• Outer core is a uid layer about 2,260
SCIENCE REVIEWER km thick, composed of mostly iron and
nickel.
L1: EARTHS INTERIOR • Inner core is the geologic layer of Earth.
It is primarily a solid ball.
Below Earth’s Surface
• Deep mines and wells give us hints
Earth’s Magnetic Field
about Earth’s Surface. • Extends from the interior to space.
These include: • Prevents harmful solar winds and
• Mponeng Gold Mine (3km) South Africa
• Kola Peninsula (12km) Russia radiation.
• Helps navigation.
Temperature and Pressure increase with depth
L2: VOLCANOES
ex.
• Kola Well reaching 190 C°
• Opening in the earth’s surface where
• South African Gold Mine 53 C°
molten rocks, smoke, gases and ashes
are ejected.
Waves •
• Primary (P-Waves) – Fastest waves, “VULCANO” originated from the name
VULCAN the god of re.
rst ones detected by seismometers.
• Secondary (S-Waves) – Travel slower,
How Volcanoes Form
move up, down, and side to side. • Divergent Boundaries- Two plates move
• Surface Waves – Travel along the
apart, which makes magma rise from
Earth’s surface, cause of intense
the opening.
shaking. • Convergent Boundaries- Two plates
Types of Surface Waves
• Love Wave – Horizontal Shearing of the collide with each-other, the denser one
sinks.
ground. • Hot Spots- Come above a rising
• Rayleigh Wave – Makes the ground roll,
convection current, they form when a
like ocean waves.
plate moves away from a plume, making
a new volcano.
Convection Current - Convection is the rising
motion of warmer areas of a liquid or gas, and
Paci c Ring of Fire
the sinking motion of cooler areas of liquid or • An area of earthquake and volcanic
gas, sometimes forming a complete cycle.
activity that surrounds the Paci c
Ocean.
Layers of The Earth
Types of Volcanoes
Crust • Shield volcanoes – large with gentle
• Thinnest layer, top component of
slopes of basaltic lavas. Most are
lithosphere.
• Composed of sedimentary, igneous, formed from uid, basaltic lava ows.
(divergent boundaries)
metamorphic rocks. • Composite volcanoes – are large, steep-
• Oceanic Crust (Dense).
• Continental Crust (Less-dense). sided volcanoes that result from
explosive eruptions.
( convergent boundaries )
Mantle • Cinder cones - are the smallest,
• Thick middle layer, solid part of Earth.
• Made up of rocks. simplest, and most common type,
produced when gas-rich magmas erupt
Core – The hot and dense center of Earth.
in a shower of molten material.
fi
fi
fl
fl
fi
fi
fl
Examples of Volcanoes Altitude - as elevation increases, air pressure
• Mt. Kanlaon - Shield Volcano drops, in uencing temperature, humidity,
• Mayon Volcano - Composite Volcano, or precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions.
stratovolcano. • Example is Mt. Kilimanjiro.
• Smith Volcano (Mt. Babuyan) – Cinder
cone volcano. Topography- is the shape and elevation of the
land surface, like hills, valleys, and arti cial
Types of Eruption characteristics.
• Magma ow - it might erupt as a lava
ows. Rain Shadow - area of low rainfall on the
• Volcanic ash - tiny particles of downwind slope of a mountain.
pulverized volcanic rock . • Windward - humid side of the mountain.
• Mud ow- Lahars/mud ows are usually • Leeward - dry side of the mountain
volcanic materials on sides of a volcano.
• Pyroclastic ow - Fast-moving current of Large Bodies of Water – water has a high
hot gas and volcanic matter. speci c heat.
• SPECIFIC HEAT- amount of heat
Eruption Style needed to raise the temperature of 1
• Magma eruptions determine a gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius
volcanoes eruptive style. (°C)
The eruption styles are either Quiet OR
Violent. Ocean Currents- it in uences weather and
climate by transporting and storing heat
Silica – Main compound of magma, high • Currents are caused by wind,
contents of it means high viscosity, vice versa. earthquakes, and gravity. They can
either be warm or cold.
L3: CLIMATE • Currents owing away from the equator
have warm water, while those owing
Weather away from poles have cold water.
• Atmospheric conditions present in a • Currents that carry warm water have
particular place and time, changes day warm climates, vice versa on cold
to day in many places on Earth. waters.
Climate L4: CLASSIFYING CLIMATES
• The long term patterns and averages of
weather conditions in a speci c region Wladimir Köppen- German geographer,
or a global scale. Depends on meteorologist, climatologist and botanist. He
temperature and precipitation of the made a classi cation of climates in 1918.
region.
Climate Classi cation
Climate in the Philippines • Polar- Cold year-round, minimal
• Rainy Season (June to November) precipitation.
• Sunny Season (December to May) • Continental- Warm summers, cold
winters, moderate precipitation.
Factors that Affect the Climate • Dry- Hot summers, cooler winters, very
low precipitation.
Latitude - measure distance north or south • Tropical- Warm year-round, high
from the Equator. 0° at the equator 90° at the precipitation.
poles. • Mild- Warm summers, mild winters,
humid, high precipitation.
fl
fl
fi
fl
fl
fl
fl
fi
fi
fl
fl
fi
fl
fi
Microclimates - localized climate that is • The combined ocean and atmospheric
different from the climate of the larger area cycle that results in weakened trade
surrounding it. winds across the Paci c Ocean. 3-8
years.
Climate Cycle • Natural climate pattern that happens in
• recurring patterns and changes in the Paci c Ocean and affects weather
Earth's climate system on various all over the world.
timescales.
• changes in temperature, rainfall, and Three Phases
even wind patterns over decades, • El Niño – the ocean water becomes
centuries, or even thousands of years. warmer than normal, causing hotter and
drier weather in some places.
Long-Term Cycles - climate variation that • La Niña – the ocean water becomes
occur over extended periods, typically ranging cooler than normal, causing more rain
from decades to millions of years. and cooler weather in some places.
• Neutral – normal ocean and weather
• Ice ages- are cold periods lasting from conditions.
hundreds to millions of years when
glaciers cover much of Earth. Why it Happens? - Normally, trade winds push
• Interglacial- the warm periods that occur warm water toward the western Paci c, but
during ice ages or between ice ages. when they weaken or strengthen, ocean
temperatures change.
Holocene Epoch – Current geological period.
• When trade winds weaken, warm water
Causes moves back toward the central and
• Earth’s orbit appears to vary between eastern Paci c. - El Niño
elliptical and circular. • When trade winds become stronger,
• The angle tilt varies from 22° to 24.5° cold water rises to the surface - La Niña
about every 41,000 year.
• Earths tilt is 23.5° Monsoons - Is a wind circulation pattern that
changes direction with the seasons.
Short-Term Cycles- Seasonal changes
caused by interactions between the ocean and Summer Monsoon (Southwest) Habagat
atmosphere are examples of short-term climate • Warm, moist southwest winds bring
change. heavy rains to the western part of the
country from late April to early October,
Seasons – occur because different latitudes sometimes causing severe ooding.
receive varying amounts of solar energy at
different times of the year.
Solstices - times when the Sun reaches its
highest or lowest point in the sky, occurring Winter Monsoon (Southwest) Amihan
twice a year—summer (June 21) and winter • It brings cooler temperatures, clear
(December 22). skies, and more stable weather, usually
Equinoxes - time of equal days and nights. occurring in late September to early
Spring (March 21) and Fall (September 23). October.
Trade winds - are steady east-to-west winds Droughts
that blow near the Earth’s equator. • Period with below-average precipitation.
El NIÑO/ SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) L5: RECENT CLIMATE CHANGE
fi
fi
fi
fl
fi
to predict future climate, including
Global Climate Change temperature, precipitation, wind,
• Affects the Earth's climate worldwide, greenhouse gas effects, and ocean
while regional climate change refers to interactions.
climate variations and impacts in • Weather Forecast: Short-term
speci c areas. predictions, usually for speci c regions
only.
Global Warming- The rise in Earth’s average
surface temperature during the past 100 years. Ways to reduce Greenhouse Gases
• The use of SOLAR and WIND energy.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL on • Hybrid vehicles- use of electric motor
CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) 2007- Studied the part.
temperature increase, its mostly caused by • Green building. (Buildings that have
Human Activities. plants)
• Turning off the lights and electronic
Greenhouse Gases - Greenhouse gases trap equipment when not in use.
heat in the atmosphere, causing the Earth's
temperature to rise. Goodluck skibidi toilets
• carbon dioxide (CO2)
• methane (CH4)
• water vapor (H2O)
Human Caused Sources
• When burning fossil fuels, such as coal,
oil, natural gas.
• DEFORESTATION- cutting and burning
of forest.
• NATURAL SOURCES- Volcanic
eruption, forest re, and during cellular
respiration.
Aerosols - tiny liquid or solid particles, most
aerosol re ect sunlight back into space.
• Cooling Effect: Some aerosols (e.g.,
sulfates) re ect sunlight, lowering
Earth's temperature.
• Warming Effect: Black carbon (soot)
absorbs sunlight, contributing to global
warming.
• Cloud Formation: Aerosols help form
water droplets, affecting clouds, rainfall,
and extreme weather.
• Aerosols with CFCs release chemicals
that break down ozone, thinning the
ozone layer.
Predicting Climate Change
• Global Climate Model (GCM): Uses
complex equations, math, and physics
fi
fl
fl
fi
fi