SECTION 11.

1 Sequences 773

all n.) We know that a 1 , 6, so the assertion is true for n − 1. Suppose it is true for
n − k. Then
ak , 6

so a k 1 6 , 12
1
and 2 sa k 1 6d , 12 s12d − 6

Thus a k11 , 6

This shows, by mathematical induction, that a n , 6 for all n.

Since the sequence ha n j is increasing and bounded, Theorem 12 guarantees that it
has a limit. The theorem doesn’t tell us what the value of the limit is. But now that we
know L − lim n l ` a n exists, we can use the given recurrence relation to write

lim a n11 − lim 12 sa n 1 6d − 12 a lim an 1 6b − 12 sL 1 6d

nl` nl` nl`

A proof of this fact is requested in Since a n l L, it follows that a n11 l L too (as n l `, n 1 1 l ` also). So we have
Exercise !".
L − 12 sL 1 6d

Solving this equation for L, we get L − 6, as we predicted. ■

11.1 EXERCISES
1. (a) What is a sequence? 17–22 Find a formula for the general term a n of the sequence,
(b) What does it mean to say that lim n l ` a n − 8? assuming that the pattern of the !rst few terms continues.
(c) What does it mean to say that lim n l ` a n − `?
17. 5 , , , , 6
O
1 1 1 1 1
2 4 6 8 10 , . . .
2. (a) What is a convergent sequence? Give two examples.
18. 54, 21, , 2 1
4
1 1
16 , 64 , . . .6
(b) What is a divergent sequence? Give two examples.
19. 523, . . .6
2, 234 , 89 , 227
16
3–16 List the !rst !ve terms of the sequence.
O
20. h5, 8, 11, 14, 17, . . .j
,

1
O 3. a n − n3 2 1 4. a n −
3n 1 1
O
21. 5 , 2 , , 2 , , . . . 6
1
2
4 9
3 4
16 25
5 6

5. h2 n 1 nj n−2
`
6. H J n2 2 1
n2 1 1
`

n−3
22. h1, 0, 21, 0, 1, 0, 21, 0, . . .j

s21d n21
s21d n
23–26 Calculate, to four decimal places, the !rst ten terms of the
O 7. a n −
n2
8. a n −
4n sequence and use them to plot the graph of the sequence by hand.
Does the sequence appear to have a limit? If so, calculate it. If not,
O
9. a n − cos n!
s22d n
10. a n − 1 1 s21d n
2n 1 1
explain why.

O
11. a n −
sn 1 1d!
12. a n −
n! 1 1 23. a n −
3n
1 1 6n
24. a n − 2 1
s21d n
n
13. a1 − 1, a n11 − 2a n 1 1
10 n
25. a n − 1 1 (2 12 )
n
an 26. a n − 1 1
14. a1 − 6, a n11 − 9n
n
an 27– 62 Determine whether the sequence converges or diverges.
15. a1 − 2, a n11 −
1 1 an If it converges, !nd the limit.
16. a1 − 2, a 2 − 1, a n11 − a n 2 a n21 5
O 27. a n −
n12
28. a n − 5sn 1 2

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
774 CHAPTER 11 Sequences, Series, and Power Series

4n 2 2 3n 4n 2 2 3n n 2 cos n
O29. a n −
2n 2 1 1
30. a n −
2n 1 1
67. a n −
1 1 n2
n4 1 ! 3 ! 5 ! " " " ! s2n 2 1d
31. a n − 3
32. a n − 2 1 s0.86d n 68. a n −
n 2 2n n!
3 sn 1 ! 3 ! 5 ! " " " ! s2n 2 1d

O
33. a n − 3n 72n 34. a n − 69. a n −
sn 1 2 s2nd n
4n
35. a n − e21ysn 36. a n −
1 1 9n 70. (a) Determine whether the sequence de!ned as follows is

O
37. a n − Î 1 1 4n 2
1 1 n2
38. a n − cos S Dn!
n11
convergent or divergent:
a1 − 1 an11 − 4 2 an for n > 1
(b) What happens if the !rst term is a1 − 2 ?
n2

O
2nysn12d
39. a n − 40. a n − e 71. If $1000 is invested at 6% interest, compounded annually,
sn 3 1 4n then after n years the investment is worth a n − 1000s1.06d n
s21d n s21d n11 n dollars.
41. a n − 42. a n − (a) Find the !rst !ve terms of the sequence ha n j.
2s n n 1 sn
(b) Is the sequence convergent or divergent? Explain.

43. H s2n 2 1 d!
s2n 1 1d!
J 44. H J ln n
lns2nd
72. If you deposit $100 at the end of every month into an
account#that pays 3% interest per year compounded
tan21 n monthly, the amount of interest accumulated after n months
45. {sin n} 46. a n − is given by the sequence
n
47. hn 2e 2n j
cos 2n
48. a n − lnsn 1 1d 2 ln n
In − 100 S 1.0025 n 2 1
0.0025
2n D
49. a n − 50. a n − s 2 n 113n
2n (a) Find the !rst six terms of the sequence.
(b) How much interest will you have earned after two years?
51. a n − n sins1ynd 52. a n − 2 cos n! 2n

S D 73. A !sh farmer has 5000 cat!sh in his pond. The number of
n
2
53. a n − 1 1 54. a n − n1yn cat!sh increases by 8% per month and the farmer harvests
n
300 cat!sh per month.
55. a n − lns2n 2 1 1d 2 lnsn 2 1 1d (a) Show that the cat!sh population Pn after n months is
given recursively by
sln nd 2
56. a n −
n Pn − 1.08Pn21 2 300 P0 − 5000
57. a n − arctansln nd (b) Find the number of cat!sh in the pond after six months.
58. a n − n 2 sn 1 1 sn 1 3 74. Find the !rst 40 terms of the sequence de!ned by
59. h0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, . . .j
60. 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 5, 4, 6, . . . 6
a n11 − H 1
2 an if a n is an even number
3a n 1 1 if a n is an odd number

n! s23d n and a1 − 11. Do the same if a1 − 25. Make a conjecture

61. a n − 62. a n − about this type of sequence.
2n n!
75. For what values of r is the sequence hnr n j convergent?
; 63–69 Use a graph of the sequence to decide whether the 76. (a) If ha n j is convergent, show that
sequence is convergent or divergent. If the sequence is conver-
gent, guess the value of the limit from the graph and then prove lim a n11 − lim a n
nl` nl`
your guess.
(b) A sequence ha n j is de!ned by a 1 − 1 and
n sin n a n11 − 1ys1 1 a n d for n > 1. Assuming that ha n j is
63. a n − s21d n
64. a n −
n11 n convergent, !nd its limit.

65. a n − arctan S Dn2

n 142
66. a n − s
n
3n 1 5n
77. Suppose you know that ha n j is a decreasing sequence and
all its terms lie between the numbers 5 and 8. Explain why

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786 CHAPTER 11 Sequences, Series, and Power Series

`
1 `
s21d n21 33–50 Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent.
9. o 4 2
n−1 n 1 n
10. o
n−1 n! If it is convergent, !nd its sum.
1 1 1 1 1
; 11–14 Find at least 10 partial sums of the series. Graph both the
sequence of terms and the sequence of partial sums on the same
O 33.
3
1 1 1
6 9 12
1
15
1 """

screen. Does it appear that the series is convergent or divergent? 1 2 3 4 5 6

34. 1 1 1 1 1 1 """
If it is convergent, !nd the sum. If it is divergent, explain why. 2 3 4 5 6 7
`
6 `
2 4 8 16 32
o o cos n
O
11. 12. 35. 1 1 1 1 1 """
n−1 s23d
n
n−1 5 25 125 625 3125
`
n `
7 n11
13. o 14. o 10 n 36.
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 """
n−1 sn 2 1 4 n−1
3
1 1
9 27
1
81
1
243
1
729

2n `
21n `
k2
15. Let a n −
3n 1 1
. 37. o
n−1 1 2 2n
38. o 2
k−1 k 2 2k 1 5

(a) Determine whether ha n j is convergent. ` `

(b) Determine whether !`n−1 a n is convergent. 39. o 3 n11 42n
n−1
40. o fs20.2d n 1 s0.6d n21 g
n−1
16. (a) Explain the difference between
`
1 `
2n 1 4n
n n 41. o 42. o
o ai o aj n−1 4 1 e en
2n
and n−1
i−1 j−1
` `
1
(b) Explain the difference between 43. o ssin 100d k
k−1
44. o
n−1 1 1 ( )
2 n
n n 3

o ai
i−1
and

17–22 Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent

o aj
i−1
45.
`

o ln
n−1
S 2
n 11
2n 2 1 1
D 46.
`

o (s2 )2k
k−0

by expressing sn as a telescoping sum (as in Example 2). If it is

convergent, !nd its sum. 47.
`

o arctan n 48. o
`

S 3
n 1
2
D
S D S D
n−1 n−1 5 n

S D
`
1 1 `
1 1
17. o 2 18. o 2 `
1 1 `
en
n−1 n12 n n−4 sn sn 1 1 49. o
n−1 en
1
nsn 1 1d
50. o
n−1 n2
`
3 `
n
19. o
n−1 nsn 1 3d
20. o ln n 1 1
n−1

` `
1 51. Let x − 0.99999 . . . .
21. o (e 1yn 2 e 1ysn11d)
n−1
22. o 3
n−2 n 2 n (a) Do you think that x , 1 or x − 1?
(b) Sum a geometric series to !nd the value of x.
(c) How many decimal representations does the number 1
23–32 Determine whether the geometric series is convergent or
have?
divergent. If it is convergent, !nd its sum.
(d) Which numbers have more than one decimal

O23. 3 2 4 1 16 24. 4 1 3 1 94 1 27
64
3 2 9 1 """ 16 1 " " " representation?

25. 10 2 2 1 0.4 2 0.08 1 " " " 52. A sequence of terms is de!ned by
26. 2 1 0.5 1 0.125 1 0.03125 1 " " " a1 − 1 a n − s5 2 nda n21
` `
5
Oo
27.
n−1
12s0.73d n21 28. o
n−1 !n
Calculate o `n−1 a n.

53–58 Express the number as a ratio of integers.

`
s23d n21 `
3 n11
Oo
29.
n−1

`
e
4n
2n
30. o
n−0 s22d

`
n

6!2 2n21
O
53. 0.8 − 0.8888 . . .

31. o
n−1 6 n21
32. o
n−1 3n
54. 0.46 − 0.46464646 . . .

O55. 2.516 − 2.516516516 . . .

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 11.2 Series 787

56. 10.135 − 10.135353535 . . . 73. A patient takes 150 mg of a drug at the same time every
day. It is known that the body eliminates 95% of the drug in

057. 1.234567 58. 5.71358 24#hours.

(a) What quantity of the drug is in the body after the third
59–66 Find the values of x for which the series converges. Find tablet? After the nth tablet?
the sum of the series for those values of x. (b) What quantity of the drug remains in the body in the
long run?
` `
59. o s25d n x n
n−1
60. o sx 1 2d n
n−1
74. After injection of a dose D of insulin, the concentration of
insulin in a patient’s system decays exponentially and so it
`
sx 2 2d n ` can be written as De2at, where t represents time in hours
61. o
n−0 3n
62. o s24d n sx 2 5d n
n−0
and a is a positive constant.
(a) If a dose D is injected every T hours, write an expres-
`
2n `
xn sion for the sum of the residual concentrations just
63. o n
n−0 x
64. o n
n−0 2
before the sn 1 1dst injection.
(b) Determine the limiting pre-injection concentration.
` `
sin n x (c) If the concentration of insulin must always remain at or
65. o e nx
n−0
66. o
n−0 3n above a critical value C, determine a minimal dosage D
in terms of C, a, and T.

67–68 Use the partial fraction command on a computer algebra 75. When money is spent on goods and services, those who
system to !nd a convenient expression for the partial sum, and receive the money also spend some of it. The people receiv-
then use this expression to !nd the sum of the series. Check your ing some of the twice-spent money will spend some of that,
answer by using the CAS to sum the series directly. and so on. Economists call this chain reaction the multiplier
effect. In a hypothetical isolated community, the local gov-
`
3n 2 1 3n 1 1 `
1 ernment begins the process by spending D dollars. Suppose
67. o
n−1 sn 2 1 nd 3
68. o 5 3
n−3 n 2 5n 1 4n that each recipient of spent money spends 100c% and saves
100s% of the money that he or she receives. The values c
69. If the nth partial sum of a series !`n−1 a n is and s are called the marginal propensity to consume and the
marginal propensity to save and, of course, c 1 s − 1.
n21 (a) Let Sn be the total spending that has been generated
sn − after n transactions. Find an equation for Sn.
n11
(b) Show that lim n l ` Sn − kD, where k − 1ys. The number
!nd a n and !`n−1 a n. k is called the multiplier. What is the multiplier if the
marginal propensity to consume is 80%?
70. If the nth partial sum of a series !`n−1 a n is sn − 3 2 n 2 2n,
Note: The federal government uses this principle to justify
!nd a n and !`n−1 a n.
de!cit spending. Banks use this principle to justify lending a
71. A doctor prescribes a 100-mg antibiotic tablet to be taken large percentage of the money that they receive in deposits.
every eight hours. It is known that the body eliminates 75% 76. A certain ball has the property that each time it falls from a
of the drug in eight hours. height h onto a hard, level surface, it rebounds to a height
(a) How much of the drug is in the body just after the rh, where 0 , r , 1. Suppose that the ball is dropped from
second tablet is taken? After the third tablet? an initial height of H meters.
(b) If Q n is the quantity of the antibiotic in the body just (a) Assuming that the ball continues to bounce inde!nitely,
after the nth tablet is taken, !nd an equation that !nd the total distance that it travels.
expresses Q n11 in terms of Q n. (b) Calculate the total time that the ball travels. (Use the
(c) What quantity of the antibiotic remains in the body in fact that the ball falls 12 tt 2 meters in t seconds.)
the long run? (c) Suppose that each time the ball strikes the surface with
velocity v it rebounds with velocity 2k v, where
72. A patient is injected with a drug every 12 hours. Immedi-
0 , k , 1. How long will it take for the ball to come
ately before each injection the concentration of the drug has
to rest?
been reduced by 90% and the new dose increases the con-
centration by 1.5 mgyL . `

(a) What is the concentration after three doses? 77. Find the value of c if o s1 1 cd2n − 2.
n−2
(b) If C n is the concentration after the nth dose, !nd a
`
formula for C n as a function of n.
(c) What is the limiting value of the concentration?
78. Find the value of c such that o e nc − 10.
n−0

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
796 CHAPTER 11 Sequences, Series, and Power Series

y y=ƒ (Notice that this inequality depends on the fact that f is decreasing.) Likewise, Figure 6
shows that

y
n
5 f sxd dx < a 1 1 a 2 1 ! ! ! 1 a n21
an-1 1

(i) If y f sxd dx is convergent, then (4) gives

`
a¡ a™ a£ a¢
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 ... n x
n

o a i < y1 f sxd dx < y1

n `
f sxd dx
FIGURE 6 i−2

since f sxd > 0. Therefore

n

o a i < a 1 1 y1
`
sn − a 1 1 f sxd dx − M, say
i−2

Since sn < M for all n, the sequence hsn j is bounded above. Also

sn11 − sn 1 a n11 > sn

since a n11 − f sn 1 1d > 0. Thus hsn j is an increasing bounded sequence and so it is

convergent by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem (11.1.12). This means that ! a n is
convergent.
(ii) If y1` f sxd dx is divergent, then y1n f sxd dx l ` as n l ` because f sxd > 0. But
(5) gives
n21

y o a i − sn21
n
f sxd dx <
1 i−1

and so sn21 l `. This implies that sn l ` and so ! a n diverges. ■

11.3 Exercises
1. Draw a picture to show that `
n2 `

o 3 o n 2e2n
3

`
1 1 O 7.
n−2 n 1 1
8.
n−1

o 1.5 ,y
`
dx `
1 `
tan21n
n−2 n x 1.5
o o
O
1
9. 3 10. 2
n−2 nsln nd n−1 1 1 n
What can you conclude about the series?
2. Suppose f is a continuous positive decreasing function for 11–28 Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent.
x > 1 and an − f snd. By drawing a picture, rank the follow- `
1 `

o s2 o n 20.9999
ing three quantities in increasing order:
5 6
O 11.
n−1 n
12.
n−3

y o ai o ai 1 1 1 1
6
f sxd dx
1 i−1 i−2
O
13. 1 1 1
8 27
1
64
1
125
1 !!!

3–10 Use the Integral Test to determine whether the series is 1 1 1 1 1

14. 1 1 1 1 1 !!!
convergent or divergent. 5 7 9 11 13
` `
1 1 1 1 1
o n23 o n20.3
O3.
n−1
4.
n−1
15.
3
1 1
7 11
1
15
1
19
1!!!

`
2 `
1 1 1 1 1
o o
O5. 6. 16. 1 1 1 1 1 1!!!
n−1 5n 2 1 n−1 s3n 2 1d
4
2 s2 3s3 4 s4 5 s5

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 11.3 The Integral Test and Estimates of Sums 797

`
sn 1 4 `
sn Use Euler’s result to "nd the sum of the series.
o o
SD
17. 18. 4
n−1 n2 n−1 1 1 n
3y2 `
3 `
1
(a) o n
(b) o
k−5 sk 2 2d
4
`
1 `
1 n−1

o 2 o 2
O
19.
n−1 n 1 4
20.
n−1 n 1 2n 1 2
38. (a) Find the partial sum s10 of the series o `n−1 1yn 4. Estimate
`
n3 `
3n 2 4
21. o o the error in using s10 as an approximation to the sum
O n−1
4
n 14
22.
n−3 n 2 2 2n of the series.
(b) Use (3) with n − 10 to give an improved estimate of the
`
1 `
ln n
23. o
n−2 n ln n
24. o
n−2 n2
sum.
(c) Compare your estimate in part (b) with the exact value
` ` given in Exercise 37.
o ke2k o ke2k
2
25. 26. (d) Find a value of n so that sn is within 0.00001 of the sum.
k−1 k−1

O
39. (a) Use the sum of the "rst 10 terms to estimate the sum of
`
1 `
n
27. o 2 3
n−1 n 1 n
28. o 4
n−1 n 1 1
the series !`n−1 1yn 2. How good is this estimate?
(b) Improve this estimate using (3) with n − 10.
(c) Compare your estimate in part (b) with the exact value
29–30 Explain why the Integral Test can’t be used to determine given in Exercise 36.
whether the series is convergent. (d) Find a value of n that will ensure that the error in the
approximation s < sn is less than 0.001.
`
cos " n `
cos 2 n
O
29. o
n−1 sn
30. o
n−1 1 1 n
2 40. Find the sum of the series o `n−1 ne 22n correct to four decimal
places.

31–34 Find the values of p for which the series is convergent. 41. Estimate o `n−1 s2n 1 1d26 correct to "ve decimal places.
`
1 `
1 42. How many terms of the series o `n−2 1yfnsln nd 2 g would you
31. o
n−2 nsln nd p
32. o
n−3 n ln n flnsln ndg p need#to add to "nd its sum to within 0.01 ?
` `
ln n 43. Show that if we want to approximate the sum of the series
33. o ns1 1 n 2 d p
n−1
34. o
n−1 np
o `n−1 n21.001#so that the error is less than 5 in the ninth decimal
place, then we need to add more than 1011,301 terms!
44. (a) Show that the series o `n−1 sln nd2yn2 is convergent.
35–37 The Riemann Zeta Function The function # de"ned by
(b) Find an upper bound for the error in the approxima-
`
1 tion s < sn .
#ssd − o s
n−1 n
(c) What is the smallest value of n such that this upper bound
is less than 0.05 ?
where s is a complex number, is called the Riemann zeta function. (d) Find sn for this value of n.
35. For which real numbers x is #sxd de"ned? 45. (a) Use (4) to show that if sn is the nth partial sum of the
harmonic series, then
36. Leonhard Euler was able to calculate the exact sum of the
p-series with p − 2: sn < 1 1 ln n
`
1 "2 (b) The harmonic series diverges, but very slowly. Use
#s2d − o 2
n−1 n
−
6
part (a) to show that the sum of the "rst million terms is
less than 15 and the sum of the "rst billion terms is less
Use this fact to "nd the sum of each series. than 22.
`
1 `
1 46. Use the following steps to show that the sequence
(a) o 2
n−2 n
(b) o
n−3 sn 1 1d
2
1 1 1
tn − 1 1 1 1 ! ! ! 1 2 ln n
`
1 2 3 n
(c) o s2nd2
n−1 has a limit. (The value of the limit is denoted by ! and is
37. Euler also found the sum of the p-series with p − 4: called Euler’s constant.)
(a) Draw a picture like Figure 6 with f sxd − 1yx and
`
1 "4 interpret tn as an area [or use (5)] to show that tn . 0 for
#s4d − o 4
n−1 n
−
90 all n.

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
802 CHAPTER 11 Sequences, Series, and Power Series

Therefore the remainder Rn for the given series satis!es

1
Rn < Tn <
2n 2
With n − 100 we have
1
R100 < − 0.00005
2s100d2
Using a calculator or a computer, we !nd that
100
`
1 1
o 3
n−1 n 1 1
< o 3
n−1 n 1 1
< 0.6864538

with error less than 0.00005. ■

11.4 Exercises
1. Suppose ! a n and ! bn are series with positive terms and ! bn 6. Which of the following inequalities can be used to show that
is known to be convergent. !`n−1 nysn 2 1 1d diverges?
(a) If a n . bn for all n, what can you say about ! a n? Why?
n 1 n 1
(b) If a n , bn for all n, what can you say about ! a n? Why? (a) 2
> 2 (b) 2
<
n 11 n 11 n 11 n
2. Suppose ! a n and ! bn are series with positive terms and ! bn
is known to be divergent. n 1
(c) >
(a) If a n . bn for all n, what can you say about ! a n? Why? n2 1 1 2n
(b) If a n , bn for all n, what can you say about ! a n? Why?
7–40 Determine whether the series converges or diverges.
O3. (a) Use the Direct Comparison Test to show that the !rst
series converges by comparing it to the second series. `

o 3
1
o
`
1
`

o 3
n `

o 2
1 O 7.
n−1 n 1 8
8.
n−2 sn 2 1
n−2 n 1 5 n−2 n `
n11 `
n21
(b) Use the Limit Comparison Test to show that that the !rst
9. o
n−1 nsn
10. o 3
n−1 n 1 1
series converges by comparing it to the second series.
`
9n `
6n
o
`
n
o
`
1 11. o
n−1 3 1 10
n 12. o n
n−1 5 2 1
n−2 n3 2 5 n−2 n2

O
4. (a) Use the Direct Comparison Test to show that the !rst
`
1 `
k sin 2 k
series diverges by comparing it to the second series.
13. o
n−2 ln n
14. o
k−1 1 1 k
3

`
n2 1 n `
1
o 3
n−2 n 2 2
o
n−2 n 15. o
`
s
3
k
16. o
`
s2k 2 1dsk 2 2 1d
k−1 sk 3 1 4k 1 3 k−1 sk 1 1dsk 2 1 4d2
(b) Use the Limit Comparison Test to show that that the !rst
series diverges by comparing it to the second series. `
1 1 cos n `
1
17. o en
18. o
`
n2 2 n `
1
n−1 n−1 s3n 4 1 1
3

o 3
n−2 n 1 2
o
n−2 n `
4 n11 `
1
o n o n
5. Which of the following inequalities can be used to show that
!`n−1 nysn3 1 1d converges?
O19.
n−1 3 2 2
20.
n−1 n

`
1 `
2
(a)
n
> 3
1
(b)
n
<
1 21. o 22. o
n3 1 1 n 11 n3 1 1 n
n−1 sn 1 1 2 n−1 sn 1 2

n 1 `
n11 `
n2 1 n 1 1
(c) o 3 o
O
3
< 2 23. 24.
n 11 n n−1 n 1 n n−1 n4 1 n2

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 SECTION 11.5 Alternating Series and Absolute Convergence 803

`
s1 1 n `
n12 diverges. [Hint: Use Formula 6.3.7 sx r − e r ln x d and the fact
25. o
n−1 21n
26. o
n−3 sn 1 1d
3 that ln x , sx for x > 1.]
`
5 1 2n `
n 1 3n 48. (a) Suppose that ! a n and ! bn are series with positive terms
27. o
n−1 s1 1 n d
2 2 28. o
n−1 n 1 2
n and ! bn is convergent. Prove that if
an
`
en 1 1 `
1 lim −0
29. o n
n−1 ne 1 1
30. o nl` bn
n−2 n sn 2 2 1
then ! a n is also convergent.
`
2 1 sin n `
n 2 1 cos 2 n
31. o 32. o (b) Use part (a) to show that the series converges.

S D
n−1 n2 n−1 n3

S D
`
ln n `
1
`
1 2 `
e 1yn (i) o n3
(ii) o 1 2 cos
n2
33. o
n−1
11
n
e 2n 34. o
n−1 n
n−1 n−1

49. (a) Suppose that ! a n and ! bn are series with positive terms
`
1 `
n! and ! bn is divergent. Prove that if
o o n
O35.
n−1 n!
36.
n−1 n

37. o sinS D SD
an
1
` `
1 lim −`
o sin bn
O n
2 nl`
38.
n−1 n−1 n
then ! a n is also divergent.
`
1 1 `
1 (b) Use part (a) to show that the series diverges.
39. o
n−1 n
tan
n
40. o
n−1 n 111yn `
1 `
ln n
(i) o
n−2 ln n
(ii) o
n−1 n
41–44 Use the sum of the !rst 10 terms to approximate the sum
of the series. Estimate the error. 50. Give an example of a pair of series ! a n and ! bn with positive
1yn terms where lim n l ` sa nybnd − 0 and ! bn diverges, but ! a n
`
1 `
e
o o
O41.
n−1 5 1 n5
42.
n−1 n4
converges. (Compare with Exercise 48.)

51. Show that if a n . 0 and lim n l ` na n ± 0, then ! a n is

` `
1
Oo o
43. 5 2n cos 2 n 44. divergent.
n−1 n−1 3n 1 4n
52. Show that if a n . 0 and ! a n is convergent, then ! lns1 1 a n d
is convergent.
45. The meaning of the decimal representation of a number
0.d1 d2 d3 . . . (where the digit d i is one of the numbers 0, 1, 53. If ! a n is a convergent series with positive terms, is it true that
2, . . . , 9) is that ! sinsand is also convergent?
d1 d2 d3 d4 54. Prove that if a n > 0 and ! a n converges, then ! a n2 also
0.d1 d2 d3 d4 . . . − 1 1 1 1 """
10 10 2 10 3 10 4 converges.
Show that this series converges for all choices of d1, d2, . . . . 55. Let ! an and ! bn be series with positive terms. Is each of the
following statements true or false? If the statement is false,
46. For what values of p does the series o `
n−2 1ysn ln nd
p
give an example that disproves the statement.
converge?
(a) If ! a n and ! bn are divergent, then ! an bn is divergent.
47. Show that (b) If ! a n converges and ! bn diverges, then ! an bn
`
1 diverges.
o
n−2 sln nd
ln ln n
(c) If ! a n and ! bn are convergent, then ! an bn is convergent.

11.5 Alternating Series and Absolute Convergence

The convergence tests that we have looked at so far apply only to series with positive
terms. In this section and the next we learn how to deal with series whose terms are not
necessarily positive. Of particular importance are alternating series, whose terms alter-
nate in sign.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
810 CHAPTER 11 Sequences, Series, and Power Series

order of the terms. For instance, a rearrangement of ! a n could start as follows:

a 1 1 a 2 1 a 5 1 a 3 1 a 4 1 a 15 1 a 6 1 a 7 1 a 20 1 ! ! !

It turns out that

if ! a n is an absolutely convergent series with sum s,
then any rearrangement of ! a n has the same sum s.
However, any conditionally convergent series can be rearranged to give a different sum.
To illustrate this fact let’s consider the alternating harmonic series from Example 1. In
Exercise 50 you are asked to show that

4 1 2 12 1 13 2 14 1 15 2 16 1 17 2 18 1 ! ! ! − ln 2

If we multiply this series by 12, we get

1
2 2 14 1 16 2 18 1 ! ! ! − 12 ln 2

Adding these zeros does not a!ect Inserting zeros between the terms of this series, we have
the sum of the series; each term in
the sequence of partial sums is 5 0 1 12 1 0 2 14 1 0 1 16 1 0 2 18 1 ! ! ! − 12 ln 2
repeated, but the limit is the same.
Now we add the series in Equations 4 and 5 using Theorem 11.2.8:

6 1 1 13 2 12 1 15 1 17 2 14 1 ! ! ! − 32 ln 2

Notice that the series in (6) contains the same terms as in (4) but rearranged so that one
negative term occurs after each pair of positive terms. The sums of these series, however,
are different. In fact, Riemann proved that
if ! a n is a conditionally convergent series and r is any real number what-
soever, then there is a rearrangement of ! a n that has a sum equal to r.
A proof of this fact is outlined in Exercise 52.

11.5 Exercises
1. (a) What is an alternating series? ` `
sn
(b) Under what conditions does an alternating series 9. o s21d n e2n
n−1
10. o s21d n 2n 1 3
n−1
converge?
(c) If these conditions are satis"ed, what can you say `
n2 `
n
about the remainder after n terms? 11. o s21d n11
n−1
3
n 14
12. o s21d n 2 n
n−1

2–20 Test the series for convergence or divergence. ` `

2. 2
3
2
2 1 2 1
5
2
7
2
9
2
11 2 !!!
13. o s21d n21e 2yn
n−1
14. o s21d n21 arctan n
n−1

6 8 10
3. 252 4
1 2 1 2
6 7 8 9 1 !!! `
sin(n 1 12 ) ! `
n cos n!
1 1 1 1 1
15. o
n−0 1 1 sn
16. o
n−1 2n
4. 2 1 2 1 2 !!!
ln 3 ln 4 ln 5 ln 6 ln 7 ` `
! !
`
s21d n21 `
s21d n11 17. o s21d n sin n
18. o s21d n cos n
5. o 3 1 5n
6. o n−1 n−1
n−1 n−0 sn 1 1 `
n2 `
`
3n 2 1 `
n2 19. o s21d n 5n 20. o s21d n (sn 1 1 2 sn )
7. o s21d n 8. o s21d n 2 n−1 n−1
n−1 2n 11 n−1 n 1n11

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 11.5 Alternating Series and Absolute Convergence 811

O (b) convergent?
21. (a) What does it mean for a series to be absolutely 41–44 Approximate the sum of the series correct to four
decimal places.
What does it mean for a series to be conditionally `
s21d n `
s21d n11
convergent? 41. o s2nd!
42. o n6
(c) If the series of positive terms !`n−1 bn converges, then n−1 n−1

what can you say about the series !`n−1 s21d n bn? ` `
s21d n21
22–34 Determine whether the series is absolutely convergent, 43. o s21d n ne 22n
n−1
44. o
n−1 n4n
conditionally convergent, or divergent.
`
s21dn `
s21dn21 45. Is the 50th partial sum s50 of the alternating series
o o
O
22. 23.
n−1 n4 n−1 s
3
n2 !`n−1 s21dn21yn an overestimate or an underestimate of the
total sum? Explain.
`
n2 `
s21d n
o s21dn11
Oo
24. 2
25. 46 – 48 For what values of p is each series convergent?
n−0 n 11 n−1 5n 1 1
`
s21d n21
`
2n `
s21dn 46. o
o o np
O
26. 2 27. n−1
n−1 n 11 n−1 n2 1 1
`
s21d n `
sln nd p
`
sin n `
1 1 2 sin n 47. o 48. o s21d n21
o o
O
28. 29. n−1 n 1 p n−2 n
n−1 2n n−1 n3
`
n `
s21d n 49. Show that the series ! s21d n21bn , where bn − 1yn if n is odd
30. o s21d n21 n 2 1 4
n−1
31. o
n−2 ln n and bn − 1yn 2 if n is even, is divergent. Why does the Alter-
nating Series Test not apply?
`
n `
cos n!
32. o s21dn
n−1 sn 1 2
3
O 33. o
n−1 3n 1 2
50. Use the following steps to show that

s21dn
`
s21d n21
o
`
− ln 2
34. o
n−2 n ln n n−1 n

Let h n and sn be the partial sums of the harmonic and alter-

nating harmonic series.
; 35–36 Graph both the sequence of terms and the sequence of
partial sums on the same screen. Use the graph to make a rough (a) Show that s2n − h 2n 2 h n .
estimate of the sum of the series. Then use the Alternating (b) From Exercise 11.3.46 we have
Series Estimation Theorem to estimate the sum correct to four
h n 2 ln n l " as n l `
decimal places.
`
s20.8d n `
n and therefore
35. o
n−1 n!
36. o s21d n21 8 n
n−1
h 2n 2 lns2nd l " as n l `

37–40 Show that the series is convergent. How many terms of Use these facts together with part (a) to show that
the#series do we need to add in order to "nd the sum to the s2n l ln 2 as n l `.
indicated accuracy?
51. Given any series ! a n, we de"ne a series ! a 1n whose terms
`
s21d n11
37. o n6
( | error | , 0.00005) are all the positive terms of ! a n and a series ! a 2n whose
n−1 terms are all the negative terms of ! a n . To be speci"c, we let
`
(213 ) n ( error , 0.0005) an 1 an | | a n 2 an | |
38. o
n−1 n
| | a 1n −
2
a 2n −
2
`
s21d n21
39. o n2 2n
( | error | , 0.0005) Notice that if a n . 0, then a 1n − a n and a 2n − 0, whereas if
a n , 0, then a 2n − a n and a 1n − 0.
n−1

S D
(a) If ! a n is absolutely convergent, show that both of the
n
`
1 series ! a 1n and ! a 2n are convergent.
40. o 2
n
( | error | , 0.00005) (b) If ! a n is conditionally convergent, show that both of
n−1
the series ! a 1n and ! a 2n are divergent.

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
816 CHAPTER 11 Sequences, Series, and Power Series

11.6 Exercises
1. What can you say about the series ! a n in each of the follow- 21–26 Use the Root Test to determine whether the series is
ing cases? convergent or divergent.

(a) lim
nl`
Z Z a n11
an
−8
O
21. o
`

n−1
S n2 1 1
2n 2 1 1
D n

22. o
`

n−1
s22d n
nn

(b) lim Z Z a n11

− 0.8
23. o
`

n−2
s21d n21
sln nd n
24. o
`

n−1
S D 22n
n11
5n

S D
nl` an n2
`
1 `

o o sarctan nd n
Z Z
25. 11 26.
a n11 n−1 n n−0
(c) lim −1
nl` an
27–34 Use any test to determine whether the series is absolutely
2. Suppose that for the series ! a n we have lim n l ` a nyan11 − 2. | | convergent, conditionally convergent, or divergent.
| |
What is lim n l ` a n11ya n ? Does the series converge?

3–20 Use the Ratio Test to determine whether the series is O 27. o
`

n−2
s21d n ln n
n O 28. o
`

n−1
S 12n
2 1 3n
D n

convergent or divergent. `
s29d n `
n 5 2n
`
n `
s22d n
29. o n11
n−1 n10
30. o n11
n−1 10
o n o
O S D
3. 4.
n−1 5 n−1 n2 `
n n `
sinsn!y6d
o o
5.
`

o s21d n21
3n
6. o
`
s23d n O 31.
n−2 ln n
32.
n−1 1 1 nsn
2nn3 n−0 s2n 1 1d! s21d arctan n
` n

o
n−1
33.
n−1 n2
`
1 `

O7. o
k−1 k!
8. o ke2k
k−1
34. o
`

n−2
s21d n
sn ln n
fHint: ln x , sx .g
n
`
10 `
n!
o o
O
9. 10.
n−1 sn 1 1d 4 2n11 n−1 100 n
35. The terms of a series are de"ned recursively by the equations
n 10
`
n! `
n 5n 1 1
11. o s23d n21
12. o s210d n11 a1 − 2 a n11 − an
n−1 n−1 4n 1 3
`
cossn!y3d `
n! Determine whether ! a n converges or diverges.
13. o n!
14. o n
n−1 n
n−1 36. A series ! a n is de"ned by the equations
`
n 100
100 n `
s2nd! 2 1 cos n
15. o
n−1 n!
16. o
n−1 sn!d 2
a1 − 1 a n11 −
sn
an

2! 3! 4! Determine whether ! a n converges or diverges.

17. 1 2 1 2 1 !!!
1!3 1!3!5 1!3!5!7 37–38 Let hbnj be a sequence of positive numbers that converges
to 12 . Determine whether the given series is absolutely convergent.
n!
1 s21d n21 1 !!!
1 ! 3 ! 5 ! ! ! ! ! s2n 2 1d
`
bnn cos n! `
s21d n n!
37. o
n−1 n
38. o n
n−1 n b1 b 2 b 3 ! ! ! bn
2 2!5 2!5!8 2 ! 5 ! 8 ! 11
18. 1 1 1 1 !!!
3 3!5 3!5!7 3!5!7!9

O
39. For which of the following series is the Ratio Test inconclu-
`
2 ! 4 ! 6 ! ! ! ! ! s2nd sive (that is, it fails to give a de"nite answer)?
19. o n! `
1 `
n
o 3 o n
n−1
(a) (b)
n−1 n n−1 2
`
2 n n!
20. o s21d n 5 ! 8 ! 11 ! ! ! ! ! s3n 1 2d `
s23d n21 `
sn
n−1 (c) o (d) o
n−1 1 1 n
2
n−1 sn

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.