CHAPTER 7
1. Meaning of Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy
• The study of the structure of the human body.
• Example: Study of bones, muscles, heart, lungs, joints.
Physiology
• The study of the functions of different body parts.
• Example: How muscles contract, how lungs exchange gases, how heart pumps
blood.
2. Importance of Anatomy & Physiology in
Physical Education
1. Helps in designing training programs
2. Helps understand body movements
3. Prevents sports injuries
4. Improves performance by knowing limits of the body
5. Helps in recovery and rehabilitation
6. Helps in maintaining posture and fitness
3. Levels of Body Organization
1. Cells – basic unit of life
2. Tissues – group of similar cells
3. Organs – group of tissues
4. Organ Systems – group of organs
5. Organism – human body as a whole
4. Human Body Systems (Important for
Sports)
(A) Skeletal System
Functions:
• Gives shape & support
• Protects organs (skull → brain, ribs → lungs/heart)
• Helps in movement
• Produces blood cells (bone marrow)
• Stores minerals (calcium & phosphorus)
Types of Bones:
1. Long bones – femur, humerus
2. Short bones – carpals, tarsals
3. Flat bones – ribs, skull
4. Irregular bones – vertebrae
5. Sesamoid bones – patella
Types of Joints:
1. Fixed joints – skull
2. Slightly movable joints – vertebrae
3. Freely movable (synovial) joints:
a. Hinge (knee, elbow)
b. Ball & socket (shoulder, hip)
c. Pivot (neck)
d. Gliding (wrist, ankle)
(B) Muscular System
Types of Muscles:
1. Skeletal muscles – voluntary, attached to bones
2. Smooth muscles – involuntary, found in organs
3. Cardiac muscles – involuntary, found in heart
Functions of Muscles:
• Movement
• Maintaining posture
• Producing heat
• Joint stability
Muscle Contraction Types:
1. Isotonic contraction – muscle changes length
a. Concentric: muscle shortens
b. Eccentric: muscle lengthens
2. Isometric contraction – no change in length
a. Example: wall sit, plank
(C) Circulatory System
Components:
• Heart
• Blood
• Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
Functions:
• Transport oxygen & nutrients
• Remove waste (CO₂)
• Regulate body temperature
• Protect body via WBCs
Heart Rate Concepts:
• Resting Heart Rate (RHR) – heart beats at rest
• Maximum Heart Rate (MHR)
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• Stroke Volume – blood pumped per beat
• Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
(D) Respiratory System
Organs:
Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Lungs → Alveoli
Functions:
• Gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out)
• Supplies oxygen to muscles during exercise
Important Terms:
• Tidal Volume – air breathed in/out normally
• Vital Capacity – maximum air exhaled after full inhalation
• VO₂ Max – maximum oxygen body can use (indicator of endurance)
5. Effects of Exercise on Body Systems
(A) Effects on Muscular System
• Increased muscle size (hypertrophy)
• Greater strength & endurance
• Better flexibility
• Delayed fatigue
(B) Effects on Circulatory System
• Lower resting heart rate
• Stronger heart
• Increased blood flow
• Improved cardiac output
• Better stamina
(C) Effects on Respiratory System
• Increased lung capacity
• Improved breathing efficiency
• Better oxygen exchange
• Increased VO₂ max
(D) Effects on Skeletal System
• Stronger bones
• Increased bone density
• Better posture
• Reduced injury risk
6. Posture
Meaning
Posture is the alignment of body parts in standing, sitting or moving.
Types of Posture:
1. Correct posture – balanced alignment
2. Incorrect posture – leads to pain & deformities
Postural Deformities (Common):
1. Kyphosis – rounded upper back (hump)
2. Lordosis – excessive inward curve of lower back
3. Scoliosis – sideways curvature of spine
4. Flat foot
Causes of Postural Deformities:
• Weak muscles
• Poor sitting/standing habits
• Injury
• Overweight
• Lack of exercise
Corrective Measures:
• Stretching & strengthening exercises
• Proper posture habits
• Medical support (braces)
• Balanced diet
• Avoid heavy loads
7. Biomechanics & Movement
Basic Movements:
• Flexion – bending
• Extension – straightening
• Abduction – movement away from midline
• Adduction – movement towards midline
• Rotation – circular movement
• Circumduction – conical movement (shoulder/hip)