Module 1

Construction Project Defined

Dr. P. G Gaikwad
Associate Professor in Civil Engineering

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 Basics of Construction
Unique features of construction, construction projects
types and features, phases of a project, agencies
involved and their methods of execution;

Construction Equipment basics: Conventional

construction methods Vs Mechanized methods and
advantages of latter; Equipment for Earthmoving,
Dewatering; Concrete mixing, transporting & placing;
Cranes, Hoists and other equipment for lifting;
Equipment for transportation of materials. Equipment
Productivities
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Definition of Project

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Definition of Project Management

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 Construction projects Issues associated
Various Issues associated with the construction
projects
• Approval from authority
• Funds
• Need
• Environmental Clearance
• Time
• Land Acquisition
• Resettlement of people
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 Typical Examples of Time & cost overrun

• Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway delayed @ 3 years

due to land acquisition problems.

• Bandra-Worli Sea Link cost escalated from

Rs.650 crores to Rs.1600 Crores with Five (5)
years delay
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 Project Life cycle
• Is code_cm latest\15883_1_PMC [Link]

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Characteristics of Projects

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Construction Project Life Cycle

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Typical Construction Project Life cycle
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Typical Construction Project Life cycle from
commencement to completion involves the
following stages :

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Phases in Construction Project

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• Conventional construction methods Vs
Mechanized methods and advantages of
latter;

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 Need of Mechanization in Construction
• Mechanization is the process of shifting from working largely or exclusively
by hand to do that work using machines.

• The construction projects are becoming more demanding and complicated

in construction and delay of projects would arise if conventional
construction method is used.
• Delays in construction are costly and have prompted developers to embrace
mechanization.

• Construction machineries are used in order

• to achieve larger output,
• cost-effective,
• execution of work that is not feasible by manual efforts,
• reduce the amount of heavy manual work which would cause fatigue,
• maintaining large output, and
• To finalize projects on time. 46
 Need of Mechanization in Construction

• Mechanization is based on rented construction equipment is

cost effective.

• Construction equipment when rented can be exactly to match

the requirement.

• For rented equipment, time to make the equipment ready for

operation is important.

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 Motivations for Mechanization of Construction Industry

• The work can be done speedily which avoid time and

cost over-runs.

• Large quantity of materials can be handled, so the

size of the project can be increased

• The complex projects involving high grade material.

• High quality standards can be maintained.

• Time schedule can be kept.

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 Motivations for Mechanization of Construction Industry
• Optimum use of material, man power and finance.

• Shortage of skilled and efficient man power.

• To control on the duration and cost implications by using

mechanized equipment over the Conventional method, which
can be used in the planning of construction project.

• Lower insurance costs for builders.

• Easier and safer work for construction workers.

• Increased sustainability over a building’s lifetime.

• Little to no building-site construction waste.

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 Applications of Construction Mechanization

• Residential & Commercial Buildings

• Highway projects
• Irrigation
• Industry
• Infrastructure project
• Power plant and other applications

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Source of equipment from which construction equipment can be
selected and obtained.

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 Factors Affecting Selection of Construction
Equipment
• Availability of equipment.

• Suitability of job condition with special reference to

climatic and operating condition.

• Uniformity type; easier operation and maintenance,

easy exchange of spare parts and operating personnel.

• Size of equipment.

• Use of standard equipment; made by several

companies so that easy purchase and delivery. 52
 Factors Affecting Selection of Construction Equipment
• Country of origin; If importing foreign exchange facility should
be easily available.

• Unit cost of production – cost of running.

• Availability of spare parts and selection of manufacturer.

• Availability of local labour for operations.

• Function to be performed.

• Capacity of the equipment.

• Method of operation and its limitations.

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 Equipment
• Equipment for
• Earthmoving,
• Dewatering;
• Concrete mixing, transporting & placing;
• Cranes, Hoists and other equipment for lifting;
• Equipment for transportation of materials.
• Equipment Productivities

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 Common Types of Construction Equipment
• Earth moving equipment
• Hauling equipment
• Hoisting equipment
• Conveying equipment
• Aggregate and concrete production equipment
• Pile driving equipment
• Tunneling and rock drilling equipment
• Pumping and de- watering equipment
• Tower cranes
• Laser Screeding Paving machine
• Plastering machine
• Bar cutting machine
• Bar straightening
• Core drill machine
• Laser screed Machine
• Arial platform work lifting machine
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 Advantages of Construction Mechanization

• Economical
• Improve construction quality
• Increase safety of construction conditions
• Enhance speed of construction
• Feasibility

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 Disadvantages of Construction Mechanization
1. Loss of Skill
The craftsman with the superior skill had disappeared. Such
skill is no longer necessary. The only type of skill that is
needed now is to run the machines.
2. Dependence
Machinery has increased our dependence on others. We
depend for our water and light on the satisfactory working of
water-works and the power-house.
A small flaw would result in the supply of these necessaries
being cut off at any time. This may mean not only
inconvenience but serious dislocation of normal life.
3. Insanitary Surroundings
Big factories pollute their surroundings and make them filthy
and insanitary. This has led to moral degradation and physical
deterioration. 57
 Disadvantages of Construction Mechanization
4. Over-specialization
Machinery leads to too much specialization. This
over- specialization increases the risk of
unemployment and cramps the worker physically.
5. Class-conflict
Use of machinery is responsible for class-conflict—
the capitalist on one side and the labourer on the
other.
6. Unemployment
It creates unemployment because one machine can
take the place of several men. 58
Construction equipment & their operational Uses
 Excavation Equipment
• Power shovels
• Back Hoe
• Drag Line
• Clam Shell
• Trenching Machines

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 Excavating and Earthmoving Equipment
• Scrapers
• Bulldozers
• Tractors

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 Dozers
• Model: Wheel Dozers
• Wheel Dozers offer high productivity, along with
mobility and versatility.

• Specially engineered for demanding work, they

are excellent choice for various applications such
as surface mining, cleanup, stock piles, road
maintenance, reclamation and jobs where travel
is required between multiple sites.
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Dozers on Wheel

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Chain Dozers

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 Wheeled Loaders
• Wheeled Loaders are used in the construction and
infrastructure sector for loading, moving and
grading earth and other loose aggregates.

• These machinery also find application in heavy

industry and mining activity.

• ACE offers Wheeled Loaders in capacities ranging

from 1 cu.m. to 3 cu.m.
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Loaders on Wheel

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Backhoe loader is the compact backhoe loader for narrow spaces, soft soil and
other restricted space applications. Max. Engine Power 36.4kW (49.5hp) Max. Dig
Depth 3.02m.

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 What is JCB?
• Joseph Cyril Bamford Excavators Ltd. was
founded by Joseph Cyril Bamford in October
1945 in Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, England.

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Earth Compaction Equipment

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Soil Compaction in the Field:

5- Sheep foot Roller

1- Rammers

2- Vibratory Plates

6- Dynamic Compaction

3- Smooth Rollers

4- Rubber-Tire
Common Equipment
Shown:
– Sheepsfoot
– Padfoot
– Vibratory Roller
– Grid Roller
 Equipment
Smooth-wheel roller (drum) • 100% coverage under the wheel
• Contact pressure up to 380 kPa
• Can be used on all soil types
except for rocky soils.
• Compactive effort: static weight
• The most common use of large
smooth wheel rollers is for proof-
rolling subgrades and compacting
asphalt pavement.

Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

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 Equipment (Cont.)
Pneumatic (or rubber-tired) roller • 80% coverage under the wheel
• Contact pressure up to 700 kPa
• Can be used for both granular and
fine-grained soils.
• Compactive effort: static weight
and kneading.
• Can be used for highway fills or
earth dam construction.

Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

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 Equipment (Cont.)
Sheepsfoot rollers • Has many round or rectangular
shaped protrusions or “feet”
attached to a steel drum
• 8% ~ 12 % coverage
• Contact pressure is from 1400 to
7000 kPa
• It is best suited for clayed soils.
• Compactive effort: static weight
and kneading.

Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

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 Equipment (Cont.)
Tamping foot roller • About 40% coverage
• Contact pressure is from 1400 to
8400 kPa
• It is best for compacting fine-
grained soils (silt and clay).
• Compactive effort: static weight
and kneading.

Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

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 Equipment (Cont.)
Mesh (or grid pattern) roller • 50% coverage
• Contact pressure is from 1400 to
6200 kPa
• It is ideally suited for compacting
rocky soils, gravels, and sands.
With high towing speed, the
material is vibrated, crushed, and
impacted.
• Compactive effort: static weight
and vibration.

Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

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 Equipment (Cont.)
Vibrating drum on smooth-wheel • Vertical vibrator attached to
roller smooth wheel rollers.
• The best explanation of why roller
vibration causes densification of
granular soils is that particle
rearrangement occurs due to cyclic
deformation of the soil produced
by the oscillations of the roller.
• Compactive effort: static weight
and vibration.
• Suitable for granular soils

Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

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 Pumping & Dewatering Equipment
• Reciprocating pump
• Centrifugal pump
• Multiple rotor Pump
• Multistage Pump
• Self Priming pump
• Bore hole Pump
1. Plunger Pumps
2. Vertical Turbine Pumps
3. Submersible turbine pumps
• Sludge Pumps
1. Diaphragm Pumps
2. Centrifugal Non-Clogging Pumps
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• Road Equipment
• Motor Grader is a hydraulically operated
machine, Primarily used for grading and
leveling of soil layers and loose aggregate in
road making activity.
• Motor Graders of upto 15 tons class.

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 Motor Graders
• Motor Graders are coupled with high engine horse power and
operating weight to provide highest productivity with minimal
maintenance ensuring highest reliability under toughest site
conditions.

• They are best suited for heavy duty road construction, mining
& various maintenance jobs.

• It is powered with fuel efficient Cummins engine generating

173 HP with a total operating weight of 15 Tons coupled with
a high performance blade ensuring maximum performance.

• The Centralized Greasing System is first of its kind to be used

in the Graders in India, ensuring faster maintenance which
helps in maintaining an enduring and breakdown free
machine. 83
Motor Grader

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 Mobile Cranes
• Mobile Cranes which are widely used throughout
engineering, construction and infrastructure industry.

• These machines are used for loading, unloading,

moving, shifting and erecting material.

• NextGen Pick-n-Carry which are widely used

throughout engineering, construction and
infrastructure industry.

• These machines are used for loading, unloading,

moving, shifting and erecting material.

• Capacity -is cranes from 9 tons to 25 tons. 85

Pick and Carry Crane

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 Piling Rigs

• Underground foundations like static pile drivers,

dual purpose drilling rigs, hydraulic crawler drills
and tunnel boring machines which can find
application across segments of Urban
Infrastructure, Metro and Rapid Rail connectivity,
Bridges & Flyovers and general construction.

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Piling Equipment

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Backhoe loader on Wheel

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Loader on Wheel

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Boom for Concrete Pump

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Forklift

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Vibratory Rollers are machines used to compact loose soil or asphalt and are
primarily used for roads and highway construction. These machines also find
application for ground compaction / stabilisation at construction sites. ACE
manufactures 10 tons to 12 tons soil compactors and 3.5 tons and 9 tons
tandem compactors with advanced features.

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 Tower Cranes
• Tower Cranes are used for civil construction and
erection jobs.

• Fixed Tower Crane is used for bigger construction

projects.

• These cranes have maximum lifting heights of 300

metres and a working radius of up to 70 meters
and

• capacities ranging from 5 tons to 25 tons. 94

 Hauling Equipment
• If you are new to construction and drilling, it’s
important to understand the types of equipment
that will be used on the job.

• Hauling equipment, in particular, is used to move

building/drilling supplies, soil, and other materials.

• Below is an overview of the types of hauling

equipment commonly used in construction and
more:
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 1. Cranes
• Equipped with wire ropes, sheaves, and a hoist, cranes are used to
lift and move materials and supplies during construction.

• Cranes are also useful for demolishing buildings and other

structures. In construction, the two basic types of cranes are
mobile and fixed.

• Mobile cranes – Consist of trusses mounted onto mobile

platforms, such as trucks or flatcars.

• Fixed cranes – Are able to lift heavier loads and have better reach
due to their increased stability.

• Tower cranes, used in high-rise building construction, are an

example of a fixed crane mounted on top of a steel tower. 96
 2. Bulldozers
• Though commonly used to refer to the entire vehicle,
the term bulldozer actually refers to the front-mounted
dozer plate, which is attached to a separate tractor.
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• The bulldozer is used to loosen hard soils and shift dirt,
and can work on tough terrain.

• It is also great for creating pilot roads, as it can clear

land from trees and stumps. Bulldozers can be wheel-
based or track-based.

• For muddy or sandy terrains, track-type bulldozers are

best, as the tracks distribute the bulldozer’s weight
over a larger area, reducing the risk of sinking. 97
 3. Excavators
• Excavators are vehicles equipped with a digging
bucket attached to the end of an extendable arm.

• One of the more versatile types of hauling

equipment, excavators are used to dig holes,
demolish buildings, and lift and load heavy supplies
among others.

• Due to their large size, excavators require the

fewest passes when loading trucks with materials.
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 4. Loaders
• These vehicles are used to load loose materials, such as
sand, dirt, or gravel, and take them to another
machine, such as a dump truck or conveyor belt.

• Often times, these destination machines are at a higher

elevation than the location of the materials.

• Loaders can also be used to transport other machinery.

• Similar to bulldozers, loaders can be track-based or

wheel-based, and the selection depends on the terrain
to be worked on.
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 5. Shovels
• Shovels are used for digging and loading rocks and soil
for mineral extraction.

• The ability to dig into very hard material and lift large
objects, such as boulders, are their greatest strengths.

• Shovels can be electric powered or hydraulic powered.

• Electric shovels use a revolving deck with a power

plant, while hydraulic shovels have a simpler power
system that requires fewer components. 100
 6. Tractors
• Though most commonly used for pulling and pushing
other equipment in construction, the great advantage
of tractors is the available parts that can be used to
accomplish different jobs.

• Available components include the quick hitches,

backhoes, buckets, and blades. Similar to bulldozers
and loaders, tractors can be track-based or wheel-
based.

• Like other track-based equipment, these tractors are

able to work through muddy terrains. However, they
operate at much slower speeds. 101
 7. Trucks
• Their high travel speeds allow for quicker transportation of
materials when traveling on established roads.

• Their low hauling costs also allow for flexibility when determining
the total hauling capacity or in the event of a change in
destination/route.

• Dump trucks – Used to move clay, dirt, soils, and sands. Side and
rear dump trucks dispose of materials through the body attached
to the chassis of the truck.

• Bottom dump trucks have two gates that open from the bottom to
dispose of materials. For tougher terrain, articulated dump trucks
are used.

• Hauling trucks – Used to transport a fleet of equipment (for

general, military, or service construction) from one location to
another. 102
Excavators & parts

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Buckets are the most common attachments seen on excavators.

These steel attachments have teeth-like edges that can provide

digging and scooping capabilities.

Buckets come in different varieties, the most common being ditching

buckets designed for grading stones and trenching buckets used to dig
trenches.
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Attaching an auger allows you to bore into the ground.

Powered by hydraulic circuits, these helical attachments can reach

over objects and drill deep holes.

Augers come in different specifications and sizes for various digging

conditions and terrains — they range from 4 inches to 50 inches in
length and can dig up to 32 feet.
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Breakers are similar to jackhammers but are much larger in
size.

With the ability to provide up to 1,000 pounds of impact

energy, these attachments can break into tougher surfaces
like stone and concrete. 106
Clamps allow excavator operators to pick up large materials that are
too oversized for a bucket, such as tree stumps and concrete.

The attachments can be used with buckets or as pieces in a grapple.

Clamps are easy to attach and detach from excavators.

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Couplers allow you to quickly switch between tools and attachments
without a crew.

Their versatility is handy when moving between different tasks and

processes on a job site.
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 Bar Cutting Machine
• The bar cutting machine is used to cut mild steel bar by using
shearing operation. Shearing operation uses punch and die. A
punch (or moving blade) is used to push the work piece against
the die (or fixed blade), which is fixed.

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 The Laser Screed
• A new trend in industrial flooring The Laser Screed. Where huge
areas of flooring is to be done this machine is used to do the
flooring of maximum slab thickness 30 cm.

• Recommended speed is 5 m/min thus you can expect to cover

2400 m in a working period of 8 hours. The machine has cleaning
system, pressure bomb 70 bars, to expediently clean the machine.

• The operator has a comfortable seat to reduce fatigue during

operation.

• The operator has a control panel installed in front to inspect the

result of floor easily.

• The Laser Screed can satisfy the construction requirement of large

area and high plainness and levelness.
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The Laser Screed

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Equipment Productivities

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 Productivity of equipment
• Generally expressed in equipment output per hour, provides the tool
to measure the performance of these input machines/Equipments.
 Equipment: basic concepts of planning
and organizing;
• Selection of construction equipment
• What is standardization of equipment
• Economic Life of equipment
1. Dump trucks: 2.5 to 3 lakh Km
2. Tractor: 1.5 lakh Km
3. Mobile crane:12000 hours
4. DG set: 12000 hours
5. Concrete Vibrator:5000 hours
6. Light motor Vehicle(LMV): 1.0 lakh km
7. 300 HP Dozer: 12000 hours
8. Tower crane: 30000hours