Unit 1 - Forces & Motion

Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities

1. Only Magnitude/Size Both Magnitude & Specific direction
Example: Length(Distance), Mass, Time, Area, Velocity, Displacement, Force,
Volume, Speed, Temperature, Energy Acceleration, Weight, Momentum,
(Work Done!) Torque (turning effect)

Difference between Distance & Displacement:

Distance, Time & Speed

1. Numbers Unit 10 - Integration

Average Speed = distance / time taken

(v = s/t)

m/s --> km/h (x3.6)

m÷1000
s÷3600
km/h --> m/s (÷3.6)
km×1000
h×3600

Average Velocity = Total displacement/Time taken

(s/t)

Acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time taken

( v−u
t )
Deceleration: final velocity < initial velocity

Total Distance = Area under graph

4. Mensuration, Geometry & Trigonometry

Similar to: y = mx + c

Horizontal Acceleration/Deceleration Formula:

v = u ± at
v2 = u2 ± 2as
Vertical Acceleration/Deceleration Formula:
v = u ± gt
v2 = u2 ± 2gh (g = gravity, h = height)

Graph
Distance Time Graph:

constant speed
 steeper - faster
less steep - slower

Velocity Time Graph:

Uniform Acceleration
Gradient gives acceleration.

Forces:
Force(Newton) = mass × acceleration
F = ma
(OR)
Weight = mass × gravity
W = mg

Safety on a vehicle
1. seatbelts
2. airbag
3. crumple zones

absorbs KE
increases reaction time
smaller impact force

Stopping Distance = Thinking Distance + Breaking Distance

Thinking Distance = on driver reaction time, speed of the car

Breaking Distance = road conditions, mass of car, speed of car

Types of Forces:
Upthrust,

The upward force that liquids and gases exert on objects.

Forward Thrust,

Forward force of an object...

Normal Reaction,

Contact force that acts on an object pressing down on another object.

Tension,

Objects that are being stretched.

Electrostatic Force,

The force between electrically charged objects.

Magnetic Forces,

By Magnetic Fields

Nuclear Force,

The forces that hold neutrons and protons tightly together in the nucleus
Friction:

Air resistance/Drag,
Viscous drag (Water resistance)/Drag.

A force that opposes the motion of an object through the air/water

--> Streamlined smooth surface produce less drag.

Depends on

The normal reaction between two surfaces

The area of surface
The types of surface
Force (overcome friction) > Force (move), prevents slipping when walking or running

Nature of balanced force

no net force
rest - stationary
moving - constant speed with same direction

Nature of unbalanced force

net force is never equal to 0

direction depends on the greater force
when object moves, it accelerates or decelerates

Newton's Law of Motion

1. Law of Inertia (Apple on a Tree)

F = 0, a = 0 / v = constant or 0 / Balanced Force (Fnet = 0)

2. Law of Force & Acceleration (Apple falls)

F = ma (OR) W = mg / Unbalanced Force

3. Law of Action & Reaction (Apple lands)

Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force. (Fnet ≠ 0)

Terminal Velocity
When drag is equal to weight, there is no net external force on the object and the
vertical acceleration goes to zero with no acceleration, the object falls at a constant
velocity as described by Newton’s 1st law of motion. This constant vertical velocity is
called the terminal velocity.

Falling from a high place:

The object has just been released, the initial velocity is 0m/s.
Initially, there is no air resistance/ no drag (too small to consider) and the only force
acting on it is weight force. Drag force = 0
As it falls, the velocity increasing and drag force increasing and accelerates which
increases its speed and hence air resistance (drag force) acts upward against the
movement.
This causes the resultant force downwards to decrease.
 The drag force has made the resulting downward force smaller, so the acceleration is
smaller.
Eventually they are equal and opposite and balance so there is no resultant force.
So, there is no acceleration and the terminal velocity is reached.

With parachute:

A: At starting point the initial velocity is zero. Therefore air resistance is zero, the
unbalanced force is downwards. (Because of gravity or weight of the parachutist)

B: When the velocity of the parachutist increases, the upward air resistance also increase.
So the unbalanced downwards force is smaller.

C: At that point C, the velocity of the parachutist has increased to the point where the
upward air resistance force is exactly the same as the downward force of gravity on the
parachutist. The unbalanced force is zero and the parachutist has reached terminal
velocity.

D: The parachutist has opened her parachute at this time. This gravity increases the
upward air resistance force so the unbalanced force on the parachutist is now upwards.
And then the parachutist’s velocity decreases.

E: As the parachutist slows down, the upward air resistance force due to the parachute
decreases. This means that the unbalanced upward force is smaller.
(So the rate of deceleration of the parachutist decreases.)

F: The parachutist has slowed to a velocity at which the upward acting air resistance is
once again equal to the downward acting force of gravity. The unbalanced force is again
zero. (But note that the effect of opening the parachute is to make the new terminal
velocity lower.)

Easy way to remember:

A - Preparation to jump
B - Starting to Fall
C - Terminal Velocity Reached
D - Parachute is opened
E - Falling with Parachute
F - NEW Terminal Velocity Reached

Hooke's Law (Spring)

Elastic objects obey Hooke's Law

Load and extension are directly proportional (More force makes more extension)
Limit of proportionality (a point at which it stops obeying Hooke's Law)
and Elastic limit (a point at which the object doesnt return to its original shape)

The objects that cant be deformed is called inelastic body.

Explain what is the difference between plastic and elastic behaviour.

In elastic behaviour, object recovers its original shape when the forces causing the
extension is removed.
In plastic behaviour, there is a permanent deformation to the shape of the object when
forces are removed.

Formulae
Extension = new length - original length
Force = constant x extension
F = kx

Momentum
how difficult it is to move or stop (conserved in closed system):

p = m x v

Principle of conservation of momentum:

Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

Cases to change momentum

1. Speed change
2. Mass change
3. Direction change

Conditions for greater momentum

1. more mass
2. greater velocity

Nature of Collision

Before After
Both rest Both stop
Both moving Both move (same/different direction)
One moving Attach together with same velocity

Three types of collisions

1. Elastic Collision: Objects rebound without loss of KE

2. Inelastic Collision: Objects do not rebound but stick together
3. Partially Elastic Collision: Objects rebound but there is a loss of KE

Impact force
δp
F= t

The shorter the time over which the momentum changes, the greater the impact force.

Conditions for reduced momentum

Increasing reaction time

Decreasing impact force

Impulse = Force x time = Change in Momentum

Impule = F × t = δp

Moment
What is moment?

Turning effect of a force about a point (fulcrum)

M = F x d (perpendicular distance about the pivot)

Conditions for greater moment

1. more force
2. greater distance from pivot/weight
3. the force must be perpendicular

In balance, Total CW moment = Total C-CW moment

COG - Centre of gravity

How to find COG of irregular object:

1. Suspend the shape and plumbline from the same point.

2. Wait until it stops moving.
3. Draw the line along the plumbline
4. Repeat three times
5. The intersection point through the plumbline lines

Condition for stability

1. wider base
2. decreasing the height of COG

Types of Equilibrium

Stable

Unstable

Neutral