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9th Math Definition

Unit 1: Real Numbers
1. Real Numbers
Real numbers include all rational and irrational numbers that can be shown on the number line.
Example: −3, 0, 2, 1/2, √2.

2. Rational Numbers
Numbers that can be written in the form p/q where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
Example: 1/2, −3/4, 5.

3. Irrational Numbers
Numbers that cannot be written as a fraction p/q and have non-terminating non-repeating decimals.
Example: √2, π.

4. Terminating Decimal
A decimal number that ends after a limited number of digits.
Example: 0.5, 0.25.

5. Non-Terminating Recurring
Decimal
A decimal that continues forever but
repeats a pattern of digits.
Example: 0.333… , 0.666…

6. Surd
An irrational number written in root
form is called a surd.
Example: √5, √7.

7. Conjugate Surds
Two surds having the same terms but
opposite sign between them.
Example: √3 + 2 and √3 − 2.

8. Laws of Indices
Rules used to simplify powers and
exponents in algebraic expressions.
Example: aᵐ × aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ.

9. Square Root
A number which when multiplied by
itself gives the original number.
Example: √9 = 3.
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10. Cube Root

A number which when multiplied three times gives the original number.
Example: ∛27 = 3.

Unit 2: Logarithms
1. Logarithm
A logarithm tells the power to which a base must be raised to get a given number.
Example: log₁₀100 = 2 because 10² = 100.

2. Common Logarithm
A logarithm with base 10 is called a common logarithm.
Example: log₁₀1000 = 3.

3. Natural Logarithm
A logarithm with base e (2.718...) is called a natural logarithm.
Example: ln(e) = 1.

4. Characteristic of Logarithm
The integer part of a common logarithm is called the characteristic.
Example: log(50) ≈ 1.699, so the characteristic is 1.

5. Mantissa of Logarithm
The decimal part of a logarithm is called the mantissa.
Example: In log(50) ≈ 1.699, the mantissa is 0.699.

6. Product Rule of Logarithms

The logarithm of a product equals the sum of the logarithms.
Example: log(ab) = log(a) + log(b); log(2×5) = log2 + log5.

7. Quotient Rule of Logarithms

The logarithm of a quotient equals the difference of the logarithms.
Example: log(a/b) = log(a) − log(b).

8. Power Rule of Logarithms

The logarithm of a power equals the exponent multiplied by the logarithm of the base.
Example: log(aⁿ) = n log(a).

9. Change of Base Formula

This formula is used to convert logarithms from one base to another.
Example: logₐb = log(b) / log(a).

Unit 3: Sets and Functions

1. Set
A set is a collection of well-defined objects or elements.
Example: A = {1, 2, 3}.
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2. Empty Set

Example: ∅ or {}.
A set with no elements is called an empty or null set.

3. Singleton Set
A set containing exactly one element is called a singleton set.
Example: {0}.

4. Subset

Example: {1, 2} ⊆ {1, 2, 3}.

If all elements of A are in B, then A is a subset of B.

A is a proper subset of B if A ⊆ B but A ≠ B.

5. Proper Subset

Example: {1, 2} ⊂ {1, 2, 3}.

6. Equal Sets
Two sets are equal if they have exactly the same elements.
Example: {1,2,3} = {3,1,2}.

7. Equivalent Sets
Two sets are equivalent if they have the same number of elements.
Example: {a,b,c} ≈ {1,2,3}.

8. Universal Set
The set containing all objects under consideration is called the universal set.
Example: U = {1,2,3,4,5}.

9. Union of Sets

Example: {1,2} ∪ {2,3} = {1,2,3}.

The set of all elements in A or B is called union.

10. Intersection of Sets

The set of elements common to both A and B is called intersection.
Example: {1,2} ∩ {2,3} = {2}.

11. Disjoint Sets

Two sets with no common elements are called disjoint sets.
Example: {1,3,5} and {2,4,6}.

The set of all ordered pairs (x, y) with x ∈ A and y ∈ B is Cartesian product.
12. Cartesian Product

Example: A={1,2}, B={a,b}, A×B={(1,a),(1,b),(2,a),(2,b)}.

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13. Function
A function maps each element of set A to exactly one element of set B.
Example: f(x) = x², A={1,2,3}, B={1,4,9}.

14. One-One (Injective) Function

A function where no two elements in domain map to same element in range.
Example: f(x)=x+1.

15. Onto (Surjective) Function

A function whose range equals its codomain is called onto.
Example: f: {1,2,3} → {4,5,6}, f(x)=x+3.

16. Bijective Function

A function that is both injective and surjective is bijective.
Example: f: {1,2,3} → {a,b,c}, f(1)=a, f(2)=b, f(3)=c.

Unit 4: Factorization and Algebraic Manipulation

1. Common Factor
A term that exactly divides two or more algebraic expressions.
Example: 2x − 6 = 2(x − 3), 2 is common factor.

2. HCF (Highest Common Factor)

The largest expression that divides given expressions without remainder.
Example: HCF of 6x and 9x = 3x.

3. LCM (Lowest Common Multiple)

The smallest expression divisible by all given expressions.
Example: LCM of 2x and 3x = 6x.

4. Relationship between HCF and LCM

Product of HCF and LCM equals the product of given expressions.
Example: HCF × LCM = 6x × 9x = 54x².

5. Factorization by Grouping
A method where terms are grouped to find common factors.
Example: x² + 3x + 2x + 6 = x(x + 3) + 2(x + 3) = (x + 3)(x + 2).
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6. Monomial
An algebraic expression with only one term.
Example: 5x, −3a².

7. Binomial
An expression with two terms separated by + or −.
Example: x + 3, 2a − b.

8. Trinomial
An expression with three terms separated by + or −.
Example: x² + 2x + 1.

9. Difference of Squares
a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b), used to factor certain expressions.
Example: x² − 9 = (x − 3)(x + 3).

10. Perfect Square Trinomial

A trinomial that is the square of a binomial.
Example: x² + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)².

Unit 5: Linear Equations and Inequalities

1. Linear Equation
An equation in one variable of degree 1.
Example: 2x + 3 = 7.

2. Linear Inequality
An inequality with a linear expression in one variable.
Example: x + 5 > 2.

3. Test Point
A point used to determine which side of the boundary line satisfies an inequality.
Example: Origin (0,0) is commonly used.

4. Problem Constraint
Each inequality in a real-life problem is called a constraint.
Example: x + y ≤ 10 in resource allocation.
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5. Non-Negative Constraint
Variables that cannot take negative values in real-life problems.
Example: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

6. Decision Variables
Variables representing quantities to be determined in a problem.
Example: x = number of chairs, y = number of tables.

7. Feasible Region
The area on the graph satisfying all constraints.
Example: Region bounded by inequalities in first quadrant.

8. Feasible Solution
Any point within the feasible region that satisfies all constraints.
Example: (2,3) if it satisfies all inequalities.

9. Vertex (Corner Point)

A point where two boundary lines intersect in the feasible region.
Example: Intersection of x + y = 5 and x = 2.

10. Optimal Solution

Feasible solution that maximizes or minimizes the objective function.
Example: Maximum profit in production problem.

Unit 6: Trigonometry

1. Trigonometry
The branch of mathematics dealing with angles and sides of triangles.
Example: sin, cos, tan in a right-angled triangle.
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2. Angle

Example: ∠ABC with vertex at B.

A figure formed by two rays sharing a common vertex.

3. Co-Terminal Angles
Angles sharing the same initial and terminal sides but different measures.
Example: 45°, 405°, −315°.

4. Degree
One degree is 1/360th of a full circle.
Example: Right angle = 90°.

5. Radian
Angle subtended at the center by an arc equal in length to the radius.
Example: 1 rad ≈ 57.3°.

6. Arc Length of Sector

Length of the curved boundary of a sector.
Formula: s = rθ.
Example: For r = 5, θ = 2 rad, s = 10.

7. Area of Sector
Area covered by a sector of a circle.
Formula: A = ½ r²θ.
Example: r = 4, θ = π/3, A = 8π/3.

8. Trigonometric Functions
Functions relating angles to sides in right triangles.
Example: sin θ = opposite/hypotenuse.

9. Pythagoras Theorem
Square of hypotenuse = sum of squares of other two sides. Example: In right triangle, 3² + 4² = 5².

10. Angle of Elevation

Angle between line of sight and horizontal when looking up. Example: Observing a kite at 30°.

11. Angle of Depression

Angle between line of sight and horizontal when looking down.

Example: Looking down from a building at 45°.
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Unit 9: Similar Figures

1. Polygon
A closed figure with three or more straight sides.
Example: Triangle, quadrilateral.

2. Regular Polygon
A polygon with all sides and angles equal.
Example: Square, regular pentagon.

3. Interior Angle of Regular Polygon

Each interior angle = (n − 2) × 180° ÷ n, where n =
number of sides.
Example: For hexagon, 120°.

4. Exterior Angle of Regular Polygon

Each exterior angle = 360° ÷ n.
Example: Hexagon, exterior angle = 60°.

5. Parallelogram
Quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel and equal,
opposite angles equal.
Example: Rectangle, rhombus.

6. Tessellation
Pattern of shapes that fits together without gaps or overlaps.
Example: Floor tiles in squares or triangles.

7. Similar Triangles

Example: ΔABC ~ ΔDEF if ∠A=∠D, ∠B=∠E, ∠C=∠F.

Triangles with equal corresponding angles and proportional sides.

8. Right-Angled Triangle

Example: ΔABC with ∠C = 90

A triangle with one angle measuring 90°.

9. Equilateral Triangle
A triangle with all three sides equal.
Example: ΔXYZ with XY = YZ = ZX.
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Unit 10: Graphs of Functions

1. Graph
A visual representation of the
relationship between variables.
Example: Plotting y = 2x + 1 on xy-
plane.

2. Asymptote
A line that a graph approaches but never touches.
Example: y = 1/x has x- and y-asymptotes.

3. Quadratic Function Graph

The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
Example: y = x² forms a U-shaped curve

4. Objective Function
A function to be maximized or minimized in a problem.
Example: Profit P = 5x + 3y.

5. Optimal Solution
Feasible solution that maximizes or minimizes the objective function.
Example: Maximum profit occurs at (x, y) = (2,3).

6. Solution of Linear Inequality

An ordered pair that satisfies a linear inequality.
Example: (1,1) satisfies x + 2y < 6.
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Unit 12: Information Handling

1. Information Handling
Process of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data.
Example: Creating a table of student marks.

2. Discrete Data
Data that can take only specific, countable values. Example: Number of books sold: 10, 12, 15.

3. Continuous Data
Data that can take any value within a range. Example: Student weight: 28.5kg, 29kg, 30.2kg.

4. Grouped Data
Data arranged into classes or groups. Example: Marks grouped as 0–10, 11–20, 21–30.

5. Ungrouped Data
Data not arranged in any particular order. Example: Individual scores: 12, 17, 25, 30.

6. Frequency Distribution
Table showing classes and number of data in each class.
Example: Marks 0–10 → 5 students, 11–20 → 8 students.

7. Range
Difference between maximum and minimum values. Formula: Range = Xmax − Xmin.
Example: Max = 50, Min = 10 → Range = 40.

8. Histogram
Graph using rectangles to represent frequency distribution. Example: Bar for 0–10 = 5 units high.

9. Central Tendency
Measures that indicate the center of data. Example: Mean, Median, Mode.

10. Arithmetic Mean

Sum of all values divided by number of observations. Formula: (\bar{X} = \frac{\sum x}{n})
Example: 2, 4, 6 → Mean = 4.

11. Median
Middlemost value of an ordered data set. Example: 3, 5, 7 → Median = 5.

12. Mode
Value occurring most frequently in data. Example: 2, 2, 3, 4 → Mode = 2.

13. Weighted Mean

Average considering different weights for each value.
Formula: (\bar{X}_w = \frac{\sum w_i x_i}{\sum w_i})
Example: Scores 80, 90 with weights 2,3 → Weighted Mean = 86.
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Unit 13: Probability

1. Probability
Chance of occurrence of an event.
Formula: (P(A) = \frac{n(A)}{n(S)})
Example: Tossing a coin → P(Head) = 1/2.

2. Experiment
Process that produces outcomes.
Example: Tossing a coin, rolling a dice.

3. Outcomes
Results obtained from an experiment.
Example: Tossing coin → Head or Tail.

4. Favourable Outcomes
Outcomes that represent the event of interest.
Example: Tossing coin → Head is 1 favourable outcome.

5. Sample Space
Set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
Example: Coin toss → S = {H, T}.

6. Event
Set of outcomes satisfying certain condition.
Example: Rolling dice → Even numbers {2,4,6}.

7. Likely Event
Event that is probable to occur.
Example: Tossing coin → Head is likely.
Unlikely Event: Event with low chance to occur.
Example: Rolling 7 on a dice → Unlikely.

8. Relative Frequency
How often an event occurs relative to total trials.
Formula: (R.f = \frac{x}{y})
Example: 3 heads in 10 tosses → 3/10.

9. Expected Frequency
Estimated number of times an event occurs based on probability.
Formula: Expected = N × P(A)
Example: Toss coin 20 times → Expected heads = 20 × 1/2 = 10.
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