1)What is Research

Research is a systematic and organized process of discovering new knowledge, verifying

existing facts, and solving problems through careful study and investigation. It is the pursuit of
truth and understanding. The word research originates from the French word recherche,
meaning “to search again.” This meaning reflects the nature of research as a continuous
process of inquiry aimed at developing deeper understanding and generating new insights
about the world around us.
Meaning and Definition
In simple terms, research means finding out something new or studying a subject in detail to
understand it better. According to Clifford Woody, “Research comprises defining and redefining
problems, formulating hypotheses or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing, and evaluating
data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and finally carefully testing the conclusions
to determine whether they fit the formulated hypotheses.” Thus, research is not just about
gathering facts but about interpreting and analyzing them to build knowledge.
Objectives of Research
The main objective of research is to discover answers to questions through scientific methods. It
aims to:
1. Gain new knowledge – to explore unknown areas and expand the existing boundaries of
understanding.
2. Verify and test theories – to confirm whether existing theories or assumptions are valid.
3. Solve practical problems – to find solutions to issues faced in daily life, society, industry, or
government.
4. Develop new tools and methods – to improve the ways of studying and understanding reality.
5. Support decision-making – to provide reliable information for policies and planning.
Types of Research
Research can be classified in several ways depending on its purpose, method, and nature.
1. Basic (or Fundamental) Research:
This type of research is carried out to increase our theoretical knowledge. It does not aim at
immediate practical use but seeks to understand underlying principles. For example, studying
how memory works or how plants grow under different light conditions is basic research.
2. Applied Research:
Applied research aims at solving specific, practical problems. It uses the theories and principles
developed through basic research to improve real-life situations. For instance, developing a
new vaccine, improving teaching methods, or designing safer machines are examples of
applied research.
3. Descriptive Research:
Descriptive research aims to describe the characteristics of a phenomenon or group. For
example, studying the literacy rate in a country or the behavior of consumers in a market.
4. Analytical Research:
In analytical research, the researcher uses facts and information already available and
analyzes them to make critical evaluations or explanations.
5. Quantitative Research:
This type of research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data. It uses statistical
tools to test hypotheses and measure variables. Surveys, experiments, and questionnaires are
common methods used in quantitative research.
6. Qualitative Research:
Qualitative research focuses on understanding human behavior, emotions, and social
experiences through non-numerical data like interviews, observations, and case studies. It
explores meanings and motivations behind actions rather than measuring them.
Steps in the Research Process
A systematic research process usually follows several key steps:
1. Identification of the Problem:
Every research begins with identifying a problem or question that needs to be answered. The
problem must be specific, clear, and researchable.
2. Review of Literature:
The researcher studies previous works and existing knowledge related to the topic. This helps in
understanding what is already known and what gaps still exist.
3. Formulation of Hypothesis:
A hypothesis is a possible answer or explanation to the problem. It provides direction for
collecting and analyzing data.
4. Research Design:
The research design is a detailed plan that outlines how the study will be conducted. It includes
decisions about the method of data collection, the sample to be studied, and the tools to be
used.
5. Data Collection:
The researcher gathers information using various methods such as experiments, surveys,
interviews, or observations.
6. Data Analysis and Interpretation:
After collecting data, it is analyzed using statistical or qualitative techniques to find patterns,
relationships, or trends. Interpretation helps to explain what the data means in the context of
the research question.
7. Conclusion and Recommendations:
The researcher draws conclusions based on the analysis and may give recommendations for
future actions or further study.
8. Report Writing and Presentation:
The final step is to prepare a report or thesis that clearly presents the objectives, methods,
findings, and conclusions. This allows others to learn from and verify the research.
Characteristics of Good Research
A good research study has certain essential features:
Systematic: It follows a planned and organized approach.
Objective: It is based on facts and evidence, not personal opinions.
Empirical: It relies on observation and experience rather than theory alone.
Logical: It uses reasoning and critical thinking to reach conclusions.
Replicable: Other researchers should be able to repeat the study and get similar results.
Ethical: It respects honesty, confidentiality, and fairness in every step.
Importance of Research
Research plays a vital role in the development of individuals, societies, and nations. In the field
of science and technology, research leads to innovations and inventions that improve human
life. In social sciences, it helps in understanding social problems such as poverty, inequality, or
education gaps. In economics and governance, it supports evidence-based policymaking. For
students and scholars, research enhances analytical skills, logical thinking, and creativity. It
encourages questioning, exploration, and lifelong learning.
Furthermore, research contributes to national progress. Countries that invest in research and
development are often leaders in innovation, education, and industry. Research also promotes
sustainable development by helping societies find solutions to challenges like climate change,
health crises, and economic inequality.
Conclusion
In conclusion, research is the foundation of knowledge and progress. It is a continuous and
disciplined effort to explore, understand, and improve the world we live in. Through research,
humanity moves from ignorance to knowledge, from problems to solutions, and from confusion
to clarity. Whether conducted in laboratories, libraries, or in the field, research remains the most
powerful tool for learning and transformation. A society that values research is one that values
truth, progress, and human development.
2)Difference Between Method and Methodology
In the field of academic research, the terms method and methodology are often used together,
yet they carry different meanings and purposes. Understanding this distinction is essential for
students, scholars, and researchers who wish to design and conduct systematic and meaningful
studies. Although both are connected to the process of research, they differ in scope, function,
and focus.
A method refers to the specific technique, tool, or procedure used to collect and analyze data. It
is a practical and concrete aspect of research that deals with how the study will be carried out.
Methods provide step-by-step procedures that help the researcher gather evidence and reach
conclusions. For example, interviews, surveys, case studies, experiments, and observations are
all examples of research methods. Each method serves a particular purpose — surveys are
useful for collecting data from a large number of people, while interviews allow for a deeper
understanding of individual experiences. Therefore, the method is mainly concerned with the
practical application of research techniques.
In contrast, methodology is the overall strategy, system, or theoretical framework that explains
why and how certain methods are used in a study. It provides the philosophical and logical
foundation for selecting particular methods. Methodology goes beyond the technical steps of
data collection and analysis; it justifies the entire research design. It connects the research
objectives, the chosen methods, and the type of data required. For instance, a researcher who
wishes to understand human behavior in its natural setting may adopt a qualitative
methodology, which focuses on meanings, experiences, and interpretations. Within this
approach, the researcher may select interviews or participant observation as the methods. Thus,
while observation or interview is a method, qualitative research is the methodology guiding the
choice of these methods.
The key difference lies in their nature and purpose. The method is concerned with practical
implementation, whereas methodology deals with conceptual reasoning. Methods answer the
question “How is the research conducted?”, while methodology answers “Why is it conducted in
this particular way?” In other words, methods are the tools for collecting data, and
methodology is the blueprint that explains the logic behind choosing those tools. Without a
sound methodology, research methods may lack direction and coherence; without appropriate
methods, even the best methodology cannot produce reliable results.
Furthermore, methodology also includes considerations of research philosophy — such as
whether the study is based on positivism, interpretivism, or critical theory — and how these
beliefs shape the selection of methods. This connection between theory and practice makes
methodology a broader and more comprehensive concept than method.
In conclusion, while both method and methodology are central to any research process, they
serve different yet complementary roles. The method provides the means of gathering and
analyzing information, whereas methodology offers the reasoning and justification behind
those means. A clear understanding of both ensures that research is logical, consistent, and
credible. Therefore, method and methodology together form the foundation of any sound and
successful research study.
3)Ontology, Epistemology, and Metaphysics
Philosophy deals with the fundamental questions about life, knowledge, and reality. Among its
most important branches are ontology, epistemology, and metaphysics. These three concepts
are deeply connected and form the foundation of all philosophical and scientific inquiry. They
help us understand what exists, how we come to know things, and what lies beyond physical
experience. Though they are closely related, each term has its own meaning and focus
Ontology: The Study of Being and Existence
Ontology is the branch of philosophy that studies being, existence, and the nature of reality. It
asks questions such as: What exists?, What does it mean to exist?, and How are things related
to each other in reality?
In simple terms, ontology tries to explain what kinds of things exist in the world and how they
can be grouped or categorized. For example, in social science, ontology deals with whether
social structures like the state, culture, or class are real entities or just human ideas.
Philosophers like Aristotle and Heidegger made major contributions to ontology. Aristotle’s idea
of “substance” as the basic reality and Heidegger’s question of the meaning of “Being” are
central to this field. In research, ontology helps scholars decide what they consider to be real —
whether they believe in an objective reality (realism) or think that reality is socially constructed
(constructivism).
Epistemology: The Study of Knowledge
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge — its nature, sources, and
limits. It asks questions such as: What is knowledge?, How do we know what we know?, and
What are the sources of truth?
Epistemology tries to understand the difference between belief and knowledge, and how
humans gain knowledge through experience, reason, or perception. For example, a researcher
must decide whether knowledge comes from observing facts (empiricism) or from logical
reasoning (rationalism).
In research, epistemology guides how data is collected and interpreted. A positivist
epistemology believes that knowledge is objective and can be measured scientifically. On the
other hand, an interpretivist epistemology believes that knowledge is subjective and based on
personal meanings and experiences. Thus, epistemology defines the relationship between the
researcher and the knowledge being studied.
Metaphysics: The Study Beyond the Physical World
Metaphysics is a broader field that includes both ontology and epistemology. It deals with the
ultimate nature of reality — the things that go beyond the physical world and cannot be
observed directly. The term “metaphysics” literally means “beyond physics.”
Metaphysics asks big questions like: What is the nature of the universe?, Do we have free will?,
Does God exist?, What is time and space? It looks for the deeper principles that explain
everything that exists. For instance, metaphysics explores whether there is a soul or life after
death — questions that science alone cannot answer.
Philosophers such as Plato and Descartes were deeply involved in metaphysical questions.
Plato believed in the existence of eternal “forms” or “ideas,” while Descartes explored the
relationship between mind and body. In modern times, metaphysics continues to influence
fields such as physics, psychology, and even artificial intelligence, as it deals with the nature of
existence and consciousness.
4)Types of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative
Social research is a scientific way of studying human behavior, society, and social institutions. It
helps us understand how people live, interact, and organize their lives. Social researchers use
different approaches and techniques to study society. Among them, the two main types of
social research are qualitative research and quantitative research. Both types are essential for
producing reliable and meaningful knowledge, though they differ in their purpose, method, and
interpretation.
1. Qualitative Research
Qualitative research focuses on understanding human behavior, feelings, experiences, and
social meanings. It deals with words, ideas, and interpretations rather than numbers. The aim of
qualitative research is to explore why and how people act in certain ways, not just what they
do.
This type of research is subjective because it depends on the researcher’s interpretation of
social reality. It is usually conducted in a natural setting, such as communities, schools, or
workplaces, where people live and interact.
Common methods used in qualitative research include:
Interviews – to understand people’s personal views and experiences.
Focus group discussions – to collect collective opinions and social meanings.
Case studies – to study a single person, group, or institution in depth.
Observation – to study people’s behavior in real-life situations.
The data collected in qualitative research is analyzed through thematic analysis or content
analysis, where patterns and meanings are identified from the information. For example, a
researcher studying poverty may interview families to understand their struggles, emotions,
and coping strategies
2. Quantitative Research
Quantitative research focuses on measuring and analyzing data in numerical form. It deals with
quantities, percentages, statistics, and figures. The main goal of quantitative research is to find
patterns, test hypotheses, and make generalizations about a population.
This approach is objective, meaning that it relies on measurable evidence and aims to be free
from personal bias. It is usually conducted using structured tools such as:
Surveys or questionnaires – to collect data from a large number of respondents.
Experiments – to test cause-and-effect relationships under controlled conditions.
Statistical analysis – to analyze data using mathematical and computational methods.
Quantitative research uses graphs, charts, and tables to present results. For example, a
researcher studying poverty might collect numerical data on income, education levels, and
employment rates to find patterns and relationships.
3. Comparison Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
The two types differ in several ways:
Aspect Qualitative Research. Quantitative Research
Nature Descriptive and exploratory Analytical and statistical
Data type Words, meanings, and experiences Numbers and measurements
Approach Subjective and interpretive Objective and scientific
Methods Interviews, case studies, observation. Surveys, experiments, statistical tools
Purpose To understand social meanings and experiences To measure variables and
Test hypothesis
Outcome Deep understanding of social life Generalizable and measurable results

However, both methods are complementary. Many researchers use a mixed-method approach,
combining both qualitative and quantitative techniques to get a fuller picture of social reality.
Conclusion
In conclusion, both qualitative and quantitative research are vital for studying society.
Qualitative research helps in understanding people’s feelings, beliefs, and motivations, while
quantitative research provides measurable and generalizable data. Together, they make social
research richer and more comprehensive. By combining both approaches, researchers can
understand not only the numbers behind social behavior but also the meanings that lie beneath
them.
5)The Purpose of Political Science Research
Political Science is the systematic study of politics, government, and public affairs. It helps us
understand how power is distributed, how decisions are made, and how political institutions
function in society. To gain such understanding, political scientists engage in research, which
means collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information about political events, institutions,
and behavior. The purpose of political science research is to build knowledge about politics in a
scientific and objective way.
1. To Understand Political Phenomena
One main purpose of political science research is to understand how politics works. It seeks to
explain political behavior, institutions, and processes. For example, researchers study why
people vote in certain ways, how political parties form, or how governments function. By
studying these issues systematically, political science helps explain the functioning of
democracy, public opinion, and political change.
2. To Describe and Classify Political Systems
Political research also aims to describe and classify different political systems, constitutions, and
governments. Through careful observation and data collection, political scientists compare
systems such as democracy, monarchy, and authoritarianism. This descriptive research helps
identify similarities and differences among nations, contributing to a better understanding of
global political structures.
3. To Explain Causes and Effects in Politics
Another important purpose is to explain cause-and-effect relationships in political life. Political
scientists do not just observe events; they try to find out why something happens. For instance,
they may ask: Why do some countries remain democratic while others become authoritarian?
or How does corruption affect development? Such explanations help develop theories and
models that can predict future political trends.
4. To Predict Political Behavior and Outcomes
Political research also helps in predicting future political events. By analyzing past and present
data, researchers can make informed predictions about elections, policy outcomes, or public
reactions. For example, survey research can predict the results of an election or forecast the
impact of a new government policy. This predictive function makes political science useful for
decision-makers and citizens alike.
5. To Improve Governance and Public Policy
A practical purpose of political science research is to improve governance and policymaking.
Research helps governments design better policies by identifying social problems and
evaluating policy outcomes. For instance, studies on poverty, education, or corruption provide
valuable insights that guide reforms. Political research also promotes accountability and
transparency by providing factual information about government performance.
6. To Develop Political Theories
Political science research contributes to the development of political theories and concepts. It
tests existing ideas such as democracy, power, justice, and liberty, and develops new ones
based on evidence. Theories make it possible to organize political knowledge in a systematic
way. Without research, political thought would remain abstract and untested.
7. To Promote Civic Awareness and Participation
Lastly, political research helps educate citizens and encourage civic participation. By studying
how policies and governments affect people’s lives, research informs the public and promotes
active citizenship. It helps individuals understand their rights, duties, and the importance of
political engagement in a democracy
Conclusion
In conclusion, the purpose of political science research is not only to describe political facts but
also to explain, predict, and improve them. It helps us understand how political systems operate,
why political events occur, and how governance can be made more effective. Through
systematic inquiry and evidence-based analysis, political science research transforms politics
from a field of opinion into a field of knowledge. Ultimately, its goal is to build a more informed,
just, and democratic society.