ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
REPORT ON THE SIMULATION OF SILICONE CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER(SCR) WITH A LAMP USING PROTEUS SOFTWARE
CLASS: BENG25EE
MODULE NAME: INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
MODULE CODE: EET G5102
INSTRUCTOR: DR PIUS VICTOR
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2025/2026
NAME: NASIBU MUSSA KIUNGIRA
REGISTRATION NUMBER: 250343417905
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 2
AIM OF THE SIMULATION
This Proteus simulation aimed at investigating the control of power (brightness) of a 500 W, 220
V theatre lamp using a Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) in a half-wave rectifier circuit supplied
with 220 V AC. The brightness is controlled by varying the firing angle (α) of the SCR.
COMPONENTS USED IN THE SIMULATION
i. AC Source – V1
• Produces a sinusoidal AC voltage.
• Rated about 220 V AC.
• This is the main power supply.
ii. Lamp -L1
• Represents a 220 V lamp/load.
• Connected in series with the SCR.
• Receives power only when SCR conducts
iii. SCR -U1
SCR works like a controlled switch.
It has:
• Anode (A)
• Cathode (K)
• Gate (G)
SCR conducts only when:
1. Anode is positive with respect to cathode
2. Gate pulse is applied
Once ON → it stays ON until current becomes zero.
iv. Pulse Generator (Gate triggering) -U2
• Generates pulse signals. These pulses decide when SCR turns ON.
• Controls delivered power by controlling firing and conduction angle.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF AN EXPERIMENT
Figure 1. Circuit diagram
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THE CIRCUIT
(a). Positive Half Cycle
• AC voltage becomes positive.
• SCR is forward biased but still OFF.
• When gate pulse arrives, SCR turns ON.
• Current flows through lamp.
• Lamp receives power.
(b). Negative Half Cycle
• SCR becomes reverse biased.
• Automatically turns OFF.
• No current flows.
• Load receives no power.
OUTPUT OF THE CIRCUIT
GRAPH 1
This graph shows Input Voltage & Gate Signals.
i. Green Wave generated from probe V1(+) and its obtained from measuring;
• Source voltage (VSINE)
ii. Red Pulses generated from probe U2(G) and used to represent gate triggering pulses and
determine firing instant.
Figure 2. Graph that shows input voltage and triggering pulses.
OBSERVATION:
• SCR turns ON only where gate pulse exists during positive half-cycle of the supply
voltage.
GRAPH 2 (LOAD CURRENT GRAPH)
This graph shows current through the lamp L1.
What happens:
• Current starts after firing angle α.
• Current flows only part of positive cycle.
• Drops to zero at zero crossing.
Figure 3. Graph of load current when firing angle is 0°
Figure 4. Graph showing load current when firing angle is 30°
Figure 5. Graph of load current when firing angle is 60°
Figure 6. Graph of load current when firing angle is 90°
OBSERVATION:
Power supplied depends on firing angle. Larger angle = smaller current = dim lamp.
GRAPH 3 SCR ANODE VOLTAGE U1(A)
Figure 7. Graph showing SCR anode voltage when firing angle is 0°
Figure 8. Graph showing SCR anode voltage when firing angle is 10°
Figure 8. Graph showing SCR anode voltage when firing angle is 75°
Figure 9. Graph showing SCR anode voltage when firing angle is 90°
OBSERVATION:
Before triggering:
• Full AC voltage appears across SCR.
After triggering:
• SCR ON. Voltage across SCR ≈ small (near zero)
CALCULATION OF RMS VOLTAGE AND CURRENT FOR EACH FIRING
ANGLE
From the circuit diagram:
• Supply voltage = 220 V
Therefore, peak voltage:
Vm = √2 × 220𝑉 = 311𝑉
And Irms
and lamp resistance can be calculated as follows:
Firing Angle α = 0°
α in radians = 0.0 rad
Vrms = 155.5 V
Irms = 1.61 A
Firing Angle α = 10°
α in radians = 0.1745 rad
Vrms = 155.41 V
Irms = 1.61 A
Firing Angle α = 30°
α in radians = 0.5236 rad
Vrms = 153.24 V
Irms = 1.58 A
Firing Angle α = 60°
α in radians = 1.0472 rad
Vrms = 139.47 V
Irms = 1.44 A
Firing Angle α = 75°
α in radians = 1.309 rad
Vrms = 126.61 V
Irms = 1.31 A
Firing Angle α = 90°
α in radians = 1.5708 rad
Vrms = 109.96 V
Irms = 1.14 A
CONCLUSION OF THE SIMULATION
From the results obtained, it is observed that as the firing angle increases, the RMS voltage and
RMS current decrease. Consequently, the lamp brightness reduces. Maximum brightness occurs
at α = 0°, while reduced brightness is observed at higher firing angles.