Advanced Communication
Engineering
By
Dr. Arunanshu Mahapatro
Module III
Line Coding, Various line codes, Characteristics of Line Codes
Line Coding
Introduction:
• Binary Data: Pulses
• Line Coding: A pair of pulses to represent symbols 1 and 0
Properties of Line Coding:
• Transmission Bandwidth: as small as possible
• Power Efficiency: As small as possible for given BW and probability of
error
• Error Detection and Correction capability: Ex: Bipolar
• Favourable power spectral density (PSD): dc=0
• Adequate timing content: Extract timing from pulses
• Transparency: Prevent long strings of 0s or 1s
Types of Line Coding:
Unipolar Signaling:
• On-Off keying ie OOK
• Pulse 0: Absence of pulse
• Pulse1 : Presence of pulse
• There are two common variations of unipolar signalling:
• Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
• Return to Zero (RZ)
Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
• Duration of the MARK pulse (Ƭ ) is equal to the duration
(To) of the symbol slot.
Advantages:
• Simplicity in implementation
• Doesn’t require a lot of bandwidth for transmission.
Disadvantages:
• Presence of DC level (indicated by spectral line at 0
Hz).
• Contains low frequency components. Causes “Signal
Droop”
• Does not have any error correction capability.
• Does not posses any clocking component for ease of
synchronisation.
• Is not Transparent. Long string of zeros causes loss of
synchronisation.
Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ):
• MARK pulse (Ƭ ) is less than the duration (To) of the symbol
slot.
• Fills only the first half of the time slot, returning to zero for the
second half.
Advantages:
• Simplicity in implementation.
• Presence of a spectral line at symbol rate which can
be used as
• symbol timing clock signal.
Disadvantages:
• Presence of DC level (indicated by spectral line at 0
Hz).
• Continuous part is non-zero at 0 Hz. Causes “Signal
Droop”.
• Does not have any error correction capability.
• Occupies twice as much bandwidth as Unipolar NRZ.
• Is not Transparent
Polar Signalling:
• Polar RZ
• Polar NRZ
Polar NRZ:
• A binary 1 is represented by a pulse g1(t)
• A binary 0 by the opposite (or antipodal) pulse g0(t) = -g1(t).
Advantages:
• Simplicity in implementation.
• No DC component.
Disadvantages:
• Continuous part is non-zero at 0 Hz. Causes “Signal
Droop”.
• Does not have any error correction capability.
• Does not posses any clocking component for ease of
synchronisation.
• Is not transparent
Polar RZ:
• A binary 1: A pulse g1(t)
• A binary 0: The opposite (or antipodal) pulse g0(t) = -g1(t).
• Fills only the first half of the time slot, returning to zero for
the second half.
Advantages:
• Simplicity in implementation.
• No DC component.
Disadvantages:
• Continuous part is non-zero at 0 Hz. Causes “Signal
Droop”.
• Does not have any error correction capability.
• Occupies twice as much bandwidth as Polar NRZ.
Bipolar Signalling:
• Alternate mark inversion (AMI)
• Uses three voltage levels (+V, 0, -V)
• 0: Absence of a pulse
• 1: Alternating voltage levels of +V and –V
Bipolar NRZ:
Bipolar RZ:
Advantages:
• No DC component.
• Occupies less bandwidth than unipolar and polar RZ
schemes.
• Does not suffer from signal droop (suitable for
transmission over AC coupled lines).
• Possesses single error detection capability.
Disadvantages:
• Does not posses any clocking component for ease of
synchronisation.
• Is not Transparent
Manchester Signalling:
• The duration of the bit is divided into two halves
• A ‘One’ is +ve in 1st half and -ve in 2nd half.
• A ‘Zero’ is -ve in 1st half and +ve in 2nd half.
Advantages:
• No DC component.
• Does not suffer from signal droop (suitable for
transmission over AC coupled lines).
• Easy to synchronise.
• Is Transparent.
Disadvantages:
• Because of the greater number of transitions it
occupies a significantly large bandwidth.
• Does not have error detection capability.
PSD of various Line Code
• A generic pulse p(t) is considered whose
FT is P(f).
• The line code symbol at time k is ak.
• Transmission rate is Rb=1/Tb pulse per
second.
• Kth symbol is transmitted as
𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 𝑝𝑝(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 )
∴ 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = � 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 𝑝𝑝(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 )
2
𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 (𝑓𝑓)
Where Sx(f) and Sy(f) are the PSD of input
and output respectively.
• The PSD Sy(f) depends on amplitude
ak and p(t)
• For simplicity we take PAM signal as p(t)
• To determine Sx(f), the time autocorrelation function
Rx(τ) of x(t) is to be derived to find out Sy(f)
• This can be done by considering impulses as a limiting
form of rectangular pulse.
• Each pulse has a width
𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘
• The kth pulse height is ℎ𝑘𝑘 = →∞
∈
∈→ 0
• This way, we guarantee that the strength of the kth
impulse is
∈ ℎ𝑘𝑘 = 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘
PSD of Polar signaling