by single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram
PICTORIAL DIAGRAM
(One lamp controlled by single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram
PICTORIAL DIAGRAM

❖ Electrical print shows external appearance of each component in a circuit.

❖ Shows physical appearance of a circuit or wiring installation.

❖ It is much like a photograph of a wiring installation

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 Concept of wiring diagram
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
(One lamp controlled by single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
(One lamp controlled by single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

❖ Is a wiring diagram using standard electrical symbols

❖ A system using abstract and graphic symbol rather than realistic pictures.

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 Concept of wiring diagram

LINE DIAGRAM

(One lamp controlled by single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram
LINE DIAGRAM
(One lamp controlled by single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram

LINE DIAGRAM

❖ Is a presentation of electrical connections of wiring devices using single lines.

❖ And with slashes indicating the number of conductors in a line.

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 Concept of wiring diagram

ACTUAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM

(One lamp controlled by single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram

ACTUAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM

(One lamp controlled by single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram

ACTUAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM

❖ Is a sketch of the actual connections of electrical devices in a circuit

❖ Like a schematic diagram it also uses electrical symbols which is more detailed because it

shows the wire terminations and connections.

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 Concept of wiring diagram
One Lamp Controlled By Single Pole Switch

PICTORIAL DIAGRAM
(One lamp controlled by single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

(One lamp controlled by single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram
Two Lamps Controlled By Two Single Pole Switch

PICTORIAL DIAGRAM
(Two lamp controlled by two single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
(Two lamps controlled by single 2 single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram

ACTUAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM

(Two lamps controlled by two single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram

LINE DIAGRAM

(Two lamps controlled by two single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram

PICTORIAL DIAGRAM
(Three lamp controlled by three single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

(Three lamp controlled by three single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram

ACTUAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM

(Three lamps controlled by three single pole switch)

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 Concept of wiring diagram

LINE DIAGRAM

(Three lamps controlled by three single pole switch)

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 General Rules for Wiring

❖ Every installation is to be properly protected near the point of entry of supply cables by a two-

pole linked main switch and a fuse unit.

❖ In a two-wire installation if one pole is permanently earthed, no fuse, switch or CB is to be

inserted in this pole. A 3-pole switch and fuse unit is to be used in 3-phase supply.

❖ The conductor used is to be of such a size that it may carry load current safely.

❖ Every sub-circuit is to be connected to a distribution fuse board.

❖ Every line (Phase or Positive) is to be protected by a fuse of suitable rating as per

requirements.

❖ A switch board is to be installed so that its bottom lies 1.25 metres or 4 feet above the floor.
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 General Rules for Wiring

❖ All plugs and socket outlets are to be 3-pin type, the appropriate pin of socket being

connected permanently to the earthing system.

❖ Adequate number of socket outlets are to be provided, so as to avoid use of long lengths

of flexible cords.

❖ 3-pin, 5 A socket outlets for light and fan sub-circuits

❖ 3-pin, 15 A socket outlets for all power sub-circuits

❖ All socket outlets are to be controlled by individual switches, which are to be located

immediately adjacent to it.

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 General Rules for Wiring

❖ For 5 A socket outlets, if installed at a height of 25 cm above the floor level, switch may be installed

at a height of 1.25 metres above the floor.

❖ If a socket outlet is accessible to children, it is recommended to use shuttered or interlocked socket

outlets.

❖ In any case a socket outlet of rating higher than 15 A should not be used, if used it is to be controlled

through a double pole switch of appropriate rating.

❖ Socket outlets are not to be located centrally behind the appliances

❖ Socket outlet in the bathroom must be provided at a height of at least 1.3 metre.

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 General Rules for Wiring
❖ Depending on size of the kitchen, two 3-pin, 15 A socket outlet, dining room, bedroom, living

room each 3-pin, 15 A socket outlet.

❖ All incandescent lamps at a height of 2.5 metres above the floor level.

❖ All ceiling fans are to be hung 2.75 metres above the floor.

❖ Lights and fans are to be wired on a common circuit (No. of points is ten or less than 800

watts)

❖ Load on power sub-circuit should not exceed 3000 Watts. (only two 3-pin, 15 A Socket

outlets)

❖ Each sub-circuit is to be protected against excessive current by fuse or MCB.

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 General Rules for Wiring

❖ No fuse or switch is to be provided in earthed conductor.

❖ In any building, light & fan wiring and power wiring are to be kept separate.

❖ In 3-phase, 4-wire installation the load is to be distributed equally on all the phases.

❖ No additional load is to be connected to an existing installation unless it can safely carry and earthing

arrangements are adequate.

❖ After completion of work the installations are to be tested before energization.

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits
Introduction To Simple Light And Fan Circuits

All electrical appliances like fans, heaters, etc. are connected to the supply by means of insulated

wires. To enable instructions to be given to the person who Will carry out the installation Of the

wiring it is important to make a diagram Of the layout Of the wires and of the manner in which the

various appliances and accessories are to be connected. Before we are actually able to draw the

wiring diagram for household installation. it is necessary to study how the various appliances and

accessories are connected to the supply, This will be discussed in the following section.

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits
SYSTEM OF CONNECTION OF APPLIANCES AND ACCESSORIES
Series Parallel Connections

Figure (2.1-a): One Lamp Controlled by One Switch

Suppose a lamp rated at 240 V, 110 W is to be provided in a room and controlled by one

switch. Two wires would run from the main distribution board in the house to the room where

the lamp is to be provided. This is shown in figure, which also show the connections to the

lamp LI and the switch S1.

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

❖ Suppose now it is required to have two lamps in the same room. each lamp controlled by a

separate switch. One method would be to bring another set of two wires from the main

distribution board in the house to the room and then to connect the second lamp L2 through a

switch S2 to the terminals of the wires. This is shown in figure (2.1-b).

❖ It is obvious that in the method just described and used in figure (b). Wk. are using twice as

much length of cable for connecting two lamps to the supply as we used when we had to

connect only one lamp as in figure (2.1-a). If this method is used, the length of wire will go on

multiplying as many times as the number of appliances used, which will indeed be

substantial in actual wiring.

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits
It is important to examine whether the same wires can be used to connect
multiple lamps to the main distribution board instead of using separate wires
for each appliance.
One approach is to use only two wires and connect the lamps and switches
in series, as shown in Figure 2.2.
In this setup, lamps L₁ and L₂ are connected in series, meaning each lamp
receives only 120V if the total supply is 240V. Since these lamps are rated
Figure 2.2: Two Lamps, each
for 240V, they will not provide the required illumination. Controlled by a Separate
Switch
Additionally, if either switch is opened, both lamps will turn off, making it
impossible to control them individually.
Another drawback is that if one lamp fuses, the second lamp will also not
light up, making the series connection impractical for independent operation.
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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

❖ In this case, closing a switch would result in a short circuit across the corresponding lamp,
preventing it from lighting up.
❖ This method of connection is highly undesirable because if both switches (S₁ and S₂) are closed,
the full 240V supply would be short-circuited, posing a serious risk to the electrical installation.
❖ Due to these risks, series connections, as shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.3, are not suitable for
standard lighting applications.
❖ However, series-connected lamps are commonly used for decorative lighting during festivals
and marriage celebrations. This setup allows a large number of small-voltage lamps to be
connected in series, all controlled by a single switch.

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

❖ Parallel connections are generally used for lighting circuits to ensure that each lamp

operates independently.

❖ In a parallel circuit, all lamps are connected across the supply, as shown in Figure 2.1(b),

without requiring separate wires for each lamp from the distribution board.

❖ The practical implementation of this method is discussed in the following paragraphs.

❖ It is essential to ensure that all controlling switches and fuses are connected in the live

wire and never in the neutral for safety reasons.

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits
Joint Box System

❖ A lamp and its controlling switch are

connected in series, allowing each lamp to
operate independently.
❖ The ends of this series connection are then
linked to the main distribution lines using T-
joints.
❖ In this system, all joints are enclosed in joint
boxes for safety and organization.
❖ The schematic diagram for this wiring method
is shown in Figure 2.4.

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

❖ Figure 2.4 shows that each lamp receives its rated 240V and can be switched on or off
independently.
❖ If one lamp fails, it does not affect the operation of the other lamps.
❖ This method requires making a joint in the main wire coming from the distribution board.
❖ Joints should always be made inside special joint boxes and soldered to ensure proper
continuity.
❖ Alternatively, specially designed connectors can be used instead of soldered joints.
❖ Joints are potential weak points, where overheating or loose connections can cause faults,
especially in aluminum wiring.
❖ A large number of joints can make fault detection difficult, leading to maintenance challenges.
❖ To reduce reliance on joint boxes, a more reliable approach is the looping-in system of wiring.

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits
Looping in System
❖ The main advantage of the looping-in system is that no tappings are taken directly from the
main wires, eliminating the need for joint boxes.
❖ Figure 2.5 illustrates the looping-in system, connecting the same appliances to the supply
as those in the T-joint method shown in Figure 2.1.
❖ The looping-in system requires more wiring length compared to the joint box system, but
it offers better reliability and fewer maintenance issues.

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits
Introduction to Simple Alarm Circuits Without and With Relays

❖ Information was historically conveyed through messengers.

❖ Electricity made communication faster and easier.
❖ Long-distance communication uses telephones and telegrams, either wired or wireless.
❖ Precision is vital in long-distance communication to ensure the message is reproduced exactly,
including punctuation.
❖ Short-distance communication relies on simple signals rather than detailed information.
❖ Examples of short-distance communication:
• Doorbell or buzzer to signal a visitor's arrival.
• Doctor’s clinic system: door contact triggers a sound or light to notify the doctor of a new
patient.
• Doctor uses buttons to signal patients (e.g., "Please wait" or "Next patient to come in").
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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

❖ Lift (elevator) systems in multistoried buildings:

• Lights and arrows show the lift's position and direction (up or down).
• Users press a button to signal the lift to stop at their floor.
❖ Alarm and signal circuits are used in various scenarios:
• Burglar alarms.
• Baby alarms.
• Fire alarms.
❖ These systems provide quick and clear signals for specific situations.
❖ Alarm and signal circuits are essential for efficient communication in both short and long-
distance scenarios.

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits
Solved Examples for Alarm and Signal Circuits Without Relays

Draw a schematic and wiring diagram of a

simple bell circuit. The circuit must include an
electric bell and a pushbutton to operate the
bell. The bell is to be powered by a 12V
battery.
The solution is given in Figure 2.11.

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

Draw a schematic diagram and wiring diagram in multiline representation for a bell circuit. The

circuit should have one bell controlled from two different locations using push-buttons. The bell is

to be operated from a 12V battery.

The solution is given in Figures 2.18(a) and 2.18(b).

Draw a schematic diagram and wiring diagram in multiline representation for an alarm circuit with

two bells. Each bell should ring only when its respective push-button is pressed. The bells are to be

operated from a 12V battery. The student is advised to draw the wiring diagram in single-line

representation as well.

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Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

Draw a bell circuit in two different ways, as in the

previous exercise. The circuit should include two
bells, each operated independently by a separate
push-button.
Additionally, provide a switch (S) that allows either
of the bells to be temporarily disconnected from the
circuit. The bells are to be operated from a 6V power
supply.
The solution is given in Figure 2.19.

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Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

Draw a bell circuit in three different ways

(schematic, single-line wiring, and multiline
wiring) in which it is possible to select a particular
bell out of five bells by pressing a single push-
button. The bells operate on a 6V AC supply.
The solution is given in Figure 2.21.
Draw the schematic and wiring diagrams for a
response circuit in which the following functionalities
should be possible:

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits
ALARM CIRCUITS WITH RELAYS

❖ Bells and lamps typically operate only while the switches or push buttons controlling them
remain in the ON position. In many cases, this can be inconvenient, as it may be necessary for
the signal to continue operating even after the switch or push button is released.
❖ In some applications, it is important to ensure that signals remain active until they are manually
reset. This is commonly used in alarm circuits, where an alert should continue even if the
triggering switch is no longer pressed.
❖ For safety reasons, certain circuits use low-voltage control to operate higher-voltage systems.
In industrial applications, low-voltage switches and push buttons are used to control signal
circuits operating at 24V for enhanced safety.
❖ Figure 2.27 illustrates an example of such a circuit.

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Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits
❖ Pressing push-button P will cause the bell B to ring, and it will continue ringing as long as the
push-button remains pressed.
❖ To make the bell continue ringing even after releasing the push-button, one option is to replace
the push-button with a single-way tumbler switch. In this case, the bell will ring continuously
until the switch is manually turned off. However, if the electric supply fails, the bell will stop
ringing. If the attendant forgets to turn off the switch, the bell will resume ringing when the
power returns, even if it is not needed.
❖ To overcome this drawback, the circuit shown in Figure 2.28 can be used. When push-button
P is pressed, the electromagnet A gets energized, pulling the movable iron armature A against
the force of spring G. This movement compresses the spring and shifts the contacts a₁ and a₂
to the left, completing the circuit of bell B.
❖ When the pressure on push-button P is released, the coil A remains energized through contact
a₁, keeping the bell in the ON position. This ensures the bell continues ringing even after the
button is released.
❖ If the power supply fails, coil A gets de-energized, and spring G pushes the armature A back
to its original position. This action opens the contacts a₁ and a₂, disconnecting the bell. When
power returns, the bell will not ring unless push-button P is pressed again.
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Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

❖ Once push-button P is pressed, bell B will continue ringing unless the power supply fails.
However, in practice, it is often necessary to stop the bell after a certain time.
❖ To achieve this, a normally closed (NC) push-button P₁ is added in series with coil A, as
shown in Figure 2.28. When P₁ is pressed, coil A is de-energized, which opens the contacts
a₁ and a₂, stopping the bell.
❖ In the circuit shown in Figure 2.27, the bell circuit is directly completed through push-button
P. However, in the modified circuit of Figure 2.28, pressing P energizes coil A, which then
closes the normally open contacts a₁ and a₂ to complete the bell circuit.
❖ The coil A in this setup is known as a relay coil. The relay coil, along with the contacts it
controls, is enclosed together within a dashed line in the diagram. This entire assembly is
called a relay.
❖ A relay coil can be operated from a separate power source than the one used for the bell
circuit. In Figure 2.29, the relay coil is powered by a 12V DC source, while the bell operates
on a 240V AC source. This arrangement allows the low-voltage control circuit to safely
operate a high-voltage load, improving safety and efficiency in electrical systems.

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Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

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 Principles of Circuit Design in Lighting and Power Circuits

❖ In Figure 2.29, the relay coil is operated using a low-voltage DC supply, while the bell is
powered by a 240V AC circuit.
❖ By using a relay, it is possible to control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage control
signal, ensuring safety and isolation between the two circuits.
❖ A relay is a device that allows a signal to be transferred from one circuit to another without
direct electrical connection between them.
❖ For safety reasons, a 6V or 12V supply can be used for the push-button, while the bell
operates at 240V AC.
❖ Relays offer multiple advantages and are widely used in automatic control systems,
forming the basis of modern automation and electrical switching circuits.

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 Single line Diagram
The single-line diagram is the blueprint for electrical system analysis. It is the first step in

preparing a critical response plan, allowing you to become thoroughly familiar with the electrical

distribution system layout.

Why it’s required?

Whether you have a new or existing facility, the single-line diagram is the vital roadmap for all

future testing, service and maintenance activities. As such, the single-line diagram is like a

balance sheet for your facility and provides a snapshot of your facility at a moment in time. It

needs to change as your facility changes to ensure that your systems are adequately protected.

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 Single line Diagram

To make all the changes documented in a common file, making the electrical system easily

understandable for any technical person inside/outside of the factory.

An up-to-date single-line diagram is vital for a variety of service activities including:

❖ Short circuit calculations
❖ Coordination studies
❖ Load flow studies
❖ Safety evaluation studies
❖ All other engineering studies
❖ Electrical safety procedures
❖ Efficient maintenance

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 Single line Diagram

What Should Be In A Single Line Diagram (SLD)?

A typical package of single line diagram shall include:

❖ SLD must be started with an index, legend, page references.

❖ All proper symbols shall be used.

❖ Incoming lines showing voltage and size.

❖ Incoming main fuses, cutouts, switches, and main/tie breakers.

❖ Power transformers (kVA rating, voltage rating, winding connection and grounding means, %

impedance, cooling type).

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 Single line Diagram
❖ Feeder breakers and fused switches rating and type.

❖ All incoming circuits shall have a page reference (mention the page number from where it

comes). All outgoing panels shall have a page reference (mention the page number to where

this outgoing circuit is detailed-This link-up is required).

❖ Relays (function, use and type) is required to be mentioned. The fault current clearing time

setting is required to be achieved from inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) relay or over

current relay (OCR) of the vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) panel. Where only load breaking

switch (LBS) is available and no VCB panel is available fault current clearing time setting is not

required.
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 Single line Diagram

❖ Current and / or potential transformers with size, type and ratio

❖ All service-main cable and wire runs with their associated isolating switches shall be clearly
mentioned.
❖ All substations, including integral relays and main panels with total load of each feeder and
each substation
❖ Critical equipment voltage and size (uninterruptible power supply or UPS, battery, generator,
power distribution, transfer-switch, computer room air conditioning).
❖ A load schedule for each distribution panels, busbar trucking or BBT, tap-off boxes of TOB
and switch board (load table format is provided later in this guideline) is required to be
prepared.

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 Single line Diagram
❖ Rating and dimension of bus bar shall be mentioned. The calculated rating of copper busbar equals to 1.55
Ampere per mm2 of cross section area. The calculated rating of Aluminum busbar equals to 1.09 Ampere
per mm2 of cross section area.
❖ All outgoing cables shall be mentioned with number of cables, number of cores, cable size and along with
number of poles associated with it. For example, 1x4Cx6mm2 , NYY, TPN represents a 4-core (C) single
NYY-type cable of 6mm2 cross section area connected to 3-phases (TP) and a neutral (N); Again,
3x1Cx4mm2 , BYA, TP represents 3 numbers of single-core (C) and BYA-type cable of 4mm2 cross section
area connected to 3-phases (TP). There are many cable types. Here NYY and BYA are only 2 examples of
cable types and used as example.
❖ The rating and type of their all-isolating switches and protective devices (e.g. circuit breaker, fuse, overload
relay, magnetic contactor) shall be mentioned.

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 Single line Diagram

❖ The set point of all circuit breakers, thermal overload relay, rating of magnetic contactor shall

be mentioned.

❖ Length of Cable laying is required where no protection is provided for an outgoing circuit or

incoming circuit (where rules of tapping circuits is applicable)

❖ PFI, changeover, ATS, generators with associated protection and isolating switch,

synchronizer and interlocking arrangements shall be properly mentioned with rating, proper

symbols and details.

❖ For ATS, all protective ratings of protective device shall be mentioned.

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 Single line Diagram

❖ All earth conductors’ size and type shall be mentioned with quantity

❖ Earth conductors and Earth pit-identification number with page references shall be mentioned

in transformer, generators, panelboards and equipment (if directly connected with Earth pits)

❖ Total connected load (kilo watt or kW) with their individual load capacity (kW) shall be

mentioned.

❖ All connected equipment (loads) shall be identified with marking and mentioned in the load

description. The marking/identification number of each load shall also be mentioned in the

point reference or load reference column.

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 Single line Diagram

❖ All spare switches (outgoing circuit breaker) shall be mentioned. Earthing system (excluding
LPS Earth pits) must be included with dimension of earthing pit, boring, busbar, earth
electrode size, earth lead and ECC size and type in a separate page.
❖ An example of a typical SLD has been given which includes the substation, LT panel,
distribution panel with load table format.

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Single line Diagram

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 Selection of Type of Wiring and Rating of Wires and Cables

The selection of wiring type and wire rating is essential for ensuring safety, efficiency, and cost-

effectiveness in electrical installations. It depends on factors such as the type of building, load

requirements, environmental conditions, and installation methods.

Types of Wiring Systems:

❖ Surface Conduit Wiring – Wires run inside PVC or metal conduits mounted on the surface of

walls or ceilings.

❖ Concealed Conduit Wiring – Wires are hidden inside walls or ceilings within conduits,

providing better aesthetics and protection.

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 Selection of Type of Wiring and Rating of Wires and Cables

❖ Lead Sheathed Wiring – Wires are covered with lead alloy sheathing to protect against

moisture and corrosion.

❖ Casing and Capping Wiring – Wires are enclosed in wooden or PVC casings with

capping.

❖ Cleat Wiring – Wires are mounted on insulated cleats fixed on walls or ceilings, mainly for

temporary setups.

❖ TRS or CTS Wiring – Tough rubber-sheathed or cab-tyre-sheathed wires used in

industrial applications.

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 Selection of Type of Wiring and Rating of Wires and Cables

Load Calculations and Selection of Conductor Size

Step 1: Determine Load Requirements
Load is calculated in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW) based on the power rating of electrical
appliances. The formula to calculate total load is:
Total Load (W)=Sum of power ratings of all connected devices
For example, if a house has:
❖ 5 fans (80 W each)
❖ 10 LED lights (20 W each)
❖ 3 AC units (1.5 kW each)
Total Load = (5×80)+(10×20)+(3×1500)=400+200+4500=5100W or 5.1 kW

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 Selection of Type of Wiring and Rating of Wires and Cables

Step 2: Determine Current Requirement

Using Ohm’s Law:

❖ I = Current in amperes (A)

❖ P = Power in watts (W)
❖ V = Voltage (V)
For a 230V supply:

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 Selection of Type of Wiring and Rating of Wires and Cables

Step 3: Selection of Wire Size

The size of the conductor is chosen based on the current carrying capacity, length of the wire,

and permissible voltage drop.

A rough guide for conductor sizes:

❖ 1.5 mm² – Up to 15A (lighting circuits)

❖ 2.5 mm² – Up to 25A (socket circuits)

❖ 4 mm² – Up to 32A (heavy appliances)

❖ 6 mm² – Up to 40A (AC, geysers, motors)

❖ 10 mm² and above – Industrial and heavy-duty applications

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 Selection of Type of Wiring and Rating of Wires and Cables

Step 4: Selection of Cable Rating

The cable’s current rating is affected by factors like:

❖ Ambient temperature

❖ Method of installation (air, buried, conduit)

❖ Number of cables grouped together

A safety margin of 25% is usually added to the calculated current to select the appropriate cable.

For example, if the total load requires 22.17A, a 4 mm² copper wire (with a 25A rating) would be

suitable.

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 Selection of Type of Wiring and Rating of Wires and Cables

Step 5: Voltage Drop Consideration

Voltage drop should be within 2-4% of the supply voltage. The voltage drop formula is:

Vdrop=I×R×L

where

❖ R = Resistance of the conductor (Ω/m)

❖ L = Length of the wire run (in meters)

Using appropriate cable tables ensures the selected conductor size meets voltage drop limits.

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Selection of Type of Wiring and Rating of Wires and Cables

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 Selection of Rating of Main Switch and Distribution Board

Selection of Rating of Main Switch and Distribution Board

The selection of the rating for the main switch and distribution board is a crucial step in
electrical system design to ensure safety, efficiency, and reliability. Below are the key
considerations for selecting their ratings:

Selection of Rating of Main Switch

The main switch is responsible for controlling and protecting the entire electrical system of a
building. The rating selection depends on the following factors:
Load Calculation
❖ Calculate the total connected load in kilowatts (kW) or kilovolt-amperes (kVA).
❖ Consider the maximum demand of the installation.
❖ Apply a safety margin (typically 20–25%) to accommodate future expansion.

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 Selection of Rating of Main Switch and Distribution Board

Current Rating Selection

❖ Use the formula:

❖ The main switch should have a current rating slightly higher than the expected maximum

current.

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 Selection of Rating of Main Switch and Distribution Board

Voltage Rating

❖ For single-phase systems: 230V, 50Hz

❖ For three-phase systems: 415V, 50Hz

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 Selection of Rating of Main Switch and Distribution Board

Type of Main Switch

❖ MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) – for small loads

❖ MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker) – for large loads

❖ Isolator – for disconnection without protection

❖ ELCB/RCCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker) – for safety against leakage currents

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 Selection of Rating of Main Switch and Distribution Board

Selection of Distribution Board

A distribution board (DB) distributes electrical power to different circuits while providing
protection. Its selection depends on:
Number of Circuits
❖ Determine the number of lighting circuits, power circuits, and special loads (e.g., motors,
ACs).
❖ A separate DB may be needed for lighting and power circuits.
Rating of DB
❖ The busbar rating should match the maximum load current.
❖ The MCBs inside the DB should be rated according to the load on each circuit.

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 Selection of Rating of Main Switch and Distribution Board

Type of DB

❖ Single-phase DB – for domestic or small commercial loads.

❖ Three-phase DB – for industrial and large commercial loads.

❖ TPN (Triple Pole & Neutral) DB – for balanced three-phase loads.

Protection Features

❖ Use MCBs for circuit protection.

❖ Use RCCB/ELCB for earth leakage protection.

❖ Install surge protectors in areas with high lightning risk

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 Protective Switchgear (ELCB and MCB) and Wiring Accessories

Protective switchgear, including Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCBs) and Miniature Circuit

Breakers (MCBs), along with wiring accessories, are essential components in electrical systems to

ensure safety, reliability, and efficient operation. Here's an overview of each:

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 Protective Switchgear (ELCB and MCB) and Wiring Accessories
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
▪ Purpose: Detects earth leakage currents (current
flowing to earth due to insulation faults or accidental
contact) and disconnects the circuit to prevent
electric shock or fire hazards.
❑ Types:
❖ Voltage-Operated ELCB: Older type, less
common now. Detects voltage on the earth wire.
❖ Current-Operated ELCB (RCB): Also known as
Residual Current Breaker (RCB) or Residual
Current Device (RCD). Detects imbalance
between live and neutral currents.
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 Protective Switchgear (ELCB and MCB) and Wiring Accessories
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
❑ Purpose: Protects electrical circuits from
overloads and short circuits by automatically
disconnecting the circuit when the current
exceeds a predefined limit.
❑ Types:
❖ Type B: For general-purpose applications
(sensitive to small overloads).
❖ Type C: For circuits with moderate inrush
currents (e.g., motors, transformers).
❖ Type D: For circuits with high inrush currents
(e.g., heavy machinery).
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 Protective Switchgear (ELCB and MCB) and Wiring Accessories

Wiring Accessories
Wiring accessories are components used to
connect, control, and distribute electrical power
safely and efficiently. Common examples include:
❑ Switches: Used to control the flow of electricity
to lighting and appliances.
❖ Types: Toggle switches, rocker switches,
dimmer switches, etc.

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 Protective Switchgear (ELCB and MCB) and Wiring Accessories

❑ Sockets/Outlets: Provide a point for connecting electrical devices to the power supply.
❖ Types: Single-phase, three-phase, USB-integrated sockets, etc.

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 Protective Switchgear (ELCB and MCB) and Wiring Accessories
❖ Distribution Boards (DBs): House MCBs, ELCBs, and other protective devices for circuit distribution.

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 Protective Switchgear (ELCB and MCB) and Wiring Accessories
❖ Connectors and Terminal Blocks: Used for secure and reliable electrical connections.

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 Protective Switchgear (ELCB and MCB) and Wiring Accessories
❖ Cable Management Accessories: Includes conduits, trunking, and cable ties for organizing and protecting
wiring.

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 Protective Switchgear (ELCB and MCB) and Wiring Accessories
❖ Fuse Holders and Fuses: Provide overcurrent protection in specific circuits.

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 Protective Switchgear (ELCB and MCB) and Wiring Accessories

Key Considerations for Installation

❖ Compliance: Ensure all components comply with local electrical standards and regulations

(e.g., IEC, NEC, BS).

❖ Proper Sizing: Select ELCBs, MCBs, and wiring accessories with appropriate current and

voltage ratings for the application.

❖ Regular Testing: Test ELCBs and MCBs periodically to ensure they function correctly.

❖ Professional Installation: Always hire a qualified electrician for installation and

maintenance to ensure safety and reliability.

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 Earthing of Residential Installation

Earthing (or grounding) is a critical aspect of

residential electrical installations. It ensures

safety by providing a path for fault currents to

flow into the ground, preventing electric shock,

fire hazards, and damage to appliances.

Proper earthing also stabilizes voltage levels

and ensures the reliable operation of

protective devices like ELCBs and MCBs.

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 Earthing of Residential Installation

❑ Components of a Residential Earthing System

❑ Earth Electrode:
❖ A conductor buried in the ground to provide a low-resistance path for fault currents.
❖ Common types: Copper-bonded rods, galvanized iron (GI) pipes, or plates.

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 Earthing of Residential Installation

❑ Earth Wire:
❖ A conductor that connects the
electrical installation to the
earth electrode.
❖ Typically made of copper or
aluminum.

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 Earthing of Residential Installation

❑ Main Earthing Terminal (MET):

❖ A common point where all earth

wires from the electrical

installation are connected.

❖ Located near the distribution

board.

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 Earthing of Residential Installation

❑ Earth Continuity Conductor (ECC):

❖ Connects metallic parts of

appliances, sockets, and

switches to the earthing

system.

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 Earthing of Residential Installation

❑ Residual Current Devices (RCDs)

or Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers

(ELCBs):

❖ Detect earth faults and

disconnect the circuit to prevent

electric shock.

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 Earthing of Residential Installation
Steps for Earthing in a Residential Installation
❑ Select the Earth Electrode:
❖ Use a copper-bonded rod, GI pipe, or plate as per local standards.
❖ Ensure the electrode is corrosion-resistant and durable.
❑ Install the Earth Electrode:
❖ Dig a pit (usually 2-3 meters deep) and insert the electrode vertically.
❖ Use a mixture of charcoal and salt around the electrode to improve conductivity and
reduce soil resistance.
❑ Connect the Earth Wire:
❖ Use a high-quality copper or aluminum wire to connect the electrode to the Main
Earthing Terminal (MET).
❖ Ensure the connection is tight and corrosion-free.
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 Earthing of Residential Installation
❑ Bond All Metallic Parts:
❖ Connect all metallic parts of the electrical installation (e.g., pipes, appliances, and switchboards) to the
earthing system using earth continuity conductors.
❑ Connect to the Distribution Board:
❖ Link the MET to the distribution board's earth bar.
❖ Ensure all circuits in the distribution board are properly earthed.
❑ Test the Earthing System:
❖ Use an earth resistance tester to measure the resistance of the earthing system.
❖ The resistance should be less than 5 ohms for residential installations (as per most standards).

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 Earthing of Residential Installation

Types of Earthing Systems for Residential Installations

❑ TT System:
❖ The consumer has a local earth electrode, and the neutral is earthed at the transformer.
❖ Common in rural areas or where the supply authority does not provide an earth.
❑ TN-S System:
❖ Separate earth (PE) and neutral (N) conductors are provided by the supply authority.
❖ The earth and neutral are connected only at the source.
❑ TN-C-S System:
❖ Combined neutral and earth (PEN) conductor up to the consumer's premises, then split
into separate neutral and earth conductors.
❖ Also known as a "protective multiple earthing" (PME) system.

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Earthing of Residential Installation

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 Detailed Estimate and Costing for Residential Installation

Preparing a detailed estimate and costing for a residential installation involves a systematic
approach to ensure accuracy and completeness. Below is a step-by-step sequence to follow:

Understand the Project Requirements

❖ Review the Project Scope: Understand the type of residential installation (e.g., electrical,
plumbing, HVAC, etc.).
❖ Gather Design Drawings: Obtain architectural, structural, and MEP (Mechanical, Electrical,
Plumbing) drawings.
❖ Specifications: Review material specifications, quality standards, and any special requirements.
❖ Site Visit: Conduct a site inspection to assess existing conditions, accessibility, and potential
challenges.

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 Detailed Estimate and Costing for Residential Installation

Prepare a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

❖ Divide the project into smaller, manageable components (e.g., foundation, walls, roofing,

electrical wiring, plumbing, etc.).

❖ Break down each component into specific tasks (e.g., excavation, concrete pouring, wiring,

fixture installation).

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 Detailed Estimate and Costing for Residential Installation

Quantify Materials (Takeoff)

❖ Measure Quantities: Use drawings to calculate the quantities of materials required (e.g.,

length of wires, number of pipes, volume of concrete).

❖ Use Software Tools: Utilize estimating software (e.g., AutoCAD, Revit, or specialized

estimating tools) for accurate takeoffs.

❖ Include Wastage: Add a percentage for material wastage (typically 5-10%, depending on the

material).

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 Detailed Estimate and Costing for Residential Installation

Prepare a Bill of Quantities (BOQ)

❖ List all materials, labor, and equipment required for each task.

❖ Organize the BOQ by work categories (e.g., electrical, plumbing, structural).

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 Detailed Estimate and Costing for Residential Installation

Determine Labor Costs

❖ Estimate Labor Hours: Calculate the number of labor hours required for each task.

❖ Labor Rates: Use local wage rates or union rates to calculate labor costs.

❖ Include Overheads: Add costs for supervision, insurance, and other labor-related expenses.

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