Integration 2014
CHAPTER FIVE
INTEGRATION
5.1 ANTI-DERIVATIVES; INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Find a function whose derivative is . . Because . is called the
anti-derivative of .
Definition: The function is called the anti-derivative (or indefinite integral) of on the
interval if .
Note: let
a. The operation of finding all solutions of this equation is called anti-derivative and
denoted by an integral sign
b. let .
BASIC INTEGRATION RULES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exponential and logarithm integral
6.
7.
8.
9.
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Trigonometry and inverse trigonometric integrals
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. for .
17. for
18. for
19. for .
20. for
21. for
Hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic integrals
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. ) c,
29. ,
30. ,
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31. ,
32. ,
33. ,
Examples: evaluate the following integrations.
a.
b.
c.
5.2 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
5.2.1 Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fraction
I. Substitution rule
If is a differentiable function whose range is an interval and is continous on ,
then
Examples: Evaluate the following anti-derivatives
a.
b.
c. . Let
d.
e.
f.
g.
II. Integration by parts
Let Hence,
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Example: Evaluate the following integrals
a.
b.
c. , use by part 2 times.
d. , use by part 2 times.
e. ,
Note: choose such that it is simpler when differentiated.
III. Integration by partial fractions ( for rational functions)
Let where
Case 1: is a product of distinct linear factors
. Write .
Examples:
a.
b. =
Case 2: is a product of linear factors, some of which are repeated.
.
Example:
a.
Case 3: contains irreducible quadratic factors, none of which are repeated.
.
Example:
a.
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5.2.2 Trigonometric integrals
a. Integrals of the form
If is odd ( ),
sin2 cos . Substitute =sin , =cos
If is odd ( ),
cos2 cos sin . Substitute =cos =sin
If both are even , use the following identities:
, and .
Examples: evaluate the following integrals
1.
2.
3.
b. Integrals of the form
If , then use the identity
and
If is odd ( ), ,
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
tan = 22 lnsec +
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c. Integrals of the form & .
Example:
5.2.3 Integration by trigonometric substitution
Equation of circle is and equation of ellipse is
Expression Substitution Identity
,
, or
Example:
1. , ,
2. let
3.
4.
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5. , let .
5.3 DEFINITE INTEGRALS; FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS OF CALCULUS
Definition: If is a function on and let be the partition of
. For each b/n and , let be an arbitrary number in and .
Then the definite integral of from to (denoted by ) is
provided that this
limit exist.
Note:
A function is integrable over , if and every choice of
such that .
If is continous on and let be the partition of . For
each between and , let be an arbitrary number in and .Then
is integrable and
Examples: find the following integrals
a.
b. is non-integrable function.
and
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PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
If is integrible over , then Example a
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. on , , if on ,
7. if
Example:
a. if find ,
b. Estimate , . Hence,
Theorem1 (fundamental theorems of calculus)
1. If is continuous on , then the function is continuous
on and differentiable on , and .
2. If is continous on , then , where is anti-derivative of .
Examples: find
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f. [we can define natural logarithm like this].
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5.4 IMPROPER INTEGRALS
We can extend the idea of definite integral when the interval is infinite and has infinite
discontinuity in in this case the integral is called improper.
I. Infinite intervals of Improper integral
1. If exist , then provided that the limit
exist (convergent=finite)
2. If exist , then
3. If and exist, then
Examples: Determine whether or not the following integrals are convergent or divergent
a. divergent
b.
c.
lim [tan 1 tan 1 + lim [tan 1 tan 10] 2)+ 2=
II. Discontinuous Improper integral
1. If is continous on and discontinuous at , then
2. If is continous on and discontinuous at , then
3. If is discontinouos at , , and and exist,
Examples:
a.
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b.
0 . Hence diverges.
c.
ln 1] ln
d.
Comparison theorem: let and are continues function with
a. If converge, converge.
b. If diverge, diverge.
c. If diverge then we can conclude any idea
d.
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