Ghada El-Zakhem Naous
Chemistry preparatory course
Precipitation/acid base
reactions
Topic 5
Part 1- Precipitation
Precipitation Reactions
Precipitate – insoluble solid that separates from solution
precipitate
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
molecular equation
(Pb2+ + 2NO3- )+ 2(Na+ + I-) PbI2 (s) + 2(Na+ +NO3-)
ionic equation
Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2 (s)
PbI2
net ionic equation
Na+ and NO3- are spectator ions
Examples of Insoluble Compounds
CdS PbS Ni(OH)2 Al(OH)5 3
Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a
given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature.
Classify the following ionic compounds as soluble
or insoluble:
silver sulfate (Ag2SO4)
calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
sodium phosphate (Na3PO4).
Solution
(a)According to Table Ag2SO4 is insoluble.
(b) This is a carbonate and Ca is a Group 2A metal.
Therefore, CaCO3 is insoluble.
(c) Sodium is an alkali metal (Group 1A) so Na3PO4
is soluble.
Writing Net Ionic Equations
[Link] the balanced molecular equation.
[Link] the complete ionic equation showing the
strong electrolytes completely dissociated into
cations and anions.
[Link] the spectator ions on both sides of the ionic
equation.
[Link] that charges and number of atoms are
balanced in the net ionic equation.
Predict what happens when a potassium phosphate (K3PO4) solution
is mixed with a calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] solution. Write a net ionic
equation for the reaction.
Solution
In solution,
K3PO4 dissociate into K+ and PO43- ions
Ca(NO3)2 dissociates into Ca2+ and NO3-ions.
calcium ions (Ca2+) and phosphate ions ( ) will form an insoluble
compound, calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2], while the other product, KNO3,
is soluble and remains in solution.
Therefore, this is a precipitation reaction. We follow the stepwise
procedure just outlined.
Step 1: The balanced molecular equation for this reaction is
Step 2: To write the ionic equation, the soluble compounds
are shown as dissociated ions:
Step 3: Canceling the spectator ions (K+ and ) on each
side of the equation, we obtain the net ionic equation:
Step 4: Note that because we balanced the molecular
equation first, the net ionic equation is balanced as to
the number of atoms on each side and the number of
positive (+6) and negative (−6) charges on the left-
hand side is the same.
Application
Identify the correct net ionic equation for the reaction that
occurs when solutions of Na3PO4 and Ca(NO3)2 are mixed
a) Ca2+ + PO42-(aq) → CaPO4(s)
b) 3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s)
c) Na+(aq) + NO3- → NaNO3(s)
d) Na+(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + PO43-(aq) → NaCaPO4(s)
e) 2 Na3PO4(aq) + 3Ca(NO3)2(aq) → 6NaNO3(s) +
Ca3(PO4)2(s)
Solution
Molecular equation:
2 Na3PO4(aq) + 3Ca(NO3)2(aq) → 6NaNO3(aq) +
Ca3(PO4)2(s)
Complete ionic :
6 Na+ + 2PO43- + 3Ca2+ + 6NO3- → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6Na+ + 6NO3-
Net ionic:
3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s)
Application
On the basis of the solubility rules, which of the
following is insoluble?
a) K2O
b) (NH4)2SO4
c) Na2CO3
d) PbS
Application
Which of the following will occur when solutions of ZnSO4(aq)
and MgCl2(aq) are mixed?
a) A precipitate of ZnCl2 will form; Mg2+ and SO42– will be
spectator ions.
b) A precipitate of ZnSO4 will form ; Mg2+ and Cl– will be
spectator ions.
c) A precipitate of MgSO4 will form ; Zn2+ and Cl– will be
spectator ions.
d) A precipitate of MgCl2 will form ; Zn2+ and SO42– will be
spectator ions.
e) No precipitate will form
Solution
ZnSO4 dissociate into Zn2+ and SO42- ions
MgCl2 dissociates into Mg2+ and Cl- ions
Ions in solution are: Zn2+ , SO42- , Mg2+ and Cl- ions
None will precipitate
Part 2 acids and bases
Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water.
Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water.
Neutralization Reaction involving strong acid and strong
base
Strong acid + Strong base salt + water
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2O
H+ + OH- H2O
Neutralization Reaction Involving a Weak
Electrolyte
weak acid + base salt + water
HCN (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCN (aq) + H2O
HCN + Na+ + OH- Na+ + CN- + H2O
HCN + OH- CN- + H2O
Neutralization Reaction Producing a Gas
acid + base salt + water + CO2
2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + H2O +CO2
2H+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO32- 2Na+ + 2Cl- + H2O + CO2
2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2
Titrations
In a titration, a solution of accurately known concentration is added
gradually to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical
reaction between the two solutions is complete.
Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete
Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the
equivalence point
Slowly add base
to unknown acid
UNTIL
the indicator
changes color
Application on acid base titration
What is the concentration of an NaOH solution if it
takes 16.25 mL of a 0.100 M HCl solution to titrate
25.00 mL of the NaOH solution?
a)0.0165 M
b)0.100 M
c) 0.151 M
d)0.413 M
e)0.0660 M
Solution
Step 1: Write reaction
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O
Step 2:
Based on stoichiometry, n HCl = n NaOH
CV HCl = CV NaOH
0.1 × 16.5 = C NaOH × 25
C NaOH = 0.066 M
Application
34.62 mL of 0.1510 M NaOH was needed to
neutralize 50.0 mL of an H2SO4 solution. What is the
concentration of the original sulfuric acid solution?
a)0.0229 M
b)0.218 M
c) 0.0523 M
d)0.209 M
e)0.105 M
Solution
Step 1: Write reaction
H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O
Step 2:
Based on stoichiometry, 2 × n H2SO4 = n NaOH
2CV H2SO4 = CV NaOH
2 × C H2SO4 × 50= 0.1510 × 34.62
C H2SO4 = 0.0523 M
Application
What volume (mL) of a 0.2450 M KOH(aq) solution is
required to completely neutralize 55.25 mL of a
0.5440 M H3PO4(aq) solution?
a)30.06 mL
b)165.8 mL
c) 90.17 mL
d)22.09 mL
e)368.0 mL
Attention: 1:3 stoichiometry
Thank You