12th grade
Differential Equations
LO8
Table of contents
01 02
Definition Solution types (Particular&general)
03 04
Formation Properties(Order and degree)
05 06
Ordinary and partial diff eq. Solving diff eq Stewart calc
07 08 09
Slope fields Euler’s method Growth&Decay
01
Definition
Differential equation:
An equation that involves the
dependent and independent
variables and the derivatives of the
dependent variables involved.
02
Solution types
(Particular&general)
Given the diff equation: y``+2y` =3y
Our aim is to find how many solution satisfies this equation. In other words: to find how many
function its (2nd derivative+ double its 1st derivative = triple the original function)
Supposing the function:
y(x)= e-3x y(x)= ex
y`= -3 e-3x y`= ex
y``= 9e-3x
y``= ex
By substitution in the diff eq: By substitution in the diff eq:
9e^-3x + 2(-3 e-3x )= 3 e-3x e^x + 2 e^x= 3ex
Satisfied Satisfied
Imagine e^x +c and e^-3x +c .If we substitute for c by any constant ,its derivative will equal
zero , so it will represent a solution of the diff eq.
From the previous, we can deduce that a diff eq has an infinite number of solutions, and that its
solutions are functions.
That is a general solution, where I can substitute
for a given y and x to put a value for c
That is a Particular solution
Ans: y=x^2 +2
Ans: y=x^3+2x+2
Ans: y=4e^3x
Explanation:
B)
Integrate both sides:
Substituting by y=3 and x=1 :
C)
D)
Finding the separable eq:
e^3x × e^c
Let e^c = C :
4 = c e^0 c =4
Particular solution: y= 4e^(3x )
03
Formation
Let the equation of the curve be…
f(x, y, c1, c2,……,cn) = 0
Where c1, c2, cn are arbitrary constants apart from x and y.
To obtain the differential equation of the curve (i), we have to differentiate (i) up
to n times with respect to x and eliminate those arbitrary constants from
(n+1) equations, which yield the required differential equation.
Ex: find the differential equation of all non-vertical lines in a plane.
Answer:-
Exercise:
(1) y = mx , where m is a parameter.
Answer:-
(2) y = [Link](x) + [Link](x) , where A and
B are parameters.
Answer:-
Exercise:
(3) y = a.(e^x) + b.(e^-x) , where a and b are parameters.
Answer:-
Exercise:
(4) y = sin(b.x + c) , b and c being parameters.
Answer:-
04
Properties(Order and degree)
05
Ordinary and partial diff eq.
2u 2u Where u is dependent while x and y are independent variables(partial
+ 2 =0 derivatives)
x 2
y
06
Solving diff Eq Stwart calc
Stewart Calculus
Exercises
Chapter 9 section 1 Modeling Differential Equations
07
Slope fields (graphical
approach)
Firstly :- Determining the direction Fields (graphical approach )
let's remember how can we determine the steepness of line
The following graphs illustrate this
Unfortunately, it’s impossible to solve most differential equations in the sense of obtaining
an explicit formula for the solution. In this section we show that, despite the absence
of an explicit solution, we can still learn a lot about the solution through a graphical
approach (direction fields) or a numerical approach (Euler’s method)
SOLUTION . (a) We start by computing the slope at several points in the following chart
Important Note:-
08
Euler's Method
(numerical approach)
Stewart Calculus
Exercises
Chapter 9 section 2 Direction fields and Euler's Method
09
Growth&Decay
a: initial(original) amount
Logistic diff eq: M: is a constant representing the carrying capacity of the
environment (the max population that the environment can
support on a long-time basis)
Exercises:
Answers:
A)
B)
Thanks
Made by:
Malak Mohammed Ahmed
Salma Ali Ahmed
Mennatallah Hassan Mahmoud
Supervision: Math department ( Mr. Mahmoud Ghareeb)
Class 12/4