KHAN ACADEMY UNIT - 8
Intro to Animal Behavior
innate hardwired in 's INHERITED
an
organism genes
-
learned developed through experience
-
animal behavior -
all ways animals interact w/ environment ,
members of species , & other animals
can be in
response to a stimulus
external can cause hibernation estivation or
migration
, ,
internal can include circadian rhythms
Innate Behaviors
predicted & performed similarly accross members of the same species
some behaviors innate & partly learned :
partly
Zebra finches programmed to learn a song ,
which song depends on
early experience
reflex ac tion -
involuntary & rapid response to a stimulus
its movement
Kines is
organism changes by speeding up slowing down
-
or
toward ( phototaxis )
Taxis -
movement or
away from a stimulus ,
chemotaxis
, geotaxis
fixed action
pattern predictable series of actions triggered by a key stimulus → will on until
go
-
completion
Learned Behaviors
animals of & construction of
especially primates capable problem solving mental
maps
- -
, ,
habituation to after
animal
stops responding stimulus repeated exposure
-
ex :
prairie dog warning call to humans →
exposure to humans →
stop warning call
imprinting -
highly specific type of learning that occurs at a specific point in development
ex
ducklings hatch & adult
they see adult for survival
promoting
:
imprint on first → acts as a cue -
behavior
conditioned behaviors result of associative
learning
-
classical conditioning associated w/ associated w/ second
response already one stimulus is
-
a a
ex : Pavlov's dog -
bell is a
conditioning stimulus
operant conditioning -
whenever an animal performs a behavior ,
it is punished or rewarded
ex : Skinner's rat box
Animal Communication
animal to another kind of the info
one transmits into animal
causing
some
change in the animal that gets
usually between animals of the same species
-
can help animals find mates establish dominance
,
defend
territory ,
care for
young ,
& coordinate group
,
behavior
signals :
pheromones chemicals ex :
:
dogs peeing
-
auditory cues ex : bird
song
•
visual cues fear
ex :
grin
tactile cues dance
:
waggle
-
ex
arise
by natural selection
-
Metabolic Rate
metabolism total of biochemical reactions taking in organism
place an
-
metabolic rate how fuels broken down
quickly are
"
-
gas
'
endotherm ,
generate metabolic heat → maintain itevnai temp . ( baseline = BMR ) ←
higher
stared
•
ectotherm s body temp . U w/ temp .
of environment ( baseline = SMR ) ← lower
smaller animals need more
energy
& higher metabolic rate to maintain constant internal temp .
T loose heat taste
torpor -
decreased activity & metabolism
hibernation -
slow metabolism & maintain reduced body temp .
estivation -
extended torpor
endotherm s & ectotherm s
✗ a
internally generated body term .
changes w/ •
eco therms regulate by searching for sun or shade
heat to maintain temp . of their environment
body temperature
-
endotherm s have higher metabolic rates
endotherm s I
have to burn food into full
Ji É
SE
> #
et
E
ego
outside temp .
radiation w/o
-
transfer of heat from a wa r m e r
object to a cooler one direct contac t
conduction -
heat transferred by direct contact
convection -
heat transferred through movement of air or
liquid
evaporation -
vaporization of water from sur face leads to a loss of heat ( sweat )
endotherm s increase their metabolic rate temp DÉAf !
•
as .
temp .
regulation strategies
thermogenesis -
increasing metabolic heat production
→ muscle contraction
,
non
shivering ( brown fat )
body structures : insulation , altering blood flow
, panting / sweating
vasoconstriction blood reduce blood & heat
shrinking vessels to vessels retain
-
vasodilation -
blood vessels get wider -
increases blood flow & reduces heat
life History Strategies : # of
offspring , timing of reproduction ,
amount of
parental care )
ite history -
pattern of survival & reproduction events
shaped by natural selection & reflects how members of species distribute offspring
a resource
among
short lived reproduce earlier long lived later
species
- -
realistic
← more
food chains & webs
energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient
producers -
make their own food ( autotrophs )
consumers -
eat other organisms ( heterotrophs )
de composers
-
break down dead organic material & wastes
in food webs points from organism that is eaten to the that eats it
: ar row an
organism
burger
me - King
10% RULE of ENERGY TRANSFER !
energy disipated as heat
,
waste
,
death w/o being eaten
exponential & logistic growth
EXPONENTIAL :
pop 's growth rate stays the same
regardless of pop . Size ( J -
curve )
pop . s ultimately limited by resource availability
LOGISTIC :
growth gets size approaches carrying capacity ( S-curve )
pop 's smaller as
pop
✓ carrying capacity
÷-=rma×( "
In
intraspecific competition = within
species
population regulation
LIMITING FACTORS : tend to be biotic
g ex : competition
density dependent w/
( for food )
causes pop 's capita growth rate to
change increasing density
-
pop
-
per .
density -
independent -
affect
per capita growth independent of
pop .
density ( ex : natural disasters )
cyclical oscillations -
repeated rises & drops in size of over time
pop .
predation & fluctuation of food
result of :
, parasites , availability
interactions in communities
community = all populations of all different species living in a
particular area
interspecific interactions -
interactions between difterent
species in a community
competition C- 1- ) compete they have overlapping niches
species when
predation ( + 1- )
mutualism ( t / t )
commensalism ( + / O )
parasitism ( + 1- )
long intimate association
symbiosis 2 species live together in a ter m
- -
niches & competition
niche -
ecological role which is defined by the set of conditions
,
resources ,
& interactions it needs
cannot coexist niche
competition exclusion
principle
-
two species if
they occupy the exact same
natural selection to have distinct niches
resource
partitioning -
2 species who overlap may evolve
by more
ex : anole lizard
richness found
high species
community structure the equator
f near
species richness -
# of different species
richness & species
species diversity -
measure of
species evenness
-
community structure influenced by abiotic factors species interactions level of disturbance & chance events
, , ,
-
more diverse ecological communities are more stable
foundation
species act by modifying the to
support other organisms
-
environment
Keystone species large effect on
community structure relative to its abundance
-
invasive species
'
species that have been introduced to areas outside of the native
range
→
-
may outcompete native
species for resources alters community structure
human impact on
ecosystems
→ land -
use
change :
destroy natural landscape -
mining resources ,
urbanization
→
pollution
→ introduced species
→ resolve exploitation : use of nonrenewable resources