📚 UNIT 5: INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Touchpad AI | Class 9 | Code 417 | Pages 357–428

Shalini Harisukh & Anjana Virmani | Orange Education

1. Computer Problem Solving ke Steps

1. Understanding the problem – Main objective samjho, requirements gather karo

2. Analysing the problem – Chote parts mein todo, inputs/outputs identify karo
3. Developing the solution – Algorithm aur flowchart banao
4. Coding and implementation – Computer language mein likho

2. Control Structures (3 Types)

Type Kya Hota Hai

Sequential Flow Ek ke baad ek statements — default flow

Selection Flow Condition ke basis par branching (if-else)

Repetition Flow Loop — baar baar repeat karna

3. Algorithm

Definition: Step-by-step approach to identify and solve a problem in finite time. Simple English-like
statements use karta hai.

⭐ Brainy Fact: "Algorithm" word ek Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi ke naam se aaya!

Advantages

Step-by-step solution deta hai

Simple English jaisi language
Program mein convert karna aasaan

Disadvantages
 Koi standard rule nahi — varies drastically
Time-consuming
Branching/looping dikhana mushkil

4. Flowchart

Definition: Algorithm ka graphical representation. Symbols aur arrows use karta hai.

Symbol Shape Purpose

START/STOP Oval Flowchart start aur stop karne ke liye

INPUT/OUTPUT Parallelogram Input lena aur output dikhana

PROCESS Rectangle Mathematical/processing operations

DECISION Diamond Decision-making (branching/looping)

FLOW Arrow Information flow ki direction

Algorithm vs Flowchart

Algorithm Flowchart

Step-by-step textual approach Graphical representation

Natural language/pseudocode Standardised symbols

Branching/looping difficult Easily represents branching/looping

Simple, complex, long programs Only for simple processes

5. What is Python?

Definition: Python is a general-purpose, object-oriented, easy-to-learn and high-level programming

language. Guido van Rossum ne 1991 mein design kiya. Naam BBC show "Monty Python's Flying Circus"
se liya.

Important Features

High-Level Language – Human language ke close, machine language se door

Easy to Learn and Use – Simple, English-like statements
Free and Open Source – [Link] se free download
Cross-platform – Windows, Linux, Mac, Raspberry Pi sab par kaam karta hai
Interpreted Language – Source code line by line execute hota hai
 Object-Oriented – Classes aur objects support karta hai
Large Standard Library – Bahut saare built-in modules

Role in AI

Built-in Libraries: Numpy, PyBrain, Scipy, Pandas

Platform Independence – Kisi bhi platform par run karo
Matplotlib – Charts aur histograms ke liye

Applications

Web Development (Django, Flask)

Scientific Calculation (SciPy, Pandas)
Game Development (PySoy, PyGame)
Database Access
Business Applications

⭐ Brainy Fact: Facebook, Google, NASA, MIT, Nokia, IBM sab Python use karte hain!

6. Working in Python (IDLE)

IDLE = Integrated Development and Learning Environment

Two Modes

Interactive Mode (Shell): >>> prompt par ek command at a time. Save nahi hoti.
Script Mode (Editor): Saare commands .py file mein save karke run karo (F5 press karo).

7. Statements in Python

Simple Statement: Enter key se end hota hai. Ek line = ek statement.

a = 5

Multiline Statement: Backslash (\) use karo.

a = 4 + 5 + \
6 + 7

Multiple Statement: Semicolon (;) se separate karo.

 a = 5; b = 10; c = a + b; print(c)

8. Tokens (5 Types)

Tokens = smallest meaningful unit of a program

Keywords – Reserved words (if, else, for, while, etc.) — identifier ke roop mein use nahi ho sakte
Identifiers – User-defined names of variables, list, etc.
Literals – Data stored in variable (String, Numeric, Boolean, None)
Punctuators – Special symbols: ' " # \ {} [] @ , : ; =
Operators – Mathematical, logical, relational operations

Identifier Rules

Letter (a-z, A-Z) ya underscore (_) se shuru ho

Alphabets, numbers, underscore allowed
Special characters ($, ., space) allowed NAHI
Python keyword nahi hona chahiye
Case-sensitive hai (Name ≠ name)

Invalid Reason

First name Space not allowed

Last&Name Special character not allowed

9thclass Cannot begin with number

else Keyword not allowed

9. Operators

Arithmetic Operators

Operator Name Example Output

+ Addition 2+4 6

- Subtraction 6-2 4

* Multiplication 2*3 6

/ Division 11 / 2 5.5
 % Modulus 5%2 1

** Exponential 5 ** 2 25

// Floor Division 11 // 2 5

Relational Operators

Operator Name Purpose

== Equal to True if both values same

!= Not equal to True if values different

> Greater than True if first > second

< Less than True if first < second

>= Greater than or equal True if first >= second

<= Less than or equal True if first <= second

Logical Operators

Operator Purpose Example Output

and True if BOTH operands True 5<10 and 2<5 True

or True if EITHER operand True 5>10 or 2<5 True

not Reverses result not(10<5) True

Operator Precedence (Highest → Lowest)

Order Operators

1 (Highest) ( ) Parentheses

2 ** Exponential

3 *, /, %, //

4 +, -

5 <=, <, >, >=

6 ==, !=

7 =, %=, /=, //=, -=, +=, *=, **=

8 (Lowest) not, and, or

10. Variables & Data Types

Variable: Memory location ka naam jo ek specific value hold karta hai.

# 3 ways to assign: a = 5 # Method 1 a = 5; b = 10 # Method 2 a = b = c = 10 # Method 3

 Data Types

Data Type Description Example

int Whole numbers 10, -45, 0

float Decimal numbers 15.5, 12.0

complex Real + Imaginary 3+2j

None NULL value None

bool True or False only True, False

str UNICODE characters 'Hello', "Python"

list Ordered, mutable [ ] [1, 2, 'abc']

tuple Ordered, immutable ( ) (1, 2, 'abc')

set Unique elements { } {21, 52, 33}

dict Key:Value pairs { } {'name':'Yash'}

Type Conversion

int() float() str() bool() list() tuple() set() >>> float(12) # 12.0 >>> int(15.5) # 15 >>>
str(12) # '12' >>> type(10) # <class 'int'>

11. Comments in Python

Single Line: # se shuru

# This is a comment

Multi Line: ''' ya """ se

"""This is a multiline comment"""

12. print() aur input() Functions

print() — Screen par output dikhata hai

print(object(s), sep=separator, end=end) print("hello") # hello print("hello", "friends") #

hello friends print("hello", "friends", sep="$") # hello$friends print("hello", end="!") #
hello!

input() — User se input leta hai

⚠️ input() ALWAYS string return karta hai! Math ke liye int() ya float() use karo!
 name = input("Enter your name: ") a = int(input("Enter number: ")) # integer ke liye b =
float(input("Enter number: ")) # float ke liye

13. Errors in Python

Error Kab Hota Hai Example

Syntax Error Python ke rules violate hone par. Sabse common. a + b = c → SyntaxError

Logical Error Program run hota hai par output galat aata hai. p = marks/2 instead of (m1+m2)/2

Runtime Error Execution ke during — zero se divide, undefined variable. a/b jab b=0 → ZeroDivisionError

14. Control Statements

A. if Statement

if (condition): statements

Example — Certificate if % > 80:

percent = int(input("Enter percentage:")) if percent > 80: print("Congratulations")
print("You are awarded Certificate of Excellence")

B. if...else Statement

if (condition): Statements for True else: Statements for False

Example — Bigger of two numbers:

N1 = int(input("Enter First Number:")) N2 = int(input("Enter Second Number:")) if N1 > N2:
print(N1, "is bigger") else: print(N2, "is bigger")

Example — Even or Odd:

Num = int(input("Enter a Number:")) if Num % 2 == 0: print(Num, "is EVEN") else: print(Num,
"is ODD")

C. if...elif...else Statement

if (condition1): Statements 1 elif (condition2): Statements 2 else: Statements when all False

Example — Positive, Negative or Zero:

Num = int(input("Enter a number:")) if Num == 0: print("You entered zero") elif Num > 0:
print("You entered a positive number") else: print("You entered a negative number")

D. for Loop (Definite/Fixed Loop)

for <var> in range(<Start>, <End>, <Step>): Statements

 ⚠️ End value NOT included! range(1,6) = 1,2,3,4,5
Command Output

range(1,6,1) 1,2,3,4,5

range(10) 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

range(5,0,-1) 5,4,3,2,1

range(1,10,2) 1,3,5,7,9

range(5,5) No output

E. while Loop (Indefinite/Entry-controlled Loop)

while <condition>: Statements

⚠️ Agar condition change nahi hui to Infinite Loop ban jaata hai!
Example — Sum of first 5 natural numbers:
num = 1 sum = 0 while num < 6: sum = sum + num num = num + 1 print("Sum is", sum) # Output:
15

15. Lists in Python

List: Ordered aur mutable collection. Different data types store kar sakti hai. Square brackets [ ] use hote
hain.

Important Features

Mutable (changeable) data type

Ordered sequence
Elements comma se separate, [ ] mein
Index number se access hota hai (starts from 0)

Creating a List

list1 = [] # Empty list friends = ["Saisha", "Advika", "Arshia"] # List of strings marks =
[92, 91, 89, 95, 93] # List of numbers L1 = [10] * 5 # [10,10,10,10,10]

Indexing

L1 = ['P','Y','T','H','O','N'] # Forward: 0 1 2 3 4 5 # Backward:-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

print(L1[0]) # P print(L1[-1]) # N

Adding Elements

# append() — end mein ek element add fruits = ["apple","banana"] [Link]("mango") #

['apple','banana','mango'] # extend() — multiple elements add n = [1,2,3,4] [Link]([5,6]) #
 [1,2,3,4,5,6] # insert(index, value) — specific position par add L = [10,20,30] [Link](1,
40) # [10,40,20,30]

Modifying Elements

L1 = [10, 20, 40, 50] L1[3] = 100 print(L1) # [10, 20, 40, 100]

Removing Elements

# remove() — first occurrence remove karta hai marks = [23, 34, 23, 45] [Link](23) #
[34, 23, 45] # pop() — index se remove, value return karta hai vowels = ['a','e','i','o','u']
val = [Link](2) # val = 'i' [Link]() # Last element remove

Other List Functions

Function Purpose

len() List ki length return karta hai

clear() Saare elements remove karta hai

reverse() List ko reverse karta hai

sort() Ascending order mein sort karta hai

sort(reverse=True) Descending order mein sort

index(value) Value ka index number return karta hai

List Operators

A = [1,2,3] B = [4,5,6] C = A + B # [1,2,3,4,5,6] — Concatenation D = A * 3 #

[1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3] — Replication

16. Important Programs (Exam ke liye)

Program: Table of a number

num = int(input("enter a number: ")) for i in range(1,11): print(num, "*", i, "=", num*i)

Program: Largest of three numbers

a = int(input("enter first number: ")) b = int(input("enter second number: ")) c =

int(input("enter third number: ")) larg = a if b > larg: larg = b if c > larg: larg = c
print("largest of all is", larg)

Program: Sum of even and odd numbers

n = int(input("Enter range: ")) sumeven = sumodd = 0 i = 0 while i <= n: if i%2 == 0: sumeven

+= i else: sumodd += i i += 1 print("Sum of even:", sumeven) print("Sum of odd:", sumodd)

Program: Search value in list

L = [10,23,45,10,12,34,10,56] s = int(input("Enter value to search: ")) count = 0 for i in L:

if i == s: count += 1 print(s, "occurs", count, "times")

Program: Area and Perimeter of Rectangle

 Length = int(input('Enter Length:')) Breadth = int(input('Enter Breadth:')) Area = Length *
Breadth Perimeter = 2 * (Length + Breadth) print("Area is:", Area) print("Perimeter is:",
Perimeter)

17. Important Q&A (Exam)

Q. How did Python get its name?

Ans. Guido van Rossum ne 1991 mein release kiya. BBC show "Monty Python's Flying Circus" ke naam par
rakha.

Q. What are tokens?

Ans. Tokens smallest meaningful unit of a program hain. Types: Keywords, Identifiers, Literals,
Punctuators, Operators.

Q. What is iteration?
Ans. The process of repeating a set of instructions based on a condition is called iteration.

Q. Difference between for and while loop?

Ans. for loop definite (fixed iterations), while loop indefinite (condition-based). for = definite loop, while =
indefinite/entry-controlled loop.

Q. What is the use of pop() function?

Ans. pop() removes an element from list based on index number and returns the deleted value.

Q. What is negative indexing?

Ans. Index begins with -1 till -length, referring to elements from right to left.

Q. Difference between append() and extend()?

Ans. append() adds single element at end. extend() adds multiple elements at a time.

Q. What is type conversion?

Ans. Converting value of one data type to another. Two types: Implicit (Python automatically) and Explicit
(programmer manually using int(), float(), str() etc.).

🎯 ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR EXAM! 💪

Touchpad AI Class 9 | Unit 5 | Pages 357–428 | Orange Education