SAMPLE PAPER [Pre-Board Paper based on CBSE pattern] ime Allowed: 3 Hours} [Maximum Marks: 80 General Instructions: (® This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and Section C is Physics. (i) All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A student is expected to attempt only one of these questions. 1. From the given clues, identify the correct process and its significance, 1 [Integrated] (a) Heterotrophic nutrition: Organisms synthesise their own food (b) Excretion: Removal of undigested products (©) Translocation: Transport of soluble products of photosynthesis (@) Transpiration: Helps in absorption of dissolved food in water. 2. Which of the following statement is/are not true about fermentation? 1 [NCERT, Page 88] (@) Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid. (i) Fermentation is also known as anaerobic respiration. (ii) Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide alongwith the release of energy. (iv) Fermentation process takes place in yeast. (a) Only () (6) Only Gi (©) Both (i) and (ii) (@) Gi), (ii) and Gv) 3. Which organ/s of the plant shows both positive geotropism and positive hydrotroprism? 1 [Conceptual Application] (2) Roots (6) Shoots (©) Both (a) and (6) (@) Pollen tube 4, When a bright light is focussed on our eyes, our eyes close. There is a sequence of events which takes place before the contraction of eye muscles. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events that occur when a bright light from a vehicle falls in our eyes? 1 [NCERT, Page 103] (a) Receptor +> Sensory neuron -+ Motor neuron -> Spinal card > Eye (b) Receptor —» Sensory neuron -> Spinal card -» Motor neuron —> Eye (6) Effector > Motor neuron -> Sensory neuron —> Spinal card —> Eye @ Stimulus — Sensory neuron + Motor neuron > Relay neuron + Eye 8. DNA copying is accompanied by 1 [NCERT, Page 114] (@) creation of a cellular apparatus (®) cteation of more DNA copies (0) formation of a zygote (@) inheritance of characteristics 6. All the interacting organisms in an area together with the non-living constituents of the environment, form a/an 1 [NCERT, Page 208] (a) biotic component (6) abiotic component (c) environment (@) ecosystem7. Which of the following diagram holds true to show the flow of energy of four step food chain in an ecosystem? 1 [NCERT, Page 210] Wig) (a) \ g wi Z © at Ww 2 € The following two questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions by selecting the appropriate option given below: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. (®) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A. (©) Ais true but R is false. (@ Ais false but Ris true. 8. Assertion (A): The length and complexity of food chains is uniform but for food webs, they vary greatly in an ecosystem. Reason (R): Each organism is generally eaten by two or more kinds of organisms which in turn are eaten by several other organisms. 1 INCERT, Page 210] 9. Assertion (A): Impulse travels from dendrite to cell body and then along the axon to its end. Reason (R): Information acquired at the end of the dendrite tip of a nerve cell sets of an electric impulse. 1 [Conceptual Application] 10. A lot of waste is generated in Kanika’s house but almost all of it is biodegradable. What impact this waste can cause on the human health? 2 [Conceptual Application] LL, (a) Name one sexually transmitted disease which is caused by a virus. Males use a contraceptive which helps to prevent transmission of STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases). Name the contraceptive. 2 [NCERT, Page 125] (6) What is pre-natal sex-determination? Why is it banned? INCERT, Page 125] Or From the given figure identify the type of reproduction and the organism in which this type of reproduction occurs. INCERT, Page 118] @) “Together with® EAD Science—10(\Saae Name A, B and C. Out of A, B and C, which one is non-reproductive structure? 12, Draw a diagram of the front view of human heart and label any six parts. 2 [NCERT, Page 92] 13, (a) What is the number of sex chromosomes in a human sperm? “The sex of the child is determined by the type of sperm that fuses with egg’. Justify the above statement. 3 [NCERT, Page 132] (®) Draw a flow chart showing sex determination in human beings. INCERT, Page 132] 14, Draw a diagram of human digestive system and label the part 3 INCERT, Page 85-86] (@) where complete digestion of carbohydrates and proteins takes place. What are the final productis of complete digestion of carbohydrates and proteins? (6) which secretes a substance that helps in fat digestion, How does it help in fat digestion? 15, Asexual reproduction is the production of offsprings by a single parent without gametes and fertilisation. It mostly occurs in unicellular organisms, some plants and some simple multicellular animals. The offsprings produced are genetically identical to parents and to each other. Study the given diagrams and answer the questions. 4 Sonic sw (3)(a) Identify the organism and type of asexual reproduction shown in figures I and II. [Conceptual Application] Attempt either subpart (6) or (c) (6) How will you differentiate between these two types of reproduction? [Conceptual Application] Or (©) Why cannot complex organisms give rise to new individuals through regeneration? 3 [NCERT, Page 116-117] (@) Name two organisms which reproduce through regeneration. INCERT, Page 116-117] 16. (2) Name the hormone which is released into the blood when its sugar level rises. Name the organ which produces this hormone and its effect on blood sugar level. Also mention the digestive enzymes secreted by this organ with one function of each, 5 [Conceptual Application] (6) Explain the need of chemical communication in multicellular organisms. _[NCERT, Page 109] Or Define tropism. Explain four kinds of tropisms with one example each. INCERT, Page 107] SECTION 17. In the given set-up, what is the function of glass-wool soaked in water? 1 [NCERT, Page 43] Giass-wool soaked in ; ae j-Stand Hydrogen gas ¢ @ 7 + <-Stand ml sample i Loaner Delivery > tube < = (@) To break down metal sample. (6) To provide steam for its action on metal sample. (©) To provide water for its action on metal sample. (@) To heat the metal for action with water. ‘cha adds a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid drop by drop in 10 ml of water taken in a bea- ker. Then she notes down the temperature and pH of the solution, Which of the following statements, are true for temperature and pH of the solution? 1 [NCERT, Page 24] (i) The temperature of the beaker rises. (i) ‘The pH of the solution d (iii) The proc (iv) The process of mixing an acid with water is called dilution of an acid. (@) @ and (itiy () @, (i and itty (©) @, (ii) and (ivy @ @, (@ and @) 19. When aqueous solutions of barium chloride and aluminium sulphate are mixed, an insoluble substance separates out. Which one of the following row is showing the correct chemical equation and the insoluble substance formed? 1 [NCERT, Page 11] 18, -ases rapidly on addition of acid. 5s of dissolving an acid is highly endothermic reaction, @® Together with EAD Science—10Chemical equation Insoluble substance (2) | BaCl, + Al,(SO,), —> BaSO, + Al,Cl, BaSO, (6) | BaCl, + AL,(SO,), —> BaSO, + AICI, BaSO, (©) [Bact + AL,(SO,), —> BaSO, + AICI, AICI, (@)__ | Bacl, + Also, —> BaSO, + AICI, BaSO, 20. Which of the following is the correct representation of electron dot structure of nitrogen? 1 [NCERT, Page 60] (a) :NeW (6) NaN (c) ‘NEN @ 21. On adding two drops of solution ‘X’ to sodium hydroxide solution, the solution becomes pink. On adding hydrochloric acid dropwise, the pink colour disappears. Which of following represents solu- tion ‘X’? 1 [Conceptual Application) (@) Methyl orange (6) Litmus solution (¢) Turmeric paste (d) Phenolphthalein 22. Riya passed carbon dioxide gas through lime water, it turns milky due to the formation of substance ‘X, On continuously passing carbon dioxide through this solution, it becomes colourless due to the formation of substance ‘B’. What are ‘8 and ‘B"? A INCERT, Page 20-21] (@) A - Calcium carbonate, B — Calcium hydrogen carbonate (6) A ~ Calcium bicarbonat (0) A Lime water, B - Calcium carbonate (@ A - Calcium hydroxide, B ~ Calcium hydrogen carbonate 23. Generally, non-metals are not conductors of electricity. Which of the following is a good conductor of electricity? 1 [NCERT, Page 61] (a) Diamond (6) Graphite (©) Sulphur (@) Fallerene sertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer this question B ~ Calcium carbonate The following question consists of two statements ~ by selecting the appropriate option given below: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. () Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A (©) Ais true but R is false. (@ Ais false but Ris true. 24, Assertion (A): Rusting of iron, black coating on silver and green coating on copper are examples of corrosion. Reason (R): When a metal is exposed to moisture, air, acid etc. for some time an undesired layer is formed which weakens the metal and hence the metal is said to the corroded. 1 [NCERT, Page 13] 28. Misuse of substance ‘X’ in industries is prevented by adding methanol, benzene and pyridine. “Y” is formed on heating ‘X’ in presence of cone. sulphuric acid. 2 [NCERT, Page 72] ‘What is the role of cone.H,SO,? (a) Identify °X’ and (6) Write the chemical reaction in the form of a chemical equation to show the change from *X’ to'Y. 26. (a) Define universal indicator. What is the use of the universal indicator? _ 3 [NCERT, Page 25] (6) Name the acid present in INCERT, Page 28] (8) Stinging hairs of nettle leaves (i) Tamarind(©) What will be the pH of a salt formed by [NCERT, Page 29] (strong acid and a strong base? (ii) weak acid and a strong base. Or (a) For the preparation of cakes, baking powder is used, If at home your mother uses baking soda instead of baking powder, how will it affect the taste of the cake and why? (®) How is baking soda be converted into baking powder? (©) What makes the cake soft and spongy? [Conceptual Application] 27. (a) How would you name the following compounds? 3 [Conceptual Application] HOH i H-C=0 @ (6) Nishi writes the formulae of the following compounds INCERT, Page 66] CH,OH, C,H,OH and C,H,OH. What name can be given to this family or series? Define it also, Generate the series for compounds containing up to four carbons atoms having chloro(—Cl) as the functional group. 28, Nimrat heated a shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ in a China dish as shown in the figure and noted that the black coloured compound *Y’ has been formed. Then she passed hydrogen gas over this, heated material “Y’, the black coating on the surface turns brown as the reverse reaction takes place and element ‘X’ is obtained. 4 INCERT, Page 12] China dish containing — Wire gauze Jet (a) Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect? [Conceptual Application] 2PbO(s) + C(s) —> 2Pb(s) + CO,(g) 1. Lead is getting reduced. ILC IIL. Carbon is getting oxidised. IV. Lead oxide is getting reduced. () Land 1 (@) Vand M1 (ii) 1, Wand 1 Justify your answer. rbon dioxide is getting oxidised (b) Identify X° and “Y’. What type of reaction takes place during the formation of Y’ from ‘X"? @) Together with EAD Science—10Or Write the balanced chemical equations involved in the chemical reactions. Also make the equations informative. (©) MnO, (5) + 4HCK(conc.) —> MnCl,(ag) + H,0 () + CL@) [Conceptual Application] The oxidising agent is (@ MnO, (i) HEI (iii) MnCl (iv) Ag + Zn(NO,), Give reason. 29. (a) Show the formation of calcium oxide by electron dot transfer. While forming ionic compound calcium oxide, how does calcium atom attain the stable configuration? [Conceptual Application] (b) Kritika cleaned the three iron pieces (A, B and C) by using a sand paper. She then coated these pieces with (A) paint (B) oil (©) zine She exposed each piece by making an identical scratch on the piece and then kept these pieces in the air for ten days. She then checked each piece for rusting. (®) Inwhich of the piece/pieces will Kritika observe rusting at the point of the scratch? {Conceptual Application] (i) Give reason to explain. [Conceptual Application] (iii) Name and define the process of applying a protective zinc coating on iron, 5 INCERT, Page $4] or Some metals react with oxygen, water and acids readily and some do not. On the basis of reactivity, metals can be classified as highly reactive, less reactive and least reactive. The arrangement of metals on the basis of their chemical reactivity has been shown below. K Potassium Most reactive Na Sodium Ca Calcium Mg ‘Magnesium Al Aluminium Zn Zine Reactivity decreases Fe Iron Pb Lead [H] [Hydrogen] cu Copper Hg Mercury Ag Silver Au Gold Least reactive (2) (#) On the basis of chemical reactivity name the metal which is more reactive than hydrogen and why? [NCERT, Page 45] (ii) What happens when copper rod is dipped in silver nitrate solution as shown in the gi figure? {Conceptual Application]‘AgNO, solution Write two observations to prove the reactivity of two metals - Cu and Ag. [Conceptual Application] (®) How will you differentiate between metals and non-metals on the basis of integrated] (®) malleability and ductility? (ii) nature of oxides? Write your answer in a tabular form: SECTION - C 30. Which one of the following phenomenon is not due to atmospheric refraction? 1 [NCERT, Page 168] (@) Twinkling of stars (6) Colour of water in deep sea (©) Advance sunrise and delayed sunset (@ Apparent position of stars. 31. A battery of 12 V is connected in series with resistors of 0.1 2, 0.3 2, 0.5 2, 0.7 2, and 1.0 8. How ‘much current would flow through the 1.0.0 resistor? 1 [Conceptual Application] @1A (6) 2.61. A. (0) 461A @RA The following question consists to of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer this question by selecting the appropriate option given beloy (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. () Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A. (©) Ais true but R is false. @ Ais false but R is true, 32, Assertion (A): A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror after reflection, is reflected back along the same path, Reason (R): A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis of a concave mirror is reflected obliquely making equal angle with principle axis. 1 [NCERT, Page 139] 33. In a person, the light rays from a close by object are focussed at a part behind the retina. 2 [NCERT, Page 163] (@) Which type of vision defect is he/she suffering from? (6) What (©) Which type of lens is required by the person to correct the defect? (@) Draw the diagram to show this eye defect. 34, (a) Draw the pattern of the magnetic field lines around a current carrying straight conductor passing through and held perpendicular to a horizontal cardboard. 2 [NCERT, Page 199] (b) List the factors on which magnetic field produced by a straight conductor depend INCERT, Page 199] another name given for this defect? Or It is established that an electric current through a metallic conductor produces a magnetic field around it, Is there a similar magnetic field produced around a thin beam of moving (a) alpha particles, (6) neutrons? Justify your answer. [Conceptual Application] @) Together with EAD Science—1038. (a) What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase or decrease the distance of an object from the eye? 3 [NCERT, Page 162] (6) The far point of a myopic person is 100 em in front of the eye, What is the nature, focal Iength and power of the lens required to correct the problem? [Conceptual Application] 36. (a) A symbol of commonly used electrical component is given below. Identify it and state the use of it. 3 [NCERT, Page 176] — wr (b) A child connected five resistors, each § © as shown in the given figure. What will be the equivalent resistance between the points: [Conceptual Application] @ AandB (i) CandD. 37. (a) Give reasons: (® Tungsten metal is used for making filaments of incandescent lamps. 3 [NCERT, Page 179] (ii) Series arrangement is not used for domestic circuits. INCERT, Page 187] (6) What is the commercial unit of electrical energy? What other name is given to it? INCERT, Page 191] 38. Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) observed that a compass needle suffers a deflection when placed 1a current carrying metallic conductor. Consider two straight current carrying conductors R and carrying equal amount of current (/) in a direction perpendicular to the plane of paper outwards, Let P be the mid point of the line joining R and S. The following figure shows the magnetic field lines. around the wires without their directions. 4 [Conceptual Application] ® (a) Redraw the figure and mark the direction of magnetic field lines for both the wires. (6) If the current in the wire is increased, how will the strength of magnetic field around both the wires change? Represent this change by drawing the magnetie field lines around both the wires. Attempt either subpart (c) or (d) (©) What will be the strength of magnetic field at the midpoint P due to both the wires R and S respectively? Give a reason for your answer, Name the rule that helped you to draw this conclusion,Or (d) Suppose B is the magnetic field at the mid point P due to the current carrying conductor R and let the direction of current in wire $ is reversed, what will be the magnetic field at point P now? Give reason for your answer. 39. (a) The focal length of a diverging lens is 30 cm. At what distance should the object be placed so that it forms an image at 15 cm from the lens? Also, find the magnification produced by the lens. INCERT, Page 156] (®) Absolute refractive index of some material media are given below: Material medium Refractive index Air 1.00 Crown glass 152 Diamond 2.42 (8) Study the above data, redraw the given diagram and complete it. [Conceptual Application] Air ‘ Crown glass Diamond (ii) In which media does the light move faster, crown glass or diamond? {Conceptual Application} (iii) Out of crown glass and diamond, state which medium is denser giving the reason. {Conceptual Application} (i) What is absolute refractive index? 5 [NCERT, Page 148-149] Or (@)— (@ What are the two possible ways in which a concave mirror can produce a magnified image of an object placed in front of it? INCERT, Page 138] (ii) Draw both the ray diagrams, INCERT, Page 140] (iii) What are the differences between the images formed in (ii)? [Conceptual Application] (6) Why are concave mirrors used by ENT specialists? INCERT, Page 140] Go) Tagether with® BAD Science—10ANSWERS Lo 2.(@) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (@) 6. (d) 7.) 8. (d) 9. (@) 10, + Though biodegradable waste can be decomposed but excess generation can be harmful. The decomposition of biodegradable waste is a very slow process which produces foul smell and gases. + It can be the breeding ground for germs that create unhygienic conditions. LL. (a) Sexually transmitted disease which is caused by a virus — AIDS, Warts. (any one) The contraceptive used only by males which helps to prevent transmission of sexually transmitted diseases is condom. (b) Pre-natal sex determinations means to know the sex of the child before the birth. Pre-natal sex determination has been banned in India because of reckless female foeticides due to which ing at an alarming rate in some sections of our society. child sex ratio is de For a healthy society, the male female sex ratio must be maintained. Or The type of reproduction is spore formation in Rhizopus. A-Hypha B—Sporangium C- Spores Out of A, B and C, A is non-reproductive structure. Aorta 12, Vena Cava ‘from upper - Pulmonary vey arteries Z, Pulmonary Right atium. — veins fi Left atrium vera //—* cava rom —>/ lower body Right venice Lot vento (Any Septum (Any six) (dividing wall) 13, (2) The number of sex chromosomes in a human sperm is one. It is either X or Y chromosome. An egg fertilised by X-carrying sperm results into a girl child while an egg fertilised by Y-carrying sperm results into a boy child. Thus, the sex of the child is determined by type of sperm that fuses with egg. ic. Y chromosomebe Male ant “f \ Zygote Fema otsoings ( , 14. (a) A-Small intestine The The final products after digestion of carbohydrates and proteins are glucose and amino acids respectively. (6) The secretions bile salts and bile juice are secreted by liver (B). Bile salts break the larger globules of fats into small globules and increase the efficiency of enzyme action. The food coming from the stomach is acidic and the bile juice from liver makes the food alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act. 1S. (a) Fig. 1 Spirogyra — Fragmentation Fig. I Hydra — Budding (6) Differences between budding and fragmentation complete Sesion of carbohydrates and proteins take place in small intestine (A). Budding ‘Fragmentation A bud develops as an outgrowth due to[ Organism — simply breaks upon repeated cell division at one specific site. The | maturation into two or more fragments bud deteches itself from the parent body and | that grow into new individuals. becomes new individual cg, Spirogyra e.g. Hydra (2) Tagether with® BAD Science—1016. 17. 21. 22, 23, 28. Or (6) Complex organisms cannot simply divide cell by cell as multicellular organisms are not simply a random collection of cells. Specialised cells ed into organs, which are placed at definite position in the body. In such a carefully organised situation, it is not possible to develop an organism through regeneration, (@) Two organisms which reproduce through regeneration are Hydra and Planaria. wre organised as tissues and tissues are organis (a) When sugar level rises, hormone insulin is released into blood, Insulin is released in our body by pancreas. When insulin is secreted in lower quantity by pancreas, the blood sugar level of the concerned person increases. On the other hand if the insulin is secreted in excess, the person suffers from low sugar in blood. Pancreas secretes enzyme like trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats. (®) Chemical communication is required in multicellular organisms to deal with emergency demand such as infection, trauma, dehydration, starvation, haemorrhage, extreme temperature, ete. The nervous coordination is fast but short-lived. As the nerve fibres do not connect to all cells of the body and the cellular functions need to be continuously regulated; a special kind of coordination and integration has to be provided. This function is carried out by hormones. ‘he nervous system and the endocrine system jointly coordinate and regulate the physiological functions in the body. Or The movement of plant in the direction of stimulus is known as tropism, Plants respond to light, touch, gravitational forces and chemicals, The four kinds of tropism are as follows: (a) Phototropism: It is the movement of a plant in response to light. For example: Plants need sunlight, so the stem (or shoots) respond to sunlight by growing towards it, (b) Geotropism: It is the movement of a plant in response to gravity For example: The movements of plant roots towards the earth and that of stem away from the earth. (©) Hydrotropism: It is the movement of a plant in response to water. For example: The roots of plants always go towards water, even if it means going against the pull of gravity (d) Chemotropism: It is the movement of a plant in response to a chemical stimulus. For example: The growth of a pollen tube towards the ovule induced by a sugary substance, 6) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (d) @ (a) A~ Calcium carbonate, B ~ Calcium hydrogen carbonate Ca(OH), (aq) + CO,(g) —> CaCO,(s) + H,0() x (white precipitate) CaCO,(s) + H,0()) + CO,(g) —> Ca(HCO,),(ag) e (Soluble in water) () (a) X ~ Ethanol (CH, Y — Ethene (CH,=CH,) Cone. sulphuric acid is regarded as dehydrating agent which removes water from ethanol.1 Hot cone. Hs80« (6) CH,—CH,OH > CH=CH, + H,0 x y 26. (a) A universal indicator is a mixture of many indicators. It gives different colours at different concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution, The colour produced by it is used to find the pH value of acid or base by matching the colour with the colours on pH colour chart. From the pH value, we can also find out whether the given solution is acid, base or neutral. (B) Acid present in (Stinging hair of nettle leaves - Methanoic acid (i) Tamarind ~ Tartarie acid (©) @ The pHofa salt formed by a strong acid and a strong base is 7 as the salt formed is neutral. (i) The pH of a salt formed by a weak acid and a strong base is more than 7 as the salt formed is basic in nature. or (@) Baking powder consists of sodium hydrogencarbonate (baking soda) and tartaric acid. If only baking soda is used in making cake, then sodium carbonate is formed on heating which will give a bitter taste to cake (b) Baking soda can be converted into baking by adding starch and tartaric acid, (6) Sodium hydrogencarbonate gives carbon dioxide (CO,) gas which makes the cakes soft and spongy. 27. (a) () Methanal (i) Cyclopentane () CH,OH, C,H,OH and C,H,OH have same functional group and differ by —CH, group. ‘Thus, they all belong to one series and the name given to such a series is homologous series. Homologous series is a series of similarly constituted compounds in which the members have the same functional group, same chemical properties and any two successive members in a particular series differ in their molecular formula by —CH, group and in their molecular mass ie. 14 u. Homologous series for compounds containing upto four carbons having chloro (—Cl) as the functional group CH,Cl, C,H,Cl, HCl, CHCl 28. (a) (i) Land I are incorrect statements because (&) °° ~ Copper (Cu) “Y’ — Copper oxide (CuO) *Y’ is formed from ‘X’ on heating it. It is a combination reaction, and ‘CO,’ are products and not reactants. or 206) + 0,@) —E- 2cu06) (Ghiny brown powder) (Back powder) x 4 (9) + Hy) —> CuG) + 1,00 ye a © @ Mno, Tt is because MnO, is removing hydrogen from HCI to form Cl, n of Calcium Oxide 29. (a) Form: Atomic number of ) = 20 Electronic configuration of Ca = 2, 8 8, 2 cium (C @) Tagether with® BAD Science—10() () Ca loses two valence electrons from its valence shell 2 Ca CaP + 20° 2882-288 Atomic number of oxygen (0) = 8 Electronic configuration of (0) = 2,6 It gains two electrons in the valence shell O+2° —» oF 26 28 In the formation of calcium oxide, two electrons are transferred from calcium atom to oxygen atom . i 2+ [28%] 2+ gt 30: ow [83 or ca?* 0% or Cao During the formation of ionic compound calcium oxide, calcium loses two electrons from its valence shell to acquire the stable configuration of argon (Ar) and forms Ca”* ion. (i She will observe rust on the iron pieces A and B. (i) The iron pieces coated with paint and oil are in contact with air and moisture whereas zine is more reactive than iron and gets oxidised in preference to the iron object. Thus, th piece coated with zine do not get rusted. (iii) The process of applying a protective zine coating on iron is called galvanisation. car Galvanisation is a method of protectin thin layer of zine, mn and steel from rusting by coating them with a or (The metals which are above hydrogen are more reactive than hydrogen. So the examples of more reactive metals than hydrogen are potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron and lead. (any one) Metals which can lose electron/s more easily than hydrogen are more reactive than hydrogen because they can replace hydrogen from the acids. For example Zn+2HCl —> ZnCl, +H, (ii) When copper rod is dipped in the silver nitrate solution, the colour of the solution chang- es. This is due to the formation of copper nitrate [Cu(NO,),] as displacement reaction has taken place. Copper is more reactive then silver so it displaces silver from its solution. Cu(s) + 2AgNO,(aq) —> Cu(NO), (aq) + 2Ag(s) Observations + Silver nitrate solution is colourless, when copper displaces silver from its solution, blue colour appears. This is due to the formation of copper nitrate [Cu(NO,),]- + A greyish coating of silver is seen on the surface of copper plate. From these observations, we can say that copper is more reactive than silver. On the other hand, if silver plate is dipped in copper nitrate solution, no reaction takes place. Differences between metals and non-metals Property Metals Non-Metals (® Malleability | Metals are malleable and ‘Non-metals are neither and ductility | ductile malleable nor ductile (i) Nature of | Metals form either basic oxides | Non-metals form either oxides ‘or amphoteric oxides acidic or neutral oxides30. (b) 31. (c) All the resistors are connected in series, Equivalent resistance Ro=R +R, +R +R +R, = 01403 +05 +07 +10=260 Current flowing through the cireuit Y= PY yea R, 269 In series same current flows through all the resistors, Thus, current flowing through 1 resistor is 4.61 A. 32. (6) 33. (a) The person is suffering from hypermetropia. (6) Another name given to this type of def (©) Convex lens of appropriate power is required by the person to correct this defect. @ far-sightedness. 34. (a) Variable resistance xy 0 wo (6) The factors on which magnetic field produced by a straight conductor depends * Current passing through the conductor + Strength of magnetic field * Distance from the conductor. Or (@) Yes, similar magnetic field produced around a thin beam of moving alpha-particle, being positively charged constitutes a current in the direction of beam motion. particle (6) No, as neutron being electrically neutral and does not constitute a current. 38. (a) For a normal eye, image distance in the eye remains fixed ic. distance of retina from the eye lens is fixed, When we increase or decrease the distance of the object from the eye, focal length of the eye lens is changed on account of accommodating power of the eye so as to keep image distance constant. (®) Distance of far point (v) = - 100 cm (Infinity), f=?, P=? Gs) Tagether with® BAD Science—10By applying lens formula p= - “10 Nature of lens ~ Concave lens 36. (a) The electrical component is a variable resistor. It is used to regulate current without changing the voltage source. (6) (® The resistance in arm AEB ic. R, = 504+50=100 AsR, = 10. and 5 Q in arm AB are in parallel, equivalent resistance between the points. Aand Bis 1 lla 3 Req, 3° 10°30 10 = R, = 2=3330 a = 3 (io Resstanes beeen points A and = 12 and inthe arm AC = 59 and am BD = 5 Qare in series. Therefore, the equivalent resistance between the point C and D ‘egy = Reg, tS +S Wis y5- Wee 8 o_ 3130 3 3 Therefore, equivalent resistance between the points C and D = 13.13 2. 37. (a) Tungsten metal has very high melting point. The filament of tungsten retains as much of the heat generated as possible, so that it gets very hot and emits light. It does not get melt at such a high temperature. (i) Series arrangement is not used for domestic circuits because + Ifone component in the circuit fails, the circuit is broken, and none of the components, works, + The total resistance in the circuit increases and the current supply decreases. (6) The commercial unit of electrical energy is kWh. The other name given to it is ‘unit 38. (a) Direction of magnetic field due to both the current carrying wire is shown below @ @ (b) The strength of magnetic field increases with increase in the current in wire R and S.More number of line indicates stronger magnetic field. (+ Zero Reason: The magnetic field at the mid point P due to wire A is equal and opposite in direction. Hence, they nullify each other. + Right hand thumb rule. Or (d) On reversing the direction of current in the wire S, the direction of magnetic field at point P is also reversed. Thus, at point P, the magnetic field produced by both the wires is equal and in the same direction. Therefore, the total magnetic field at P is 2B. 39. (a) Diverging lens is concave lens. Image distance (v) = Image distance (f) Object distance (u) Magnification (m) = ? By applying lens formula 1 BIS SIS or u=~30em ‘Thus, the object distance is 30 em Magnification m= 2 u 1s +05 m =30 The positive sign shows that the image formed is erect and virtual. The image is one-half of the size of the object. Crown glass Diamond Gs) Tagether with® BAD Science—10(@) (6) (ii) We know Speed of light in air Refractive index = POCO “ENT _ Speed of light in medium Refractive index is inversely proportional to the speed of light in medium. Refractive in- dex of diamond is more than crown glass, so the speed of light in crown glass is more. (ii) Out of crown glass and diamond, diamond is denser as the speed of light is less in dia mond, (jv) If medium 1 is vacuum or air, then the refractive index of medium 2 is considered with respect to vacuum. This is called the absolute refractive index of the medium. Or (Two possible ways in which a concave mirror produces magnified image of an object are: + When the object is placed between C and + When the object is placed between P and F. (ii) When the object is placed between C and F, the image formed is real and inverted and the position is beyond C. When the object is placed between P and F, the image formed is virtual and erect and the position is behind the mirror. A concave mirror is used by ENT specialists as a concave mirror can concentrate a parallel beam of light on to a particular part of the body to be examined,